The Blessing Of Mourning

Μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες... Τοῦτο οὖν ἔοικεν ἐν ἀποῤῥήτῳ διδάσκειν ὁ μακαρίζων τὸ πένθος, τὸ πρὸς τὸ ἀληθινὸν ἀγαθὸν τὴν ψυχὴν βλέπειν, μηδὲ τῇ παρούσῃ ἀπάτῃ τοῦ βίου καταβαπτίζεσθαι· οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν οὔτε ἀδακρυτὶ ζῇν τὸν ἐπεσκεμμένον δι' ἀκριβείας τὰ πράγματα, οὔτε ἐν λυπηροῖς εἶναι νομίζειν τὸν ταῖς βιωτικαῖς ἡδοναῖς ἐμβαθύνοντα· καθάπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀλόγων τὸ τοιοῦτον ἔστιν ἰδεῖν· οἷς ἐλεεινὴ μὲν ἡ τῆς φύσεώς ἐστι κατασκευή· τί γὰρ ἐλεεινότερον τῆς τοῦ λόγου στερήσεως; αἴσθησις δὲ τῆς συμφορᾶς αὐτοῖς οὐδε μία, ἀλλὰ κατά τινα ἡδονὴν κἀκείνοις ἡ ζωὴ διεξάγεται· καὶ ὁ ἵππος γαυριᾷ, καὶ ὁ ταῦρος κονίζεται· καὶ ὁ σὺς φρίσσει τὴν λοφιάν· καὶ οἱ σκύλακες παίζουσι, καὶ διασκιρτῶσιν οἱ μόσχοι, καὶ ἕκαστον τῶν ζώων ἔστιν ἰδεῖν διά τινων τεκμηρίων τὴν ἡδονὴν ἐνδεικνύμενον, οἷς εἴ τις κατανόησις ἦν τῆς τοῦ λόγου χάριτος, οὐκ ἂν τὸν κωφὸν αὐτῶν καὶ ταλαί πωρον βίον ἐν ἡδονῇ διετίθεντο. Οὕτως καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, οἷς οὐδεμία τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἐστι γνῶσις, ὧν ἡ φύσις ἡμῶν ἀπεστέρηται, τούτοις καθ' ἡδονὴν ἡ τῆς παρούσης ζωῆς διαγωγή. Ἀκολουθεῖ δὲ τῷ τοῖς παροῦσιν ἥδεσθαι, τὸ μὴ ζητεῖν τὰ βελτίω. Ὁ δὲ μὴ ζητῶν, οὐκ ἂν εὕροι τὸ μόνοις ζητοῦσι παραγενόμενον. Οὐκοῦν διὰ τοῦτο ὁ Λόγος μακαρίζει τὸ πένθος, οὐ δι' ἑαυτὸ κρίνων εἶναι μακάριον, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ ἐξ ἐκείνου παραγενόμενον. Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος Νύσσης, Εἰς Τους Μακαρισμους, Logos Γ', Μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες, ὅτι αὐτοὶ παρακληθήσονται Source: Migne PG 44.1228d-1229b

Blessed are those who mourn... 1 It is this, then, that He seems to teach in the mystery of mourning being blessed, that the soul should look to the true good and not sink itself down into the deceits of this present life, for no one can live without tears who has clearly seen the things of this life, or not think wretched anyone who is immersed in the pleasures of this life, as may be understood with irrational creatures, whose state of nature is indeed pitiable. For what is more pitiful than the absence of reason? Yet not one of them has a sense of their misfortune, but their lives allow for certain pleasures, so the horse prances, the bull kicks up dust, the boar bristles, pups play, and calves leap about, and each animal may be known through certain signs to exhibit pleasure, but if they could grasp the gift of reason they would not spend a mindless and miserable life in pleasure. Like them are men who know nothing of the goods of which our nature has been deprived, and thus in the present life pursue pleasure. It follows from this that to delight in present things is not to seek for things that are better. But if there is no seeking, there is no finding of what comes only to those who do seek. Because of this the Word calls mourning blessed, not judging it to be blessed in itself, but because of what follows from it. Saint Gregory of Nyssa, On The Beatitudes, from the Third Oration, on 'Blessed are they who weep, for they shall be comforted.' 1 Mt 5.5

Sorrow And Joy

Nescio quid dicam vel quid loquar amplius de defunctis filiorum Dei, quos gladius supra modum dure tetigit. Scriptum est enim: Flete cum flentibus, et iterum: Si dolet unum membrum condoleant omnia membra. Quapropter ecclesia plorat et plangit filios et filias suas quas adhuc gladius nondum interfecit, sed prolongati et exportati in longa terrarum, ubi peccatum manifeste graviter impudenter abundat, ibi venundati ingenui homines, Christiani in servitute redacti sunt, praesertim indignissimorum pessimorum apostatarumque Pictorum. Idcirco cum tristitia et maerore vociferabo: O speciosissimi atque amantissimi fratres et filii quos in Christo genui enumerare nequeo, quid faciam vobis? Non sum dignus Deo neque hominibus subvenire. Praevaluit iniquitas iniquorum super nos. Quasi extranei facti sumus. Forte non credunt unum baptismum percepimus vel unum Deum patrem habemus. Indignum est illis Hiberionaci sumus. Sicut ait: Nonne unum Deum habetis? Quid dereliquistis unusquisque proximum suum? Idcirco doleo pro vobis, doleo, carissimi mihi; sed iterum gaudeo intra meipsum: non gratis laboravi vel peregrinatio mea in vacuum non fuit. Et contigit scelus tam horrendum ineffabile, Deo gratias, creduli baptizati, de saeculo recessistis ad paradisum. Cerno vos: migrare coepistis ubi nox non erit neque luctus neque mors amplius, sed exultabitis sicut vituli ex vinculis resoluti et conculcabitis iniquos et erunt cinis sub pedibus vestris. Vos ergo regnabitis cum apostolis et prophetis atque martyribus. Aeterna regna capietis, sicut ipse testatur inquit: Venient ab oriente et occidente et recumbent cum Abraham et Isaac et Iacob in regno caelorum. Foris canes et venefici et homicidae, et: Mendacibus periuris pars eorum in stagnum ignis aeterni. Non inmerito ait Apostolus: Ubi iustus uix salvus erit, peccator et impius transgressor legis ubi se recognoscet? Unde enim Coroticus cum suis sceleratissimis, rebellatores Christi, ubi se videbunt, qui mulierculas baptizatas praemia distribuunt ob miserum regnum temporale, quod utique in momento transeat? Sicut nubes vel fumus, qui utique vento dispergitur, ita peccatores fraudulenti a facie Domini peribunt. Sanctus Patricius, Hibernorum Apostolus, Epistola Ad Coroticum Source: Migne PL 53.817a-518b

I do not know what to say, or how to say more about the deaths of the children God, whom the sword has touched so cruelly. As it is written, 'Weep with those who weep,' and again, 'If one member suffers pain, let all the members suffer.' 1 For which reason the Church mourns and weeps for its sons and daughters whom the sword has not yet slain, but who have been taken away and exported far across the earth, where direst sin openly abounds without shame, and where freeborn men have been sold and Christians reduced to slavery, and certainly among the lowest and worst of the apostate Picts. Therefore I cry out in sorrow and grief, 'O my fairest and most beloved brothers and sisters whom I begot without number in Christ, what am I to do for you? I am not worthy to help God or men. The wickedness of the wicked has prevailed over us. We have been made as if we were complete outsiders. Perhaps they not believe we have received one and the same Baptism, or that we have one God as a father. For them it is a disgrace that we are from Ireland. As it says, 'Do you not have one God? Why have you each abandoned your neighbour?' 2 Therefore I grieve for you, I grieve for my dearest ones, but again I rejoice within myself, that I have not worked without thanks, 3 and my wanderings were not in vain. An unspeakably horrifying crime has occurred, but, thanks to God, you who are baptised believers have withdrawn from this world to paradise. I see you, you have begun to travel to where there is no night any longer, nor sorrow, nor death, rather you leap for joy, like calves set free from chains, and you tread down the wicked, and they will be like ashes beneath your feet. 4 Therefore you will reign with Apostles and Prophets and Martyrs. You will take possession of an eternal kingdom, as He testifies in these words, 'They will come from the east and from the west, and they will recline at the table with Abraham and Isaac and Jacob in the kingdom of the heaven.' 'Left outside are dogs and sorcerers and murderers,' and 'With the lying perjurers their lot is in a lake of eternal fire.' It is not without reason that the Apostle says: 'When the righteous man shall hardly be saved, how will it be with the sinner and the impious transgressor of the law?' 5 So where will Coroticus and his lawless rebels against Christ find themselves, those who divide up baptised women as rewards, for a miserable temporal kingdom which will pass away in a moment. Just as clouds or smoke are blown away by the wind, that is how deceitful sinners will perish from the face of the Lord. Saint Patrick, Apostle of the Irish, from The Letter to Coroticus 1 Rom 12.15, 1 Cor 12.26 2 Malachi 2.20 3 Ps Phil 2.16 4 Apoc 21.4, Malachi 4.2-3 5 Mt 8.11, Apoc 22.15, 1 Pet 4.18

