Troubles And Cure

Triplici loco laborat genus humanum: principio, medio, fine, id est, nativitate, vita, morte. Nativitas erat immunda, vita perversa, mors periculosa. Venit ergo medicus coelestis; et contra hunc triplicem morbum triplex attulit remedium. Natus enim est, vixit, obiit. Ejus nativitas purgavit nostram; ejus vita instruxit nostram; ejus mors destruxit nostram. Hugo De Sancte Victore, Miscellanea, Liber V, Tit XXV, De triplici labore hominis, et triplici ejus remedio Source: Migne PL 177.760a

The race of men labours in a threefold manner, in the beginning, in the middle and at the end, that is, in birth, in life, and at death. Birth was unclean, life perverse, death ruinous. Then the heavenly physician came and brought the remedy for this threefold sickness. For He was born, and He lived, and He died. His nativity cleansed ours, His life instructed ours, His death destroyed ours. Hugh Of Saint Victor, Miscellanea, Book 5, Chapter 25, On The Threefold Labour of a Man and His Threefold Remedy

Thoughts On Giants

ΕΡΩΤ ΜΗ’ Τίνας καλεῖ γίγαντας ἡ θεία Γραφή; Τινές φασι τοὺς ἔτη πολλὰ βεβιωκότας· τινὲς δὲ τοὺς θεομισεῖς καὶ ἀντιθέους ἀνθρώπους . Οἱ ταῦτα οὕτω νενοηκότες , οὗ φασι τούτους μείζονα τῶν ἄλλων ἀνθρώπων σώματα ἐσχηκέναι . Ἐγὼ δὲ ὅταν ἀκούσω τῆς θείας Γραφῆς λεγούσης περὶ τοῦ Ἐνάκ , ὅτι ι ἀπόγονος ἦν τῶν γιγάντων· καὶ περὶ τοῦ Ὤγ, ὅτι « ἡ κλίνη αὐτοῦ σιδηρᾶ ἦν , ἐννέα πηχῶν τὸ μῆκος, καὶ τεσσάρων πήχεων τὸ εὗρος· καὶ ὅτε οὗτος ἐκ τῶν Ῥαφαῖν ὑπελείφθη. Καὶ τῶν καττασκόπων διηγουμένων , ὅτι ἦμεν ἐνώπιον αὐτῶν ὡσεὶ ἀκρίδες· καὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ βεβαιοῦντος τοὺς λόγους , καὶ λέγοντος , ὅτι ο Παραδέδωκά σοι τὸν ᾿Αμορῥαῖον, οὗ τὸ ὕψος ἦν ὡς κέδρου , καὶ ἰσχυρὸς ἦν ὡς δρῦς· καὶ περὶ τοῦ Γολιάδ, ὅτι ι τεσσάρων πήχεων καὶ σπιθαμῆς τὸ μῆκος εἶχεν· ἡγοῦμαι γεγενῆσθαι τινὰς παμμεγέθεις ἀνθρώπους. Τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ τοῦτο σοφῶς πρυτανεύσαντος , ἵνα γνῶσιν ὡς οὐκ ἀσθενῶν ὁ Δημιουργὸς τοσοῦτον τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἀπένειμε μέτρον ῥᾴδιον γὰρ ἦν αὐτῷ καὶ μείζους δημιουργῆσαι· ἀλλὰ τὸν τύφον εκκόπτων, και τὴν ἀλαζονείαν κωλύων, μέγιστα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις οὐκ ἔδωκε σώματα. Εἰ γὰρ ἐν σμικροῖς σώμασιν οὐ κατ' ἀλλήλων, ἀλλὰ κατ᾿ αὐτοῦ μεγαλαυχοῦσι τοῦ ποιητοῦ, τί οὐκ ἂν ἔδρασαν μεγίστων σωμάτων μετέλαχον; Θεοδώρητος Ἐπίσκοπος Κύρρος, Εἰς Τὴν Γένεσιν Source: Migne PG 80.152a-c