Mourning And Healing

Μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες, ὅτι αὐτοὶ παρακληθήσονται. Ἔστι μὲν οὖν ἐκ τοῦ προχείρου μακαριστὸν ὑπο λαβεῖν ἐκεῖνο τὸ πένθος, τὸ ἐπὶ πλημμελήμασι καὶ ἁμαρτίαις γινόμενον, κατὰ τὴν τοῦ Παύλου περὶ τῆς λύπης διδασκαλίαν, τοῦ φήσαντος, μὴ ἒν εἶναι λύπης εἶδος, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν κοσμικὸν, τὸ δὲ κατὰ Θεὸν ἐνερ γούμενον. Καὶ τῆς μὲν κοσμικῆς λύπης, θάνατον εἶναι τὸ ἔργον· τὴν δὲ ἑτέραν, σωτηρίαν ἐκ μετανοίας τοῖς λυπουμένοις ἐργάζεσθαι. Τῷ ὄντι γὰρ οὐκ ἔξω τοῦ μακαρίζεσθαι τὸ τοιοῦτον τῆς ψυχῆς πάθος ἐστὶν, ὅταν ἐν αἰσθήσει γενομένη τοῦ χείρονος, τὸν ἐν κακίᾳ βίον ἀπολοφύρηται. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν σωματικῶν ἀῤῥωστημάτων, οἷς ἂν πάρετον ἐξ ἐπηρείας τινὸς γένηταί τι μέρος τοῦ σώματος, σημεῖον τοῦ νενεκρῶσθαι τὸ παρειμένον ἡ ἀναλγησία γίνεται· εἰ δὲ κατά τινα τέχνην ἰατρικὴν ἡ ζωτικὴ πάλιν αἴσθησις ἐπαναχθείη τῷ σώματι, χαίρουσιν ἤδη πονοῦντος τοῦ μέρους, αὐτός τε ὁ κάμνων καὶ οἱ τὴν θεραπείαν προσάγοντες, τεκμηρίῳ χρώμενοι τοῦ πρὸς ὑγίειαν τρέψαι τὸ πάθος, τὸ ἐν αἰσθήσει τῶν δριμυσσόντων ἤδη γενέσθαι τὸ μέλος· οὕτως ἐπειδὰν, καθώς φησιν ὁ Ἀπόστολος, ἀπηλγηκότες τινὲς παραδῶσι τῷ καθ' ἁμαρτίαν βίῳ ἑαυτοὺς, νεκροί τινες ὄντως καὶ πάρετοι τοῦ κατ' ἀρετὴν βίου γενόμενοι, οὐδεμίαν ἔχουσιν ὧν ποιοῦσιν τὴν αἴσθησιν. Εἰ δὲ καθάψαιτό τις αὐτῶν ὁ ἰατρεύων λόγος, οἷον διά τινων θερμῶν τε καὶ διακαιόντων φαρμάκων, λέγω δὲ τῶν σκυθρωπῶν τῆς μελλούσης κρίσεως ἀπειλῶν, καὶ διὰ βάθους τὴν καρδίαν τῷ φόβῳ τῶν προσδοκωμένων δριμύξειεν, γεέννης φόβον, καὶ πῦρ μὴ σβεννύμενον, καὶ ἀτελεύτητον σκώληκα, καὶ βρυγμὸν ὀδόντων, καὶ κλαυθμὸν ἀδιάλειπτον, καὶ σκότος ἐξώτερον, καὶ ἅπαντα τὰ τοιαῦτα, οἷόν τινα θερμὰ καὶ δριμέα φάρμακα τῷ νεναρκηκότι διὰ τῶν καθ' ἡδονὴν παθημάτων ἐντρίβων καὶ ἀναθάλπων, εἰς αἴσθησιν αὐτὸν ἀγάγοι τοῦ ἐν ᾧ ἦν βίου, μακαριστὸν αὐτὸν ἀπεργάσηται, τὴν ὀδυνηρὰν αἴσθησιν τῇ ψυχῇ ἐμποιήσας. Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος Νύσσης, Εἰς Τους Μακαρισμους, Logos Γ', Μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες, ὅτι αὐτοὶ παρακληθήσονται Source: Migne PG 44.1220d-1221b

Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted 1 Firstly, then, one can take that mourning to be blessed which follows the errors of sins, according to the teaching of Paul on sorrow, which says that there is not just one kind of sorrow, but there is one of the world and one that is brought about by God, and the work of the worldly sorrow is death, but the other in those mourning works salvation through repentance. 2 For truly such suffering cannot be excluded from the sorrow that is called blessed when a soul bewails its wicked life because it feels its badness. It is as with bodily disorders, so that if because of some accident a limb of the body has become paralysed, then a lack of a sense of pain is a sign that the afflicted limb has gone dead, but if the physician's art restores to the body the sensation of life, there is gladness over the suffering of the part because it is a sign that health is being restored since the limb can now sense that which causes pain. Thus, as the Apostle says, if people give themselves to sin because they no longer feel pain in it, then they have become truly paralyzed and are dead to the virtuous life, for they have no feeling for what they are doing. But if a healing word lays hold of them like some bitter medicine, and I speak here of the fierce threats of the judgement to come, and it pierces the heart to its depths with the fear of the things that are to be expected, the terror of hell, and the unquenchable fire, and the worm that does not die, and the gnashing of teeth, and the perpetual weeping, and the outer darkness, all these things are administered like bitter medicines so that the man who has died by the passions and pleasures is revived again and senses the sort of life he had been leading, and he is made blessed by the pain he feels in his soul. Saint Gregory of Nyssa, On The Beatitudes, from the Third Oration, on 'Blessed are they who weep for they shall be comforted.' 1 Mt 5.4 2 2 Cor 7.10

Four Types Of Tears

Beati qui lugent, quoniam ipsi consolabuntur. Notandum autem quod quattor modis fit planctus sanctorum, cum priora peccata deplorant cum in infernum cadentes plangunt, cum in peccatis viventes, cum pro desiderio regni coelestis admodum tristes fiunt, et quatuor species lacrymarum natura continet. Sunt quidem lacrymae humidae, ut abluant sordes peccatorum, et restituant perditum baptismum; sunt salsae et amarae, ut restringant carnis fluxum, et terent dulcedinem voluptatum; sunt calidae, ut praevaleant contra infidelitatis frigus. Sunt purae, ut a pristinis erroribus mundatos, in pura constituant conversatione. Hae ergo pro amissis charis saepius fiunt, ut nos admoneant quatenus amissa bona opera reparemus, et ad desertam a nobis propter praevaricationem paradisi patriam per mandatorum Dei custodiam redeamus. Semper enim luctus inter duas laetitias consistit, id est, inter mundi praecedentem, et coelestis regni appropinquantem, et beatus cui temporalis tristitia aeternam parturiet laetitiam. Rabanus Maurus, Commentariorum In Matthaeum, Liber II, Cap V Source: Migne PL 107.796a-b

Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted. 1 It should be noted that there are four ways of weeping for those who are holy, first when they deplore sins once committed, then when they weep over the descent to hell, then when there is living in sin, and then when they are made tearful because of longing for the kingdom of heaven. And these four types of tears are found in nature. There are tears of water, so that the filth of sins may be washed away and the ruin of baptism restored. There are salty and bitter tears that restrain the urges of the body and wear away the sweetness of pleasures, There are warm tears that prevail against the frigidity of faithlessness. And there are pure ones that cleanse from old errors and establish one in a wholesome way of living. And all these most frequently come from a lack of love and admonish us to look to the repair of a lack of good deeds, that from the waste made by us because of sin we may return to the fatherland of paradise by the keeping of the commandments of God. For grief is always found between two joys, between the preceding things of the world and the approaching things of the kingdom of heaven, and blessed is he who in temporal sorrow gives birth to eternal joy. Rabanus Maurus, Commentary On The Gospel of Saint Matthew, Book 2, Chapter 5 1 Mt 5.5

Grief And Hope

Nolumus autem vos ignorare, fratres, de iis qui dormiunt; ne contristemini, sicut et caeteri qui spem non habent. Nam si credimus quod Jesus mortuus est et resurrexit, sic et Deus illos, qui dormierunt per Jesum adducet cum eo. Manifesta est ratio, quia si resurrectio creditur mortuorum futura, non sunt lugendi, qui cum signo crucis exeunt. Lugendi autem vere sunt infideles, qui hinc transeunt in gehennam; ut ediscant verum esse, quod credere noluerunt. Fideles autem resurgent ad gloriam, ut qui in saeculo stulti habiti sunt propter fidem, videantur prudentes; providerunt enim sibi gloriam. Hi sunt qui per Jesum, id est, sub spe fidei hujus exeuntes, adducentur cum eo in adventu ejus; ut ab hominibus videantur. Cum tamen ipse defuncti excessum lugendum prohibeat, ipse alibi dicit: Ne tristitiam haberem. Sed jam suo loco solutum est. Ambrosiaster, In Epistolam ad Thessalonicenses Primam Caput IV Source: Migne PL 17.449d-450a

We do not wish you to be ignorant, brethren, concerning those who are asleep, so that you are not sorrowful, even as others who have no hope. For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again, so God will bring with Him even those who have slept through Jesus. 1 The reason is obvious, because if there is belief in the future resurrection of the dead, then they who depart with the sign of the cross should not be mourned. In truth mourning is for the faithless, who pass from here into hell, that there they learn the truth they refused to believe in here. But the faithful shall rise to glory, so that those who in the world lived as fools on account of faith, shall appear wise, for they foresaw glory for themselves. These who depart through Jesus, in the hope of faith in Him, shall attend Him in His coming, so that they will be seen by men. However when here he prohibits them to mourn excessively for the dead, he says elsewhere: 'Lest I be sorrowful.' 2 And now in this passage the matter is resolved. Ambrosiaster, Commentary On The First Letter of Saint Paul To The Thessalonians, Chapter 4 1 1 Thes 4.12-13 2 Phil 2.27

Stephen's Loss

Συνεκόμισαν δὲ τὸν Στέφανον ἄνδρες εὐλαβεῖς καὶ ἐποίησαν κοπετὸν μέγαν ἐπ' αὐτῷ... Ὥωπερ οὗν πᾶν κέρδος ἀποδέχεσθαι δεῖ ἢ μόνον τὸ πρὸς τὴν κυρίως ὠφελεαιν συντελοῦν· οὕτως οὐκ ἐπὶ πάσῃ ζημίᾳ ἢ συμορᾷ δυσχεραίνειν χρὴ, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ μόνων τῶν βλαπτόντων ψυχήν. Ἐπεὶ τοίνυν καὶ ὁ Στέφανος, συνὼν ἀνθρώποις, πρὸς θεοσέβειαν τοῖς ποθεοῦσιν αὐτῆς πολὺ συνεβάλετο, ἀκόλουθον ἦν ἐπὶ τῇ ἀναιρέσει αὐτοῦ ἀνιαρῶς φέρειν, στερηθέντες ἀνδρὸς τοιούτου τῶν ὑστερησάντῶν αὐτοῦ. Ἀναγκαῖόν ἐστι καὶ ἐπὶ θανάτῳ τῶν τυχόντῶν, κἂν ἄλλως φίλτατοι ὦσιν, ὀλοφύρεσθαι λυπουμένους πέρα τοῦ μέτρου. Τύπον γὰρ καὶ περὶ τούτων δίδωσιν ὁ Σωτὴρ, ὃς μέχρι τοῦ δακρῦσαι ἐπὶ τῷ ἀγαπωμένῳ Λαζάρῳ τεθνηκότι ἔφθασεν. Δίδυμος Αλεξανδρεύς, Ἐις Τάς Πράξεις Τῶν Ἀποστόλων, Ἐκλογή Source: Migne PG 39.1668c

Stephen was buried by devout men, who mourned greatly over him... 1 As then with every gain it is necessary to receive only that which is truly beneficial, thus no loss or misfortune should upset us, but only as it concerns those things which harm the soul. So it was with Stephen, when men coming together were much afflicted because of the loss of his piety, and it followed that they lamented his killing, bereaved of such a man and in want of him. And when the death of acquaintances may weigh heavily on one, then certainly it will with close friends, and there mourning is allowed, if the grief is not beyond measure. The Saviour gives an example of this, He who over the dead Lazarus, whom He loved, was inclined to tears. 2 Didymus the Blind, Commentary on The Acts of the Apostles, Fragment 1 Acts 8.2 2 Jn 11.33

Mourning And Hope

Τὸ ἀπαρηγορήτως λυπεῖσθαι, καὶ θρηνεῖν, καὶ νηστεύειν ἐπὶ τῷ τελευτήσαντι συγγενεῖ, ἔλεγχός ἐστι τῆς ἀπιστίας καὶ τῆς ἀνελπιστίας. Ὁ πιστεύων ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀναστήσεσθαι τὸν ἄρτι τεθαμμένον, ἐλπίοι ῥωσθήσεται, Θεῷ εὐχαριστήσει, εἰς εὐθυμίαν μετασκευάσεται τοὺς θρήνους, εὔξεται ἐλέους αἰωνίου τυχεῖν τὸν κοιμηθέντα, πρὸς διόρθωσιν ῥεψει τῶν οἰκείων πταισμάτων. Ἅγιος Νειλος, Βιβλιον Πρῶτον, Ἐπιστολὴ ΤΙΑ´ Θεωνᾳ Πολιτευομενῳ Source: Migne PG 79.196b

To grieve and to lament without consolation, and to refuse food because of the death of a relation, is an indication of a lack of belief and hopelessness. He who believes that the one who is now buried shall be raised from the dead, he shall be strengthened by hope, he shall give thanks to God, he shall change his sighs to joy, he shall pray that the one who sleeps shall partake of the eternal mercy, and he shall turn to the correction of his own errors. Saint Nilus of Sinai, Book 1, Letter 311, to Theona The Statesman

Death And Mourning

Ordiamur igitur ab eo, ut lugendum nobis nostrorum obitum non esse doceamus. Quid enim absurdius, quam ut id quod scias omnibus esse praescriptum, quasi speciale deplores? Hoc est animum supra conditionem extollere, legem non recipere communem, naturae consortium recusare, mentem carnis inflari, et carnis ipsius nescire mensuram. Quid absurdius, quam nescire qui sis, affectare quod non sis? Aut quid imprudentius, quam quod futurum scias, id cum acciderit, ferre non posse? Natura ipsa nos revocat, et ab hujuscemodi moeroribus quadam sui consolatione subducit. Quis est enim tam gravis luctus, aut tam acerbus dolor, in quo non interdum relaxetur animus? Habet hoc natura, ut quamvis homines in tristibus rebus sint; tamen si modo homines sunt, a moerore mentem paulisper abducant. Fuisse etiam quidam feruntur populi, qui ortus hominum lugerent, obitusque celebrarent. Nec imprudenter; eos enim qui in hoc vitae salum venissent, moerendos putabant: eos vero qui ex istius mundi procellis et fluctibus emersissent, non injusto gaudio prosequendos arbitrabantur. Nos quoque ipsi natales dies defunctorum obliviscimur, et eum quo obierunt diem, celebri solemnitate renovamus. Non est ergo gravis subeundus moeror secundum naturam; ne aut excellentiorem aliquam naturae exceptionem nobis arrogare videamur, aut communem recusare. Etenim mors aequalis est omnibus, indiscreta pauperibus, inexcepta divitibus. Sanctus Ambrosius Mediolanensis, De excessu fratris sui Satyri, Liber II Source: Migne PL 16.1316b-1317a

Let us then begin from this, that we teach that the death of our loved ones should not be mourned by us. For what is more absurd than to deplore what you know is appointed to all as if it were something special? This is to lift up the mind above our state, not to accept the common law, to reject association with nature, to be puffed up in a fleshly mind, and to be ignorant of the measure of the flesh. What is more absurd than not to know what one is and to pretend to be what one is not? Or what is more imprudent than to be unable to bear what one knew would happen when it has happened? Nature herself calls us back and draws us away from this kind of sorrow by a certain consolation of her own. For what mourning is so deep or grief so bitter in which at times the soul may not have relief? Nature is so, that though men may be amid grievous things, yet if they are but men, they sometimes withdraw their thoughts a little apart from grief. Indeed it is said that there were certain peoples who lamented the birth of men and celebrated their deaths. This was not without reason, for they thought that those who had entered upon this sea of life should be mourned, but judged that those who had escaped from the storms and the waves of this world should rightly be accompanied by joy. 1 We also forget the birthdays of the dead and recall with solemn celebrations the day they died. Therefore it is in accordance with nature that one should not fall to excessive grief, lest either we seem to claim for ourselves either an exceptional excellence beyond nature, or we reject what is common. For death is the same for all, without difference for the poor, without exception for the rich. Saint Ambrose, On the Death of His Brother Satyrus, from Book 2 1 cf Herodotus Hist 5.4.1-2