Question 48 Who does Sacred Scripture call giants? 1 Some say the giants were those who lived for many years, and some that they were the opponents of God and the adversaries of men of God. Thus these think that they should not be regarded as having bodies that were larger than other men. But I, when I hear Sacred Scripture say of the race of Enac that they were sprung from among giants, 2 and concerning Og, that his bed was made of iron and was nine cubits long and four cubits broad, and he was one of the Raphaim, 3 and likewise when I hear those explorers saying that there were like locusts in the sight of them, 4 and God confirming these words and saying, 'I gave the Amorites to you whose height was as the cedar and whose strength was like the oak,' 5 and that Goliath's height was four cubits and a palm, 6 I judge that they were very tall men and that God wisely arranged this so that they might know that the Creator was not incapable of giving men such a measure, for it was easy for Him to create men of greater size, but in order to restrain their swelling pride and to put a bridle on their arrogance, He did not give most men great bodies, for if with little bodies men will not only vaunt themselves over one another but even over God, what would they not do if they had been given bodies of the greatest size? Theodoret of Cyrrhus, Questions On Genesis 1 Genes 6.4 2 Numb 13.34 3 Deut 3.11 4 Numb 13.34 5 Amos 2.9 6 1 King 17.4

Nature And Grace

Cum ergo Dominus introivit in hominem, necessario homo induit Deum. Quotquot enim baptizati estis, Christum induistis, Adam exuistis, ut deforis jam oppugnet concupiscentia, intus adjuvet gratia, sitque gratia per hanc regenerationem naturalis, sicut culpa per generationem originalis. Intus fulgeat novitate veritatis imago Dei: foris squaleat vetus adhuc similitudo carnis peccati. Itaque hinc concupiscentia hinc gratis; natura vero jam media prurit, tentat ac suggerit concupiscentia: si delectatur natura, concipit; si consentit, parit; si parit, moritur: non enim nascitur viperea proles, nisi parente disrupta. Suggerit etiam gratia, et hortatur naturam, praefert consilium, offert auxilium; si delectatur natura, concipit; si consentit, virtutem parit: virtus autem parta beatitudinem parit: ut jam audire debeat, Beati pauperes spiritu etc. Paupertas spiritus virtus est, regnum coelorum beatitudo: haec proles, illa parens. Isaac, Cisterciensis Abbas, Sermo VI In Festum Omnium Sanctorum Source: Migne PL 194.1712a-b

When the Lord entered into mankind, mankind necessarily put on God. 'As many as have been baptised have put on Christ.' 1 and cast off Adam, so that concupiscence now besieges from outside, and grace gives aid from within, for grace is now natural thanks to our rebirth, as fault was natural through our original birth. Let the image of God within shine forth in its newness and crush down the old man outside in the likeness of bodily sin. 2 So here is desire and here is grace, and nature is in the middle. Concupiscence allures and tempts and suggests, and if nature is pleased it conceives, and if nature consents it gives birth, and if it gives birth it dies, for there is no birth of such viperous offspring but the parent is torn apart. Grace also suggests and exhorts nature and brings forward its counsel and offers help, and if it delights nature it conceives, and if it consents it gives birth to virtue, and the birth of virtue gives birth to blessedness, so that now it should hear, 'Blessed are the poor in spirit...' 3 Poverty of spirit is virtue and the kingdom of heaven is blessedness; the latter is the child, the former the parent. Isaac of Stella, from Sermon Six on the Feast of All Saints 1 Galat 3.27 2 2 Cor 4.4 3 Mt 5.3

A Great Mystery And Sign

Magnum mysterium, dilectissimi fratres, magnum divinae dilectionis indicium. Homo Deum contemnens a Deo discessit, Deus hominem diligens ad homines venit. Dilexit impium, ut faceret justum; dilexit infirmum, ut faceret sanum; dilexit perversum, ut faceret rectum; dilexit mortuum, ut faceret vivum. Et quid amplius dicam? quandoquidem Deus unigenitus humanam naturam tantum dilexit, ut eam non solum a potestate mali angeli liberaret, verum etiam in seipso super omnes bonos angelos in Patris dextera collocaret. Natura enim quae in primo homine a malo angelo captivata fuerat, ipsa nunc in secundo homine super omnes bonos angelos regnat. Natura quae in primo homine mundum peccato polluit, ipsa in secundo homine mundum a peccato mundavit. Primus homo de terra terrenus, secundus homo de coelo coelestis. Primum hominem mulier corrupta mente decepit, secundum hominem virgo incorrupta virginitate concepit. In primi hominis conjuge nequitia diaboli seductam depravavit mentem, in secundi autem hominis matre gratia Dei et mentem integram servavit et carnem: menti contulit firmissimam fidem, carni abstulit omnino libidinem. Quoniam igitur miserabiliter pro peccato damnatus est homo, ideo sine peccato mirabiliter natus est Deus homo. Sanctus Fulgentius Ruspensis, Sermo II, De duplici Nativitate Christi , una aeterna ex Patre, altera temporali ex Virgine Source: Migne PL 65.728b-c