The Mourners

Beati qui lugent, quoniam ipsi consolabuntur. Ac si diceret: Ad gaudium via est luctus, ad consolationem desolatio, ad inveniendam animam perditio, ad possidendam abjectio, ad amandam odium, ad servandam contemptus. Si vis teipsum cognoscere, te possidere, intra ad teipsum, nec te quaesieris extra. Aliud tu, aliud tui, aliud circa te. Circa te mundus, tui corpus, tu ad imaginem et similitudnem Dei factus intus. Redi igitur, praevaricator ad cor. Foris pecus es, ad imaginem mundi: unde et minor mundus dicitur homo: intus modo ad imaginem Dei, unde potes deificari. Itaque in semetipsum homo reversus, sicut junior ille prodigus filius, ubi se invenit, nisi in regione longinqua, in regione dissimilitudinis, in terra aliena, ubi sedeat et fleat, dum recordetur patris et patriae? Si porcos pascit, et esurit, nonne lugendi materiam in se reperit? Si multi mercenarii in domo patris sui abundant panibus, et ipse filius exsul et pauper fustra ventri siliquas quaerit, nonne facile oculis lacrymas invenit? O Adam, ubi es? Forte sub umbra adhuc, ut teipsum non videas, folia fatuitatis consuis, ut pudenda tegas: quae foris sunt circa te, et quae tui sunt videns; aperti enim tibi sunt oculi tales. Intus conspice, te vide; ibi sunt, quae magis pudeant quae exteriora pudere te faciant. Redi intus, praevaricator, ad animam; vide et plange eam subjectam vanitati et iniquitati: et ne possit emergere, captivitati. Exi foras ad carnem: vide et luge eam sunjectam corruptioni, mortalitati, et ne possit exsurgere, infirmitati. Et ne longum faciam, dilectissimi, nemo intrans in semetipso, nemo seipsum, agnoscens, nemo abyssum suae miseriae, suae ignorantiae, suae difficultatis, suarum passionum, penetrans, suam conscientiam metiens, magis, ubi facile lugent homines, in alicujus propinqui sui funere afficitur ad lacrymas, compungitur ad luctum, movetur ad planctum, quam in ipsius sui, eo maxime propinquo, quo intimo. Cur alterius miseretur, qui sui non miseretur? Constat ergo, fratres, foris non? esse a nobis, retro quoque, et non ante, nostri demum vel oblitos, vel prosus ignaros, quoties ridemus, jocamur, otiosis delectamur, pascimur fabulis, et verbis moventibus risum indulgemus, comessationibus et ebriatatibus crapulamur, caeterisque corporis mollitiis effluimus. Unde semper sobriae sapientiae curae fuit, ad domus luctus, potius quam ad domum convivii invitate, hic est in se, qui erat extra se, hominem revocare, dicens: Beati qui lugent. Isaac, Cisterciensis Abbas, Sermo II, In Festo Omnium Sanctorum Source: Migne PL 194.1695c-1696b

Blessed are those who mourn for they shall be consoled. 1 As if he said: The way to joy is grief, to consolation desolation, to the soul's finding ruin, to its possession abjection, to its love hate, to its guarding contempt. If you wish to know yourself, to possess yourself, go within yourself, lest you seek yourself outside. You are one thing, what is yours another, what is outside is something else. Around you is the world, yours is the body, within you are made to an image and likeness of God. 2 Return, then, sinner to the heart. Outside you are cattle, an image of the world, whence man is said to be a 'little world,' within you are an image of God, by which you are able to deified. Thus returning into himself a man is like that younger son, the prodigal; and where did he find himself, but in a land far off, in a region of dissimilarity, in a foreign place, where he sat and wept while he remembered his father and his fatherland? If you pasture pigs, and hunger, is it not that the matter which gives rise to grief is found in yourself? If many hired servants abound with the bread of the father, and the son himself, an exile and pauper, vainly seeks swill for his stomach, is it not that he finds tears come easily to his eyes. 3 O Adam, where are you? Likely beneath the shadows still, that you do not see yourself, sporting leaves of foolishness, that you obscure modesty, 4 looking at the things which are outside you and are of you, for your eyes are open to such things. Look within, see yourself, there you are, which should ashame you more than that which without makes you blush. Return within, sinner, to your soul; see and weep that it is subject to vanity and iniquity, and that it is not able to emerge from its captivity. Go outside to the flesh, see and weep that it is subject to corruption, death and it is not able to rise up from infirmity. And lest I go on too long, beloved, no one enters into himself, no one knows himself, no one penetrates to the abyss of his wretchedness, of ignorance or difficulties, or passions, no one grasps his conscience, more than when he freely weeps over men, some kinsman at whose funeral he is struck with tears, he is driven to grief, he is moved to groans, in himself, and the more near the man, so the more deeply. Why do you have pity for another when you will not pity yourself? Be firm, brothers; be not outside yourself, or behind, nor before, nor eventually forgetful, or utterly negligent, as often as we laugh and joke and delight in idleness, and feed on fables, and by words allow ourselves to moved to smiles, when we stuff ourselves with food and drink, and drift away on account of softness of the body. Whence it was always the care of sober wisdom to call to the house of tears rather than to the house of feasting, 5 He who is in Himself, who was outside, calling out to man, saying: 'Blessed are those who weep.' Isaac of Stella, from the Second Sermon for the Feast of All Saints 1 Mt 5.5 2 Gen 1.26 3 Lk 15.11-32 4 Gen 3.7-9 5 Eccles 7.2

Lamenting The Dead

Τὸ καλῦσον ἐπὶ νεκρῷ, ὅτι ἐκλέλοιπε φῶς, οὐχὶ πάντας τοὺς τεθνεῶτας λέγει καταθρηνεῖσθαι· ἀλλὰ τὸν ἔργοις νεκρωθέντα, καὶ τὴν ζῶσαν ἀνὰστροφὴν μὴ μετελθόντα, κλαίεσθαι βούλεται, ὡς τοῦ μέλλαντος φωτὸς ἀποτυχόντα. Ἅγιος Ἰσίδωρος Του Πηλουσιώτου, Βιβλίον Πρῶτον, Ἐπιστολή ΤΛΔ' Ἑρμινῳ Κομητι Source:  Migne PG 78.376a-b

'Weep over the dead man because his light has perished,' 1 does not mean that one should lament all who have died but him who has perished in his works, who did not turn and live; him it bids be wept over as one has lost the light. Saint Isidore of Pelusium,  Book 1, Letter 334, to Count Herminus 1 Sirach 22.10

Patience and Bereavement

Ne illa quidem inpatientiae species excusatur in amissione nostrorum, ubi aliqua doloris patrocinatur adsertio. Praeponendus est enim respectus denuntiationis apostoli, qui ait: Ne contristemini dormitione cuiusquam sicut nationes quae spe carent.  Et merito: credentes enim resurrectionem Christi, in nostram quoque credimus, propter quos ille et obiit et resurrexit. Ergo cum constet de resurrectione mortuorum, uacat dolor mortis, uacat et inpatientia doloris.  Cur enim doleas, si perisse non credis? Cur inpatienter feras subductum interim quem credis reversurum? Profectio est quam putas mortem. Non est lugendus qui antecedit, sed plane desiderandus. Id quoque desiderium patientia temperandum: cur enim inmoderate feras abisse quem mox subsequeris? Ceterum inpatientia in huiusmodi et spei nostrae male ominatur et fidem praevaricatur, et Christum laedimus cum evocatos quosque ab illo quasi miserandos non aequanimiter accipimus. Cupio, inquit Apostolus, recipi iam et esse cum Domino. Quanto melius ostendit votum! Christianorum ergo votum, si alios consecutos inpatienter dolemus, ipsi consequi nolumus! Tertullianus, De Patientia Source: Migne PL 1.1263b-1264a

Not even that type of impatience on account of the loss of our own is excused, where some assertion of grief acts as patron of it. For the consideration of the Apostle's declaration must be put before us, which says, 'Be not saddened by the falling asleep of any one, like the peoples who are without hope.' 1 And rightly, for believing in the resurrection of Christ, we also believe in our own, for whose sake He both died and rose. Since, then, there is certainty concerning the resurrection of the dead, there is no room for grief for death, there is no room for the impatience of grief. For why should you grieve if you believe that he has not perished? Why should you bear impatiently for a time the withdrawal of him who you believe will return? That which you think to be death is departure. He who goes before is not to be lamented, though certainly wanted. That longing also must be tempered with patience, for why should you bear without moderation the going away of him whom you will soon follow? Besides, impatience in matters of this kind bodes ill for our hope, and fails in its duty to the faith, and we wound Christ when those called away by him we deem as ones to be pitied, not accepting it with equanimity. 'I desire,' says the Apostle, 'to be received now, and to be with the Lord.' 2 How far better a wish does he exhibit! If, then, we grieve impatiently over others who attain the wish of Christians, we ourselves are unwilling to attain it. Tertullian, On Patience 1 1 Thes 4.13 2 Philip 1.23

Tears And Comforts

Beati lugentes; quoniam ipsi consolabunter.  Lugentibus aeternae consolationis solatia repromittit. Non orbitates aut contumelias aut damna moerentibus, sed peccata vetera flentibus, et criminum quibus obsordescimus conscientia aerumnosis, haec sedula in coleo consolatio praeparatur. Sanctus Hilarius Pictaviensis, In Evangelium Matthaei Commentarius, Cap IV Source: Migne PG 9.932c

Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted... 1  The comfort of eternal consolation is promised to those who mourn. Not to those lamenting over loss, or insults, or wounds, but to those weeping over old sins, by which awareness of the crimes that defile with wretchedness, this consolation is diligently prepared in heaven   Saint Hilary of Poitiers, Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew, Chapter 4 1 Mt 5.4