It is a great mystery, brothers, it is a great sign of Divine love. Man scorning God is cut off from God, God loving men comes to men. God loved the wicked man so that he might make him righteous, He loved the sick man so that He might make him well, He loved the depraved man so that He might make him upright, he loved the dead man so that He might make him live. What more shall I say? The only begotten God loved human nature so much that not only did He liberate it from the power of the evil angel, but truly in Himself He gathered it to the right hand of the Father above all the angels. For the nature that was in the first man was made captive by the wicked angel, now by the second men rules over all the angels. The nature in the first man that befouled the world with sin, was that which in the second man cleansed the world of sin. 'The first man from earth, earthly, the second man from heaven, heavenly.' 1 The woman deceived the first man with a corrupted mind, an uncorrupted virgin conceived the second with her virginity. The wickedness of the devil depraved a seduced mind with the erring spouse of the first man, the grace of God guarded the mind and flesh of the mother of the second man, bringing firm faith to the mind and casting off all carnal desire. Because, then, man was wretchedly damned for sin, thus the God man was wonderfully born without sin. Saint Fulgentius of Ruspe, from Sermon 2, On The Twofold Nativity of Christ, One Eternal from the Father, and One Temporal from the Virgin 1 1 Cor 15.47

Day And Night, Men And Beasts

De die ista, dilectissimi,quae mane tertia, sexta, nona, undecima, et vespera, in evangelica parabola distinguitur ad laborem laborisque mercedem, quod heri diximus, nequaquam hodie permutamus, videlicet conversionem ad Deum sensu et affectu diem accipi, sicut aversionem noctem, qua nemo potest operari. Sunt enim in hominibus sensus et appetitus, secundum quos animalia dicuntur, nec a bestiis ulla per hos eminentia secernuntur: quibus tamen si supponitur ratio, ut utrique principetur, existent quidem simul sensu et affectu animalia, ac mente rationali, mortalitateque poenali, homines necessario post peccatum, ac pro peccato morituri: qui ante peccatum, et sine peccato poterant non mori. In quibus ergo sensus vel affectus rationem nondum sequitur, sed reluctatur, et ut, proh pudor, in nonnullis obtingit, ipsa contra ipsam ratione abutitur: hi nimirum, quamlibet astuti, callidi, sensati, gratiosi, placidive, nondum homines sunt: aut si ob rationem dicendi homines asseruntur, utique quia capite deorsum gradiuntur, non tam homines quam de hominibus monstra esse convincuntur. Os, inquit poeta, homini sublime dedit.  In talibus, dilectissimi, aliquando reluctatur quidem, sed tamen superatur, ac trahitur captiva, quae sola est ratio. Vae enim soli, quia si ceciderit, non est qui sublevet eum. Aliquando vero sponte enervis, effracta, et evirata sequitur, succumbuit, a omni spurcitiae libenter se contradit. Primi ergo mali, secundi pessimi: utrique noctis et tenbrarum filii, sed alii noctem suam amant, alii diem desiderant, alii nihil habentes hominis, alii parum, alii soluti, alii vincti. Utrique in tenebris sunt, in tenebris ambulant, bestiis silvae, id est carnalibus passionibus, ac saecularibus desideriis: et catulis leonum, id est spiritualibus nequitiis in coelestibus nocturna praeda effecti, sicut scriptum est: Posuisti tenebras, et facta est nox, in ipsa pertransibunt omnes bestiae silvae, catuli leonum, etc. Dum igitur ad seipsum advertitur homo, sive ad suum sensum, sive ad viluntatem, sive etiam ad rationem, licet eo usque profecerit, ut jumentum exuens, hominem induat: utique nec noctem evadit, nec in diem vadit. Ad meipsum, ait Videns, contrubata est anima mea: propterae memor coepit esse Dei tanquam diei. Deus enim totus lux est, et in eo solo tenebrae non sunt ulla. Nam sancti angeli etsi in ipso mane inveniant, in se tamen vespere offendunt: quibus verpere sui, et mane Dei, perficitur dies unus, seu primus. In se ergo solus Deus diem invenit: qui dum menti rationali praeveniente gratia illucere incipit, ei mane facit; et inter tenbras ac lcuem dividit. Est itaque spiritualis diei antelucanam mane gratia, quae rationem praevenit, et a se ad Deum convertit; ac de tenebris ignorantiae, vel ut dictum est, impotentiae, seu etiam malitiae, in die sapientiae, virtutis ac justitiae, id est Christi Domini, inducit. Isaac, Cisterciensis Abbas, Sermo XVII, In Septuagesima II Source: Migne PL 194.1745b-1746a

Concerning that day which the parable divides into the morning, and the third hour and the sixth hour and the ninth hour and the eleventh hour and the evening, for labour and the reward of labour, 1 which we spoke of yesterday, we shall not dismiss today, that is, turning to God with the mind and with the heart will still be understood as the day and turning away as the night 'in which no one is able to work.' 2 Men possess sense and appetite, according to which they are said to be animals, and by which they cannot be distinguished from beasts, but if reason is added so that it rules both, with animal senses and appetite existing at the same time with the rational mind, then with the penalty of death men perish after sin and because of sin, who before sin and without sin did not die. 3 In those, then, who possess sense and appetite, yet who do not follow reason but rather fight against it, as, alas, happens in many, reason is used against itself. These sort, however clever they are, however learned, however sensible, however charming or gentle, are not human, or if by a habit of speech they are called men, yet because they walk with their heads thrust down, so they are convicted of being men who are monsters among men. 'Man was given a face for the heights,' as a poet says. 4 In such folk, dearest brothers, forsaken reason is dragged off to captivity, for though they may sometimes struggle yet they are overthrown. 'Alas for the man who is alone, because if he falls there is no one to lift him up.' 5 Then sometimes reason is so enervated, daunted, and unmanned, that of its own accord it follows, succumbs to, and happily gives itself to any sort of vileness. The former sort are wicked, the latter worse, and both are children of the night and of the darkness. The latter love the night and the former desire the day. The latter have nothing human about them, the former retain a little. The former wear loose bonds, the latter are utterly conquered. But both are in darkness, and 'in darkness they walk,' 6 beasts of the wood, that is, they walk in the carnal passions and in worldly desires, and are made the prey of the whelps of the lion, that is, of 'the wicked spirits of the heavens.' 7 As it is written, 'You have placed the darkness and night falls, in which pass all the beasts of the wood, the whelps of lions.' 8 When, therefore, a man turns to himself, or even to reason, so that he might improve himself by stripping off the animal and putting on the man, he neither escapes the night nor does he come to the light of the day. 'My soul has troubled me,' he says looking about himself, and because of this he begins to think of God as of the day. 'For God is all light and there is no darkness at all in Him.' 9 For even if the holy angels find the morning in Him, yet in themselves they stumble in the evening, which evening of theirs and the morning of God make one day, the first day. 10 Therefore God alone has the day in Himself, and when He begins to shine grace into rational minds, He creates the morning and separates the light from the darkness. 11 Thus grace is the dawn of the spiritual day, which not only precedes reason but turns it from itself to God and leads it from the darkness of ignorance or, as has been said, of impenitence, and even of wickedness, into the daylight of wisdom, and virtue, and righteousness, that is, into the day of Christ our Lord. Isaac of Stella, from Sermon 17, The Second Sermon for Septuagesima 1 Mt 20.1-16 2 Jn 9.4 3 Rom 8.10 4 Ovid Meta 1.84 5 Eccl 4.10 6 Ps 81.5 7 Ephes 6.12 8 Ps 103.20-21 9 Ps 41.7, 1 Jn 1.5 10 Gen 1.5 11 Gen 1.4

Understandings Of Man

Tribus modis hominem Scriptura appellat: Per naturam, ut Faciamus hominem; per culpam, ut Vos sicut homines moriemini; per infirmitatem, ut Maledictus qui confidit in homine. Hugo De Sancte Victore, Miscellanea, Liber VI, Tit LXXVI De triplici hominis acceptione Source: Migne PL 177.848b

There are three ways in which Scripture names man. According to nature, as with 'Let us make man.' 1 According to fault, as 'You shall die like men.' 2 According to weakness, as 'Cursed is he who puts his trust in man.' 3 Hugh Of Saint Victor, Miscellanea, Book 6, Chapter 76, On The Threefold Understanding of Man 1 Gen 1.26 2 Ps 81.7 3 Jerem 17.5