Grief And Blessings

Ἐκάθισεν Ἰερεμίας κλαίων. Τὸν ἐξ ἀγάπης κλαυθμὸν μακαριζόμενον. Τοῦ γὰρ ἀγίου ἐστὶ, κλααιειν μετὰ κλαιόντων, καὶ χαίρειν μετὰ χαιρόντων. Τοῦ αὐτοῦ  Ἐγγίζων τῇ Ἱερουσαλὴμ ὁ Κύριος ἔκλαυσε καὶ εἴπεν·  Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας καὶ λιθοβολοῦσα τοὺς ἀπεσταλμένους πρὸς αὐτήν, ποσάκις ἠθέλησα ἐπισυναγαγεῖν τὰ τέκνα σου, ὃν τρόπον ὄρνις ἐπισυνάγει τὰ νοσσία αὐτῆς ὑπὸ τὰς πτέρυγας, καὶ οὐκ ἠθελήσατε. Τοῦ αὐτοῦ.  Εἰ τοίνυν μακάριοι οἱ κλαίοντες, ὅτι γελάσετε, ἔδει Ἰερεμίαν τὸν μυστικὸν τοῦτον κλαῦσαι κλαυθμὸν, καὶ κατὰ τὸ Μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες, πενθῆσαι τοὺς τοῦ πενθεῖσθαι ἀξίους. Ὠριγένης, Ἐκλογαι Εἰς Θρηνους Source: Migne PG 13 608c-d

Jeremiah sat and wept. 1 He who grieves on account of love is blessed. It is of the holy man to weep when others weep, to rejoice when they rejoice. 2 On the same:  Nearing Jerusalem the Lord wept and said, 'Jerusalem, Jerusalem, still murdering the prophets, and stoning those sent out to her, how often have I wished to gather your children, as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings; and you did not wish it.' 3 If they are blessed who grieve because they will laugh, 4 thus it befits Jeremiah to bring forth this holy weeping, and according to 'Blessed are those who weep,' so it is to lament those things worth lamenting. Origen, Commentary On Lamentations, Fragment 1 Lam 1.Prologue 2 Rom 12.13 3 Mt 23. 37 4 Lk 6.21

The Mourning Of Salvation

Accedit et tetrius: Beati qui lugent, quoniam ipsi consolabuntur. Quis nobis iste luctus intelligendas est salutaris? Utique non ille, qui ex rerum detrimentis, non qui ex amissione charorum, nec qui ex jactura saecularium dignitatum: quae utique omnia jam pauper factus spiritu non dolebit. Hic est luctus salutaris, qui agitur pro peccatis, pro recordatione divini judicii. Nam quia prius inter innumeras saeculi occupationes et asperitates animus constituis, de se ipse cogitare non poterat; jam securus et mitis effectus, incipit se ipsum propius intueri, examinare actus suos diurnos atque nocturnos: et sic praeteritorum criminum vulnera incipiunt apparere, et tunc luctus ac lacrymae subsequuntur salutares, et adeo salubres, ut mox coelestis consolatio occurrat: verus enim qui dixit: Beati qui lugent, quoniam ipsi consolabuntur Sanctus Chromatius Aquileiensis, Sermo De Octo Beatitudinibus

He comes to the third: Blessed are those who mourn, because they shall be comforted. 1 Who among us has understanding of the mourning of salvation? Certainly not the one who mourns for things lost, or for the taking away of moveables, or for being cast out of worldly honours, all things which certainly the one who has already been made poor of spirit shall not grieve. This is the mourning of salvation: the one who on account of sin recalls the Divine judgement. For since before amid innumerable worldly occupations and troubles the soul was placed, concerning oneself one was not able to think, but now secure in meekness, one begins to study oneself, to examine one's acts day and night, and so begin to appear the wounds of past criminality, and then follows salutary grieving and tears, and so comes the benefit, that soon the consolation of the heavens draws near, for truly He said: 'Blessed are those who mourn because they shall be comforted.' Saint Chromatius of Aquileia, Sermon on the Eight Beatitudes 1. Mt 5.5

Holy Mourning

Post praedictionem hujus felicissimae paupertatis, addidit Dominus, dicens: 'Beati qui lugent, quoniam ipsi consolabuntur. Luctus hic, dilectissimi, cui consolatio aeterna promittitur, non est cum mundi hujus afflictione communis; nec beatum quemquam faciunt ista lamenta quae totius humani generis deploratione funduntur. Alia ratio est sanctorum gemituum, alia beatarum causa lacrymarum. Religiosa tristitia aut alienum peccatum luget aut proprium; nec de hoc dolet quod divina justitia agitur, sed de eo moeret quod humana iniquitate committitur; ubi magis plangendus est faciens maligna quam patiens, quia injustum malitia sua demergit ad poenam, justum autem tolerantia ducit ad gloriam.  Sanctus Leo Magnus, Sermo XCV

After the assertion of this most happy poverty, the Lord continued, saying, 'Blessed are they who mourn, for they shall be comforted .' 1 This mourning, beloved, to which eternal consolation is promised, is not like the affliction of this world, nor do those laments which are poured out in the sorrowing of the whole human race make anyone blessed. There is another reason for the groaning of the holy, another cause of blessed tears. Religious grief mourns sin, either that of others' or one's own. It does not mourn that which is done by Divine justice but it grieves over that which is committed by human iniquity, where more to be deplored is he who does wrong than he who suffers it, because the wickedness of the unrighteous plunges him into punishment, but the endurance of the righteous leads to glory. Pope Leo the Great, Sermon 95 1 Mt 5:5

Consoling A Widow

Εἰ μὲν μόνην τοῦ συμβεβηκότος ὑμῖν πάθους ἐλογιζόμην τὴν φύσιν, τῶν ψυχαγωγούτων ἄν ἐδεήθην κἀγὼ, οὐ μόνον τῷ τὰ ὑμέτερα οἰκεῖα κρίνειν, καὶ τὰ θυμήρη, καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ὁποῖά ποτ' ἂν ᾗ. Ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ τὴν θαυμασίαν ἐκείνην καὶ ὅντως αξιέπαινον κεφαλήν διαφερόντως ἠγαπηκέναι. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ὅπος αὐτὸν θεῖος ἐνθένδε μετέστησε, καὶ εἰς τὴν ἀμείνω μετέθηκε βιοτὴν, καὶ ἐκ τῆς ἑμαυτοῦ ψυχῆς ἀποσκεδάννυμι τῆς ἀθυμίας τὸ νέφος, καὶ τὴν σὴν παρακαλῶ σεμνοπρέπειαν νικῆσαι τῆς ἀθυμίας τὸ πάθος τῷ λογισμῷ, καὶ εἰς καιρὸν προσενεγκεῖν τῇ ψυχῇ τῶν θείων λόγων τὴν ἐπῳδήν· τούτου γὰρ δὴ χάριν εὐθὺς ἐκ σπαργάνων οἶόν τινα θηλὴν ἔλκομεν τῆς ἱερᾶς Γραφῆς τὴν μελέτην, ἴν' ὅταν ἡμῖν προσπέσῃ πάθος, προσενέγκωμεν ἀλεξίκακον φάρμακον τὴν διδασκαλίαν τοῦ Πνεύματος. Οἴδαμεν δὲ ὡς παγχάλεπον, καὶ λίαν ἐστὶν ἀλγεινὸν, ἀξιεράστου τινὸς ἐν πείρᾳ γεγενημένον ἔρημον ἐξαπίνης τοῦ ποθουμένου γενέσθαι, καὶ ἐν εὐκληρίᾳ γενόμενον δυσκληρίᾳ περιπεσεῖν. Ἀλλὰ τοῖς γε νοῦν ἔχουσι, καὶ σώφρονι λογισῷ κεχρημένοις, οὐδὲν τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων ἀδόκητον· οὐδὲν γὰρ τούτων σταθερὸν, ούδε βέβαιον ού καλλος, οὐ πλοῦτος, οὐκ εὐεξία σώματος, οὐκ ἀξιώματος ὅγκος· οὐκ ἄλλο τι τῶν παρὰ τοῖς πλείστοις θαυμαζομένων. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἐξ ἄκρας εὐπορίας εἰς πενίαν ἐσχάτην μετέπεσον· οἱ δὲ τὴν ὑγίειαν ἀποβαλόντες, παντοδαποῖς παλαίουσι πάθεσιν· ἀλλοι περιφανείᾳ συμνυνόμενοι γένους, τὸν βαρύτατον ἔλκουσι τῆς δουλείας ζυγόν. Τῷ δὲ κάλλει τοῦ σώματος καὶ νόσος λωβᾶται, καὶ γῆρας λυμαίνεται. Μάλα δὲ σοφῶς τῶν ὅλων ὁ Πρύτανις οὐδὲν τούτων εασε διαρκὲς, οὐδὲ μόνιμον· ἵνα τὰς μεταβολὰς δεδιότες οἱ τούτων τετυχηκότες, καταστέλλωσι τὴν ὀφρὺν, καὶ τὸν τούτων εὔριπον ἐπιστάμενοι, μὴ τοῖς προσκαίροις θαῥῥῶσιν, ἀλλ' εἰς τὸν τῶν ἀγαθῶν χορηγὸν ἔγωσι τὰς ἐλπίδας. Ταῦτα τὴν σὴν εἰδῦαν θαυμασιότητα, τὴν ἀνθρωπείαν φύσιν καταμαθεῖν αξιῶ· εὐρήσεις γὰρ αὐτὴν θνητὴν οὔσαν, καὶ ἐξ ἀρχῆς δεξαμένην τοῦ θανάτου τὸν ὅρον. Πρὸς γὰρ τὸν Ἀδὰμ ὁ τῶν ὅλων ἔφη Θεος· 'Γη εἴ καὶ εἰς γῆν ἀπελεύσῃ.' Ἀψευδὴς δὲ ὁ τὴν ψῆφον ἐξενεγκὼν, καὶ μάρτυς ἡ πεῖρα. Μία γὰρ πάντων εἴσοδος εἰς τὸν βίον, κατὰ τὴν  θείαν Γραφὴν, ἔξοδός τε ἴση, καὶ πᾶς γεννώμενος προσμένει τὸν τάφον. Καὶ οὐδὲ ἴσον ἂπαντες βιοτεύουσι χρόνον· ἀλλ' οἱ μὲν πρόωροι τελευτῶσιν, οἱ δὲ εἰς ἄνδρας τελέσαντες, οἱ δὲ καὶ τῶν τοῦ γήρως ἀνιαρῶν πειραθέντες· οὕτω καὶ οἱ τοῦ γάμου δεξάμενοι τὸν ζυγὸν διαζεύγνυνται· ἀνάγκη γὰρ ἢ τὸν ἂνδρα προαπελθεῖν, ἢ τὴν γυναῖκα προτέραν δέξασθαι τοῦ βίου τὸ τέλος. Καὶ οἱ μὲν εὐθὺς μετὰ τὴν παστάδα τοὺς θρήνους ἐδέξαντο· οἱ δὲ ὀλιγον συμβιώσαντες χρόνον. Ἀπόχρη τοίνυν καὶ τὸ κοινὸν τοῦ πάθους ἀφορμὴν τῷ λογισμῳ παρασχεῖν εἰς τὸ νικῆσαι τὸ πάθος. Θεοδώρητος Ἐπίσκοπος Κύρρος, Ἐπιστολή ΙΔ', Ἀλεξάνδρᾳ Source: Migne PG 83.1185d-1188d

If I had only considered the character of your suffering, I also would have been in need of consolation, not only because I think that what concerns you, be it agreeable or otherwise, concerns me, but because I dearly loved that worthy and wonderful man. But since the Divine decree has taken him from here and translated him to the better life, I therefore scatter the cloud of sorrow from my soul, and call on you to vanquish grief's pain by the power of reason, and in this hour to bring your soul under the spell of God's word; for why from the very cradle do we suck the instruction of the Sacred Scriptures, like milk from the breast, but that when suffering falls on us we may be able to apply the teaching of the Spirit as a balm for our pain? I know how sad and how very grievous it is when one has experienced the worth of some loved object, suddenly to be deprived of it, and in a moment to fall from happiness to misery. But to them who have good good sense, and employ prudent reason, no human event is unexpected; for nothing human is stable, nothing lasting; neither beauty, nor wealth, nor health, nor high dignity; nor any of all those things that most consider wonderful. Some tumble from height of opulence to lowest poverty, and some lose their health and struggle with various forms of disease, and some proud of the splendour of their lineage come to drag the crushing yoke of slavery. Sickness mars the beauty of the body and old age destroys it, and very wisely has the supreme Ruler not allowed any of these things to continue nor be stable forever, so that their possessors, in fear of change, may restrain proud looks, and, knowing how all such things flow away, may cease to put their confidence in what is transient, and found their hopes upon the One who gives all that is good. These things knowing, most excellent lady, consider human nature; for you will find that it is mortal and from the beginning received the doom of death . It was to Adam the God of all said 'Dust you are and to dust you shall return.' 1 Truthful is He who gave the sentence, and experience is witness. 'All have one entrance into life and one is the exit,' 2 Divine Scripture tells us, and for every one born the grave waits. And all do not live an equal length of time; some men come to an end too soon; some in their manhood, and some after they have experienced the trials of old age; and likewise they who have taken on the marriage yoke are released from it, and it must be that either husband depart first or wife reach life's end before him. And some have just entered the bridal chamber when comes lamentation, and some live together a little while. Enough, then, to remember that the grief is common to give reason space to conquer grief. Theodoret of Cyrrhus, Letter 14, To Alexandra 1 Gen 3.19 2 Wis 7.6

Turning Weeping Into Joy

Ἤκουσε Κύριος, καὶ ἠλέησέ με· Κύριος ἐγένήθη βοηθός μου. Μετὰ τὸ διηγήσασθαι τίνα ἧν ἂ πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν ἐκέκραξεν, εὐθὺς αἰσθόμενος τῆς ἀντιλήψεως τοῦ Θεοῦ, παρομῶν ἡμᾶς πρὸς τὴν τῶν ὁμοίων αἴτησιν, Ἤκουσε, φησὶ, Κὺριος, καὶ ἠλέησέ με· Κύριος ἐγένήθη βοηθός μου. Εὐχώμεθα οὖν καὶ ἡμεῖς, καὶ κράζωμεν τὴν πνευματικὴν βοὴν, αἰτούμενοι τὰ μεγάλα, μὴ ἀντιποιούμενοι τῆς σαρκὸς, Οἱ γὰρ ἐν σαρκὶ ὄντες, Θεῷ ἀρέσαι ού δύνανται, ἵνα καὶ ἡμῶν ἐπακούσῃ ὁ Κύριος, ἐλεήσας ἡμῶν τὸ ἀσθενὲς, καὶ της θείας βοηθείας ἀπολαύσαντες καὶ ἡμεῖς εἴπωμεν· Ἔστρεψας τὸν κοπετόν μου εἰς χαρὰν ἐμοι. Οὐ τῇ τυχούσῃ ψυχῇ ἡ ἀπὸ Θεοῦ χαρὰ ἐγγίνεται, ἀλλ' εἴ τις πολλὰ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἀπεκλαύσατο, ἰσχυροϊς ὀδυρμοϊς καὶ θρήνοις διηνεκέσιν, ὡς ἐπὶ τεθνεῶτι ἑαυτῷ κοπετὸν ἐποιήσατο, τοῦ τοιούτου ὁ κοπετὸς εἰς χαρὰν στρέφεται. Ὅτι δέ ἐστιν ἐπαινετῶς κόψασθαι, δηλοῦσιν οἱ ἐν ταῖς ἀγοραῖς καθήμενοι παῖδες, οἱ λέγοντες· Ἐθρηνήσαμεν ὑμῖν, καὶ οὐκ έκόψασθε· ηὐλήσαμεν ὐμῖν, καὶ οὐκ ὠρχήσασθε. Ἔστι δὲ ὁ αὐλὸς ὄργανον μουσικὸν πνεύματι συνεργῷ πρὸς τὴν μελῳδίαν χρώμενον. Διόπερ οἶμαο πάντα ἅγιον προφήτην αὐλὸν τροπικῶς ὀνομάζεσθαι διὰ τὴν ἐκ τοῦ ἁγίου Πνεύματος κίνησιν. Διόπερ, φησὶν, ηὐλήσαμεν ὑμῖν, καὶ οὐκ ὠρχήσασθε. Οἱ γὰρ προφητικοὶ λόγοι προτρέπονται ἡμᾶς ἐπὶ τὴν εὔρύθμον τῆς ἁγίας προφητείας ἐνέργειαν, ἤτις εἴρηται ὄρχησις. Ἀλλὰ καὶ θρηνοῦιν ἡμῖν οἱ προφῆται, εἰς κοπετὸν ἡμᾶς προκαλούμενοι, ἵνα, εἰς συναίσθησιν ἐλθόντες ἐκ τῶν προφητικῶν λόγων ἐπὶ τοῖς ἑαυτῶν ἁμαρτήμασι, καταπενθήσωμεν ἡμῶν τὴν ἀπώλειαν, ἐν κόποις καὶ μόχθοις τὴν σάρκα ἡμῶν καταπιέσαντες. Τῷ τοιούτῳ τοίνυν περιῥῥήγνυται μὲν τὸ μενθικὸν ἕνδυμα, ὅ καταπενθῶν ἑαυτοῦ τὴν ἁναρτίαν περιεβάλετο. Περιτίθεται δὲ αὐτῷ ὁ χιτὼν τῆς εὐφροσύνης, καὶ τὸ ἱμάτιον τοῦ σωτηρίου, τὰ φαιδρὰ ταῦτα καὶ γαμικὰ ἐνδύματα, οἶς ὁ κεκοσμημένος ἐκ τοῦ νυμφῶνος οὐκ ἐκβληθήσεται. Διέῥῥηξας τὸν σάκκον μου, καὶ περιέζωσας με εὐφροσύνην. Συνεργὸς εἰς μετάνοιαν ὁ σάκκος, ταπεινώσεως ὑπάρχων σύμβολον· Πάλαι γὰρ ἂν ἐν σάκκῳ, φησὶ, καὶ σποδῷ καθήμενοι μετενόησαν. Ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ Απόστολος ἀνακεκαλυμμένῳ προσώπῳ τὴν αὐτὴν εἰκόνα μεταμορφοῦται ἀπὸ δόξης εἰς δόξαν, τὴν δοθεῖσαν αὐτῷ χάριν ἀπὸ τοῦ Κυρίου ἰδίαν λέγει δόξα. Ἅγιος Βασίλειος ὁ Μέγας, Ὁμιλία Ἐις Τους Ψαλμούς, Εἰς Τον ΚΘ' Ψαλμον