Man And Nature

Βούλομαί σοι σφοδρότερον τῆς κτίσεως ἐνιδρυνθῆναι τὸ θαῦμα, ἵν᾿ ὅπου περ ἂν εὑρεθῇς, καὶ ὁποίῳ δήποτε γένει τῶν φυομένων παραστῇς, ἐναργῆ λαμβάνῃς τοῦ ποιήσαντος τὴν ὑπόμνησιν. Πρῶτον μὲν οὖν ὅταν ἴδῃς βοτάνην χόρτου καὶ ἄνθος, εἰς ἔννοιαν ἔρχου τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως, μεμνημένος τῆς εἰκόνος τοῦ σοφοῦ Ἡσαΐου, ὅτι Πᾶσα σὰρξ ὡς χόρτος, καὶ πᾶσα δόξα ἀνθρώπου ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου. Τὸ γὰρ ὀλιγοχρόνιον τῆς ζωῆς, καὶ τὸ ἐν ὀλίγῳ περιχαρὲς καὶ ἱλαρὸν τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης εὐημερίας, καιριωτάτης παρὰ τῷ προφήτῃ τετύχηκε τῆς εἰκόνος. Σήμερον εὐθαλὴς τῷ σώματι, κατασεσαρκωμένος ὑπὸ τρυφῆς, ἐπανθοῦσαν ἔχων τὴν εὔχροιαν ὑπὸ τῆς κατὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν ἀκμῆς, σφριγῶν καὶ σύντονος, καὶ ἀνυπόστατος τὴν ὁρμήν, αὔριον ὁ αὐτὸς οὗτος ἐλεεινὸς, ἢ τῷ χρόνῳ μαρανθεὶς, ἢ νόσῳ διαλυθείς. Ὁ δεῖνα περίβλεπτος ἐπὶ χρημάτων περιουσίᾳ· καὶ πλῆθος περὶ αὐτὸν κολάκων· δορυφορία φίλων προσποιητῶν τὴν ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ χάριν θεραπευόντων· πλῆθος συγγενείας, καὶ ταύτης κατεσχηματισμένης· ἑσμὸς τῶν ἐφεπομένων μυρίος τῶν τε ἐπὶ σιτίων καὶ τῶν κατὰ τὰς χρείας αὐτῷ προσεδρευόντων, οὓς καὶ προϊὼν καὶ πάλιν ἐπανιὼν ἐπισυρόμενος ἐπίφθονός ἐστι τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσι. Πρόσθες τῷ πλούτῳ καὶ πολιτικήν τινα δυναστείαν, ἢ καὶ τὰς ἐκ βασιλέων τιμάς· ἢ ἐθνῶν ἐπιμέλειαν· ἢ στρατοπέδων ἡγεμονίαν· τὸν κήρυκα μέγα βοῶντα πρὸ αὐτοῦ· τοὺς ῥαβδούχους ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν βαρυτάτην κατάπληξιν τοῖς ἀρχομένοις ἐμβάλλοντας τὰς πληγάς· τὰς δημεύσεις· τὰς ἀπαγωγάς· τὰ δεσμωτήρια, ἐξ ὧν ἀφόρητος ὁ παρὰ τῶν ὑποχειρίων συναθροίζεται φόβος. Καὶ τί μετὰ τοῦτο; Μία νὺξ, ἢ πυρετὸς εἷς, ἢ πλευρῖτις, ἢ περιπνευμονία, ἀνάρπαστον ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἀπάγουσα τὸν ἄνθρωπον οἴχεται, πᾶσαν τὴν κατ᾿ αὐτὸν σκηνὴν ἐξαπίνης ἀπογυμνώσασα, καὶ ἡ δόξα ἐκείνη ὥσπερ ἐνύπνιον ἀπηλέγχθη. Ὥστε ἐπιτέτευκται τῷ προφήτῃ ἡ πρὸς τὸ ἀδρανέστατον ἄνθος ὁμοίωσις τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης δόξης. Ἅγιος Βασιλειος Καισαρείας, Εις Την ῾Εξαημερον, Ὁμιλὶα E' Source Migne PG 29.97c-100b

I want creation to infuse you with such great wonder that wherever you may be, you are brought to distinct remembrance of the Creator by whatever growing thing is at hand. Firstly when you see the grass of the fields and the flower of it, think of human nature, and recall the likeness of the wise Isaiah. 'All flesh is grass, and all the glory of man is as the flower of the field.' 1 For the shortness of the time of this life, and the brevity of the delight and pleasure of man's happiness, most appropriately suits the comparison of the prophet. Today a man is vigorous in body, he has been plumped up by luxury, and with a complexion like fair flowers, in the prime of life, he is strong and firm and has an energy that can hardly be resisted, but tomorrow this same man is pitiful, withered by age or ruined by sickness. Another man is celebrated for his abundant wealth, and a crowd of flatterers surround him, a guard of false friends prey on his favours, and a mob of dissembling kinsmen also, and a cloud of servants follow who attend to his nourishment and other needs, and in his comings and goings this troop which he drags after him arouses the envy of those he encounters. To wealth one may add political power, and honours given by royalty, or the government of a province, or the command of armies, and a herald going before him who cries out in a loud voice, with lictors on this side and that, whose blows fill his subjects with fear, and then confiscations, banishments, imprisonments, by which he imbues all those he rules with unbearable terror. And what then? One night, a fever, or a pleurisy, or an inflammation of the lungs, snatches him away from the midst of men, and in a moment he is stripped bare of all that he had on the stage, and all that glory is revealed to be a mere dream. Thus did the Prophet compare human glory to the frailest flower. Saint Basil of Caesarea, Hexameron, from Homily 5 1 Isaiah 40.6

Attributing Victory

Sensus enim, inquit, et cogitatio humani cordis in malum prona sunt ab adolescentia sua. Corruptionis malum quod unusquisque nostrum ab ortu desideriorum carnalium sumpsit, in profectum aetatis exercet, et nisi hoc citius divinae formidinis manus reprimat, omne conditae naturae bonum, repente culpa in profundum vorat. Nemo igitur sibi cogitationum suarum victoriam tribuat, cum Apostolis dicat: Neque qui plantat est aliquid, neque qui rigat; sed qui incrementum dat Deus. Rabanus Maurus, Commentariorum In Genesim, Liber II, Caput VIII Source: Migne PL 107.523b

The mind and thought of the human heart is inclined to evil from its youth. 1 The evil of corruption which each of us takes up from the springing up of the desires of the flesh, exerts itself with the progress of age, and unless the hand of Divine disapproval restrains, sin swiftly swallows down into the depths every good of our created nature. No one, therefore, should attribute victory over his own thoughts to himself, but as the Apostle says, 'Neither he who plants is anything, nor is he who waters, but God who gives the growth.' 2 Rabanus Maurus, Commentary On Genesis, Book 2, Chapter 8 1 Gen 8.21 2 1 Cor 3.7

Death Of Men And Beasts

Quaeritur de hoc quod dicit: Nihil habet homo amplius iumento, et quod aequa est utriusque conditio. Quod istud sit falsum , videtur 1. Genesis secundo dicitur: Adae non inveniebatur adiutor similis ei , ergo nullum iumentum est homini simile: ergo habet aliquid amplius iumento. 2. Item, certum est, quod homo deliberat de futuris et praeterita discernit et conceptiones suas exprimit; hoc autem non iumentum: ergo etc. 3. Praeterea, homo domat iumenta, sed nullum iumentum hominem: ergo homo aliquid plus habet iumento. Quod autem non habeat, videtur: quia nascitur, vivit et moritur et in terram vadit, sicut et iumentum. Respondeo: quidam dicunt, quod hoc dicit in persona carnalis, qui nihil credit habere hominem plus iumento. Aliter dici potest, quod in propria persona loquatur; et verum dicit secundum suum intellectum. Intendit enim ipse ostendere incertitudinem remunerationis animae per similitudinem ad iumentum. Illam autem similitudinem ponit et intellegit quantum ad visibilia, quae possunt sensu discerni; et per hoc non concludit similitudinem de spiritualibus, sed dubitationem; unde dicit: Quis novit etc. Dicendum est igitur, quod secundum veritatem homo habet ultra bestias rationem, communicat autem in corruptibilitate, vita et respiratione; et quia ratio non est quid sensibile, sed intelligibile; et ipse de sensibilibus loquitur: ideo nulla est in hoc omnino instantia. II. Dubitatur de hoc quod dicit: Quis scit, utrumspiritus filiorum Adam ascendat sursum? Quod autem sic, videtur: 1. Primo per corporis dispositionem , cuius dispositio et organizatio attenditur secundum congruentiamad sursum. Si igitur 'os homini sublime dedit caelumque tueri', et respicit sursum: ergo spiritus fertur sursum. 2. Item, omnes naturaliter appetunt beatitudinem; sed, constans est, nullum beatum esse posse in miseriis , maxime cui mors cedit invite: ergo si non potest habere beatitudinem in hac vita, natus esthabere post hanc vitam spiritum separatum: ergo etc. 3. Praeterea, intellectus noster est impermixtus, unde omnia intelligit, ergo non dependet a corpore quantum ad actum, ergo multo minus quantum ad esse: ergo corpore descendente, possibile est , ascendere spiritum. 4. Item, per rationem ipsius Ecclesiastae: quia, si aliqui habent bona, et aliqui mala; et videmus, quod in praesenti mala bonis et bona malis contingunt:si ergo necesse est unum rectorem ponere,necesse est aliud tempus et remunerationem ponere, in quo impium et iustum iudicet Deus.. Sanctus Bonaventura, Commentarius In Ecclesiasten, Cap III Source: Here, p 36