The Lord heard and He was merciful to me; the Lord was my help. 1 After telling of things he had cried out to the Lord, immediately sensing the help of God, he exhorts us to do the same. 'The Lord heard,' he said,' and He was merciful to me; and the Lord was my help.' Let us pray then that we cry out with spiritual clamour, seeking not base things, nor caring for the flesh, for those who are in the flesh are not able to be pleasing to God, 2 that God hear us, having mercy on our weakness, and that with gift of divine help we might say, 'You have turned my weeping into joy.'  3 The joy of God does not inhere in just any soul but if a man lament his sin vehemently with groans and with heavy sighs, as if he himself we mourning himself dead, this is the grief which is turned into joy. And that it is even praiseworthy grief,  the children sitting in the marketplace show, saying, ' We lamented to you and you did not weep, we sang with flutes and you did not dance.' 4 The musical instrument of the flute is made to work with breath for the production of melody, and therefore I think that every holy prophecy is the playing of the flute through the movement of the Holy Spirit and that when it says that we played to you and you did not dance, we have the prophetic words exhorting us to motion pleasing to sacred prophecy. And for our sake the prophets lamented, exhorting us to our own grief, that through prophetic words we become conscious of our sins, that we weep our deaths, laboring and groaning in the castigation of the flesh. And from such men is the mourning garb cut off, that which in grief for his sin he had put on. Then he is surrounded with a tunic of joy and a cloak of salvation and the splendid garb of the wedding guest, which if he does not wear will have him expelled from the nuptial chambers. 5 'You cut off my sackcloth and surrounded me with joy.' 6 The sackcloth is help to penance, and a sign of humility. For he says 'Sitting in sackcloth and ash they made penance' 7 And then the Apostle says: With face revealed, to the same image transformed, from glory into glory 8,' the grace given to him by the Lord he names glory. Saint Basil of Caesarea, Homilies on the Psalms, Psalm 29 1 Ps 29.11 2 Rom 8.8 3 Ps 29.12  4 Lk 7.32 5 Mt 22.11-13 6 Ps 29.12 7 Lk 10.13 8 2 Cor 3.18

Lamenting Judas

Σήμερον, ἀγαπητοὶ, ὁ Κύριος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς παρεδόθη·  τῇ γὰρ ἐπιούσῃ ἑσπέρᾳ ταύτῃ, λαβόντες αὐτὸν, ἀπῆλθον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι.  Ἀλλὰ μὴ γένῃ κατηφὴς, ἀκούσας ὅτι Ἰησοῦς παρεδόθη· μᾶλλον δὲ γενοῦ κατηφὴς, καὶ κλαῦσον πικρῶς, ἀλλὰ μὴ ὑπὲρ τοῦ παραδοθέντος Ἰησοῦ, ἀλλ' ὑπὲρ τοῦ προδότου Ἰούδα.  Ὁ μὲν γὰρ παραδοθεὶς τὴν οἰκουμένην ἔσωσεν, ὁ δὲ προδοὺς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ψυχὴν ἀπώλεσε· καὶ ὁ μὲν προδοθεὶς ἐν δεξιᾷ κάθηται τοῦ Πατρὸς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς, ὁ δὲ παραδοὺς ἐν ᾅδου νῦν ἐστι, τὴν ἀπαραίτητον ἀναμένων κόλασιν.  Διὰ τοῦτον οὖν κλαῦσον καὶ στέναξον, διὰ τοῦτον πένθησον, ἐπειδὴ καὶ ὁ Δεσπότης ἡμῶν διὰ τοῦτον ἐδάκρυσεν. Ἰδὼν γὰρ αὐτὸν, φησὶν, ἐταράχθη καὶ εἶπεν·  Εἷς ἐξ ὑμῶν παραδώσει με. Ὢ πόση εὐσπλαγχνία τοῦ Δεσπότου. ὁ προδοθεὶς ὑπὲρ τοῦ προδόντος ἀλγεῖ.  Ἰδὼν γὰρ αὐτὸν, ἐταράχθη, φησὶ, καὶ εἶπεν·  Εἷς ἐξ ὑμῶν παραδώσει με. Τίνος ἕνεκεν ἠθύμησεν;  Ὁμοῦ καὶ τὴν φιλοστοργίαν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἐπιδεικνύμενος, καὶ διδάσκων ἡμᾶς, ὅτι οὐ τὸν πάσχοντα κακῶς, ἀλλὰ τὸν ποιοῦντα κακῶς, τοῦτον θρηνεῖν πανταχοῦ δίκαιον.  Τοῦτο γὰρ ἐκείνου χεῖρον, μᾶλλον δὲ ἐκεῖνο μὲν οὐ κακὸν, τὸ κακῶς παθεῖν, κακὸν δὲ τὸ ποιῆσαι κακῶς.  Τὸ μὲν γὰρ κακῶς παθεῖν, τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν προξενεῖ, τὸ δὲ κακῶς ποιῆσαι αἴτιον ἡμῖν τῆς γεέννης καὶ τῆς κολάσεως γίνεται.  Μακάριοι γὰρ, φησὶν, οἱ δεδιωγμένοι ἕνεκεν δικαιοσύνης, ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν. Ἅγιος Ἰωάννης ὁ Χρυσόστομος, Εἰς Την Προδοσιαν Του Ἱουδα

Today, beloved, our Lord Jesus Christ was betrayed, for it was on this approaching evening that the Jews seizing him, took Him away. But do not be dejected hearing that Jesus was betrayed, but rather be dejected and weep bitterly, not over the betrayed Jesus, but over the traitor Judas. For He who was betrayed saved the whole world, while he who betrayed lost his soul. And He who was betrayed is seated at the right hand of the Father in heaven, and he who betrayed is now in hell, awaiting the inevitable punishment. So weep and groan for this, mourn for this, since even our Master wept for this. For beholding him, Jesus was troubled and said: 'One of you shall betray Me' 1. Oh, how great is our Master’s compassion! He who was betrayed grieved for him who betrayed. For beholding him, Jesus was troubled and said: 'One of you shall betray Me.' Why was He disheartened? Both to show His tender love and to teach us that to mourn, not for the one suffering evil, but for the one doing evil, is most righteous. The latter is worse than the former, or rather, to suffer evil is not evil, but to do evil is evil. For while suffering evil gains the Kingdom of Heaven, doing evil is the cause of  Gehenna and punishment for us. 'For Blessed,' says the Lord, 'are they who are persecuted on account of righteousness, for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven.' 2 Saint John Chrysostom, On The Betrayal of Judas  1 John 13:21 2 Matt 5:10

The Good Of The Mourners

Τί τοίνυν ἐστὶ τὸ λεγόμενον, Μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες, ὅτι αὐτοὶ παρακληθήσονται; Γελάσει πάντως ὁ πρὸς τὸν κόσμον βλέπων, καὶ λέξει ταῦτα καταχλευά ζων τὸν Λόγον·  Εἰ μακαρίζονται κατὰ τὸν βίον οἱ ἐν πάσῃ συμφορᾷ δαπανώμενοι, ἄθλιοι κατὰ τὸ ἀκόλουθόν εἰσι πάντως οἷς ἄλυπός τε καὶ ἀπήμων ἐστὶν ἡ ζωή. Καὶ οὕτω τὰ εἴδη τῶν συμφορῶν ἐξαριθμού μενος, πλεονάσει τὸν γέλωτα, τὰ τῆς χηρείας κακὰ, καὶ τὴν τῆς ὀρφανίας ταλαιπωρίαν ὑπ' ὄψιν ἄγων, τὰς ζημίας, τὰ ναυάγια, τὰς ἐκ πολέμων αἰχμαλω σίας, τὰς ἀδίκους ἐν δικαστηρίῳ κρίσεις, μεθορι σμούς τε καὶ δημεύσεις καὶ ἀτιμίας, τάς τε συμφορὰς τὰς ἐκ τῶν νόσων, οἷον πηρώσεις τε καὶ ἀκρωτη ριασμοὺς, καὶ τὴν παντοδαπὴν τοῦ σώματος λώβην, καὶ εἴ τι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις κατὰ τὸν βίον τοῦτον συν ίσταται πάθος, ἢ σώματος, ἢ ψυχῆς ἁπτόμενον, πάντα τῷ λόγῳ διεξελεύσεται, δι' ὧν, ὡς οἴεται, καταγέ λαστον ἀποδείξει τὸν τοὺς πενθοῦντας μακαρίζοντα λόγον. Ἡμεῖς δὲ μικρὰ φροντίσαντες τῶν μικροψύχως τε καὶ ταπεινῶς ἀναθεωρούντων τὰ θεῖα νοήματα, ὡς ἔστι δυνατὸν κατιδεῖν τὸν ἐγκείμενον τῷ εἰρημένῳ διὰ βάθους πλοῦτον ἐπιχειρήσωμεν, ὅπως ἂν φανερὸν καὶ διὰ τοῦτο γένοιτο, πόσον ἐστὶ τὸ διάφορον τῆς σαρκίνης τε καὶ χοϊκῆς διανοίας, πρὸς τὴν ὑψηλήν τε καὶ ἐπουράνιον. Ἔστι μὲν οὖν ἐκ τοῦ προχείρου μακαριστὸν ὑπο λαβεῖν ἐκεῖνο τὸ πένθος, τὸ ἐπὶ πλημμελήμασι καὶ ἁμαρτίαις γινόμενον, κατὰ τὴν τοῦ Παύλου περὶ τῆς λύπης διδασκαλίαν, τοῦ φήσαντος, μὴ ἒν εἶναι λύπης εἶδος, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν κοσμικὸν, τὸ δὲ κατὰ Θεὸν ἐνερ γούμενον. Καὶ τῆς μὲν κοσμικῆς λύπης, θάνατον εἶναι τὸ ἔργον· τὴν δὲ ἑτέραν, σωτηρίαν ἐκ μετα νοίας τοῖς λυπουμένοις ἐργάζεσθαι. Τῷ ὄντι γὰρ οὐκ ἔξω τοῦ μακαρίζεσθαι τὸ τοιοῦτον τῆς ψυχῆς πάθος ἐστὶν, ὅταν ἐν αἰσθήσει γενομένη τοῦ χείρονος, τὸν ἐν κακίᾳ βίον ἀπολοφύρηται. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν σωματικῶν ἀῤῥωστημάτων, οἷς ἂν πάρετον ἐξ ἐπηρείας τινὸς γένηταί τι μέρος τοῦ σώματος, σημεῖον τοῦ νενεκρῶσθαι τὸ παρειμένον ἡ ἀναλγησία γίνεται· εἰ δὲ κατά τινα τέχνην ἰατρικὴν ἡ ζωτικὴ πάλιν αἴσθησις ἐπαναχθείη τῷ σώματι, χαίρουσιν ἤδη πονοῦντος τοῦ μέρους, αὐτός τε ὁ κάμνων καὶ οἱ τὴν θεραπείαν προσάγοντες, τεκμηρίῳ χρώμενοι τοῦ πρὸς ὑγίειαν τρέψαι τὸ πάθος, τὸ ἐν αἰσθήσει τῶν δριμυσσόντων ἤδη γενέσθαι τὸ μέλος· οὕτως ἐπειδὰν, καθώς φησιν ὁ Ἀπόστολος, ἀπηλγηκότες τινὲς παρα δῶσι τῷ καθ' ἁμαρτίαν βίῳ ἑαυτοὺς, νεκροί τινες ὄντως καὶ πάρετοι τοῦ κατ' ἀρετὴν βίου γενόμενοι, οὐδεμίαν ἔχουσιν ὧν ποιοῦσιν τὴν αἴσθησιν. Εἰ δὲ καθάψαιτό τις αὐτῶν ὁ ἰατρεύων λόγος, οἷον διά τινων θερμῶν τε καὶ διακαιόντων φαρμάκων, λέγω δὲ τῶν σκυθρωπῶν τῆς μελλούσης κρίσεως ἀπειλῶν, καὶ διὰ βάθους τὴν καρδίαν τῷ φόβῳ τῶν προσδοκωμένων δριμύξειεν, γεέννης φόβον, καὶ πῦρ μὴ σβεννύμενον, καὶ ἀτελεύτητον σκώληκα, καὶ βρυγμὸν ὀδόντων, καὶ κλαυθμὸν ἀδιάλειπτον, καὶ σκότος ἐξώτερον, καὶ ἅπαντα τὰ τοιαῦτα, οἷόν τινα θερμὰ καὶ δριμέα φάρμακα τῷ νεναρκηκότι διὰ τῶν καθ' ἡδονὴν παθημάτων ἐντρίβων καὶ ἀναθάλπων, εἰς αἴσθησιν αὐτὸν ἀγάγοι τοῦ ἐν ᾧ ἦν βίου, μακαριστὸν αὐτὸν ἀπεργάσηται, τὴν ὀδυνηρὰν αἴσθησιν τῇ ψυχῇ ἐμ ποιήσας. Καθάπερ καὶ ὁ Παῦλος τὸν τῇ κοίτῃ τοῦ πατρὸς ἐπιλυσσήσαντα, μέχρις ἐκείνου μαστίζει τῷ λόγῳ, ἕως ἂν ἀναισθήτως εἶχεν τῆς ἁμαρτίας· ἐπεὶ δὲ καθίκετο τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἡ τῆς ἐπιπλήξεως ἰατρεία, ὡς ἤδη μακάριον διὰ τοῦ πένθους γενόμενον, παρα καλεῖν ἄρχεται, ἵνα μὴ τῇ περισσοτέρᾳ λύπῃ, φησὶ, καταποθῇ ὁ τοιοῦτος. Ἔστω δὲ καὶ τοῦτο ἡμῖν τὸ νόημα πρὸς τὴν προκειμένην τοῦ μακαρισμοῦ θεωρίαν εἰς τὸν κατ' ἀρετὴν βίον οὐκ ἄχρηστον, διὰ τὸ πλεονάζειν πως ἐν τῇ φύσει τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν·ταύτης δὲ φάρμακον τὸ ἐκ μετανοίας πένθος ἀποδέδεικται. Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος Νύσσης, Εἰς Τους Μακαρισμους, Λογος Γ'

Why then is it said, 'Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted'? 1 Certainly a man may laugh when looking to the world and say in mocking tones to this statement of the Word: 'If they are blessed who are oppressed with every sort of calamity, then  they must be wretched whose lives are free of trouble and harm.' And so he enumerates the types of calamities, laughing as he adds to them and heaps them up, bringing the inconveniences of widowhood and the wretchedness of orphans before the eyes, and wounds, shipwrecks, captives in war, victims of unjust courts, exile and loss of property, disgrace, infamy, the pains born of diseases, blindness and loss of limbs, the various faults and defects of the body, and whatever comes to men to trouble them in this life, striking at either body or soul, in his speech he lists all these things, by which, in his opinion, it seems ridiculous to say that those who mourn are to be adjudged blessed. We, however, with the little thoughts of a meek of soul shall humbly try to contemplate things Divine, and, as much as we are able, see what lies wrapped up in the enquiry and grasp the deep wealth within, that thus overt may be the difference between the corporeal and worldly understanding and the sublime and heavenly. And at first thought one is able to grasp that the mourner is blessed who takes note of his sins and errors, according to the teaching of Paul concerning grief, when he says that there is not just one type of grief, but one of the world and another of God. 2 And the grief of the world is the work of death and the other works through penance to make amendment of defects. For truly he is not able to be judged blessed who is much troubled in his soul, he who when noting that which is wrong, bewails a defective life. For it as in sick body which in a part has suffered a putrefying wound by some violence, and immobility is added, the part being rotten and languid, but if the art of medicine restores the power of life to the affected region, that very thing that troubled, improved by treatments, now useful again as sickness turns to health, the limb that gave pain returning to sense, so that part turns from grief to joy. And this knowing, the Apostle says that it has given life to sinners, when by virtue what was dead and rotting, nothing of it having any sense, attains life. And if someone with the healing art produce response as happens with hot burning medicines, and I speak here of the future fearful judgements and the expectant heart pierced deep with fear, the terrors of hell, unquenchable fires, worms ever eating, grinding of teeth, endless weeping, and exterior darkness, these hot and bitter medicines being rubbed into the area suffering on account of excess of pleasure, warm it and sense is restored as it comes back to life, and then blessed he is made whom grief has brought sense into the soul. As was even Paul who from the bed of his fathers was released having been struck with the word until he had sense of sin. And it as a physician admonishing a man, that through suffering he shall be happy, so encouraging him to begin lest by excessive worry he refuse treatment. This then is our thought on this proposition of blessedness, seeing in it that virtue is not useless for life, that through excess in human nature comes sin, and showing that repentance is grief. Saint Gregory of Nyssa, On The Beatitudes, Chapter 3 1 Mt 5.5 2 2 Cor 7.10

The Tomb of Abraham

Ἀδελφὸς ἠρώτησε τὸν ἀββᾶν Ποιμένα, λέγων· Τί ποιήσω; Λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ γέρων· Ἀβραὰμ ὅτε εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὴν γῆν τῆς ἐπαγγελίας, μνημεῖον ἠγόρασεν ἑαυτῷ καὶ διὰ τοῦ τάφου ἐκληρονόμησε τὴν γῆν. Λέγει ὁ ἀδελφός· Τί ἐστι τάφος; Λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ γέρων· Τόπος κλαυθμοῦ καὶ πένθους. Αποφθεγματα των ἀγιων γεροντων, Παλλαδιος

A brother questioned father Poimen, saying, 'What should I do?' The elder said, 'When Abraham came to the land of promise he bought a tomb for himself, and through the tomb he inherited the land.'1 The brother said, 'What is a tomb?' The elder said, ' A place of weeping and mourning.' Sayings of the Desert Fathers, Palladius of Galatia  1 Gen 23