One must enquire into this which he says: 'A man has nothing more than a beast, and both their states are alike... 1 This seems to be false. 1 In the second chapter of Genesis: 'Adam did not find a helper like himself.' 2 Therefore there is no animal like man, and so he has something more than a beast. 2 Likewise it is certain that man deliberates concerning the future and considers the past, and expresses his ideas, but no animal does this. 3 Besides, man tames beasts but no beast tames man, therefore man has something more than a beast. And yet it seems he does not: 'Because he is born, he lives, and he dies, and into the earth he goes, like a beast.' 3 I respond: some say that this is spoken in the person of worldly man, one who thinks that man has nothing beyond a beast. But it is possible to say that he does speak in his own person, and what is true according to his own understanding. For his intention is to show the uncertainty of the reward of the soul by this likening to an animal. Thus he sets forth the likeness and understands it as much as it pertains to visible things, which the senses are able to discern, and because of this he does not consider a likeness to spiritual things, but there is doubt, whence he says: 'Who knows...?' Therefore it must be said that according to truth man has reason beyond the beasts, but he shares their corruptibility, life, and breath, and because the mind is not a sensible thing but an intelligible thing and he speaks only of sensible things, thus there is nothing truly of great force here. He then expresses doubt when he says, 'Who knows if the spirit of the sons of Adam ascends above?' 4 But so it seems. 1 First according to the disposition of the body concerning which disposition and arrangement is it fit from things above. If therefore, 'The face of man is given to look on heaven,' 5 and to gaze at high things, therefore the spirit is carried above. 2 Likewise everyone naturally desires happiness, but it is certain that no one is able to be happy in wretchedness, especially one on whom death unwillingly falls, therefore if he cannot have happiness in this life, he is born to have it after this life, when the spirit is separated. 3 Besides, our intellect is unmixed, whence it may understand everything, 6 and it does not depend on the body for its operation, and therefore much less for its existence. So when the body descends, it is possible that the spirit ascends. 4 Likewise by reason of this same Ecclesiastes, because if some have goods and some have evils, and we see that in the present evils come to good people and goods to evil people, 7 if therefore it is necessary to appoint at corrector, it is necessary that at some time a reward is given, in which 'God shall judge the wicked and the righteous.' 8 Saint Bonaventura, Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Chapter 3 1 Eccl 3.19 2 Gen 2.20 3 Eccl 3.20 4 Eccl 3.21 5 Ovid Metamorph 1.83-86 6 Arist De Anima 3.4 7 Eccle 8.14 8 Eccl 3.17

Man And The Image

Ἀλλ' ἐπαναλάβωμεν πάλιν τὴν θείαν φωνὴν, Ποιήσωμεν ἄνθρωπον κατ' εἰκόνα καὶ ὁμοίωσιν ἡμετέραν. Ὡς μικρά τε καὶ ἀνάξια τῆς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου μεγαλοφυΐας τῶν ἔξωθέν τινες ἐφαντάσθησαν, τῇ πρὸς τὸν κόσμον τοῦτον συγκρίσει μεγαλύνοντες, ὡς ᾤοντο, τὸ ἀνθρώπινον. Φασὶ γὰρ μικρὸν εἶναι κόσμον τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν τῷ παντὶ στοιχείων συνεστηκότα. Οἱ γὰρ τῷ κόμπῳ τοῦ ὀνόματος τοιοῦτον ἔπαινον τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ χαριζόμενοι φύσει, λελήθασιν ἑαυτοὺς τοῖς περὶ τὸν κώνωπα καὶ τὸν μῦν ἰδιώμασι σεμνοποιοῦντες τὸν ἄνθρωπον. Καὶ γὰρ κἀκείνοις ἐκ τῶν τεσσάρων τούτων ἡ κρᾶσίς ἐστι, διότι πάντως ἑκάστου τῶν ὄντων ἢ πλείων ἢ ἐλάττων τις μοῖρα περὶ τὸ ἔμψυχον θεωρεῖται, ὧν ἄνευ συστῆναί τι τῶν αἰσθήσεως μετεχόντων, φύσιν οὐκ ἔχει. Τί οὖν μέγα, κόσμου χαρακτῆρα καὶ ὁμοίωμα νομισθῆναι τὸν ἄνθρωπον; οὐρανοῦ τοῦ περιερχομένου, γῆς τῆς ἀλλοιουμένης, πάντων τῶν ἐν τούτοις περικρατουμένων τῇ παρόδῳ τοῦ περιέχοντος συμπαρερχομένων; Ἀλλ' ἐν τίνι κατὰ τὸν ἐκκλησιαστικὸν λόγον τὸ ἀνθρώπινον μέγεθος; Οὐκ ἐν τῇ πρὸς τὸν κτιστὸν κόσμον ὁμοιότητι, ἀλλ' ἐν τῷ κατ' εἰκόνα γενέσθαι τῆς τοῦ κτίσαντος φύσεως. Τίς οὖν ὁ τῆς εἰκόνος λόγος; ἴσως ἐρεῖς·πῶς ὡμοίωται τῷ σώματι τὸ ἀσώματον; πῶς τῷ ἀϊδίῳ τὸ πρόσκαιρον; τῷ ἀναλλοιώτῳ τὸ διὰ τροπῆς ἀλλοιούμενον; τῷ ἀπαθεῖ τε καὶ ἀφθάρτῳ τὸ ἐμπαθὲς καὶ φθειρόμενον; τῷ ἀμιγεῖ πάσης κακίας τὸ πάντοτε συνοικοῦν ταύτῃ καὶ συντρεφόμενον; Πολὺ γὰρ τὸ μέσον ἐστὶ, τοῦ τε κατὰ τὸ ἀρχέτυπον νοουμένου, καὶ τοῦ κατ' εἰκόνα γεγενημένου. Ἡ γὰρ εἰκὼν, εἰ μὲν ἔχει τὴν πρὸς τὸ πρωτότυπον ὁμοιότητα, κυρίως τοῦτο κατ ονομάζεται. Εἰ δὲ παρενεχθείη τοῦ προκειμένου ἡ μίμησις, ἄλλο τι, καὶ οὐκ εἰκὼν ἐκείνου τὸ τοιοῦτόν ἐστι. Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος Νύσσης, Περὶ Κατασκευής Ἀνθρωπου, Κεφάλιον ΙϚ' Source: Migne PG 44.177d-180b

But let us attend again to the Divine voice: 'Let us make man in our image and in our likeness ' 1 How paltry and unworthy of the majesty of man are the fancies of some apart from us, who think they magnify mankind by comparing it to this world. For they say that man is a little world composed of the same elements of the universe. Those who by a boastful name bestow on human nature such praise, forget that they are honouring man with the attributes of the gnat and the mouse. For even they are composed of these four elements, since certainly the part, greater or less, which is seen of a living thing, is composed of those elements without which it has not the nature by which any sensitive creature could exist. What, then, is great in thinking man to be a representation and likeness of the world, of the heaven that passes away, of the earth that changes, of everything they contain, which pass away with the departure of that which encompasses them? But in what is the greatness of man according to the teaching of the Church? Not in his likeness to the created world, but in his being the image of the nature of the Creator. What then, is the definition of the image, do you say? How is the incorporeal likened to the corporeal? How is the temporal like the eternal? How is that which is mutable because of change like that which is immutable? How is that which is subject to passion and corruption like the impassible and incorruptible? How is that which is constantly amid evil like that which is absolutely free from evil? There is a great gulf between that which is conceived in the archetype and that which has been made in its image. For the image is properly called if it keeps its likeness to the prototype, but if the imitation is perverted from its subject it is something else, it is no longer an image of that subject. Saint Gregory of Nyssa, On The Making of Man, Chap 16 1 Gene 1.26

The Evil Of Man

Attendite vobis ab hominibus: tradent enim vos in conciliis, et in synagogis suis flagellabunt vos, et ante reges et praesides stabilis in testimonium illis, et gentibus. Ita dixit, Attendite vobis ab hominibus, quasi a quibusdam pessimis malis, et super omnia mala malis. Nam si non quasi homines accusans dixisset, sufficeret illi dicere, Attendite vobis, tradent enim vos. Nunc autem addidit, Attendite vobis ab hominibus: ostendere volens, quia prae omnibus malis homo est pessimum malum. Nam si bestiis comparare volueris eum, pejorem invenies eum. Bestia enim, quamvis sit crudelis, tamen quia est irrationabilis, declinabitur ab homine crudelitas ejus.Homo autem crudelis cum sit, et rationabilis, non facile evadetur crudelitas ejus. Si comparaveris hominem serpenti, perjorem invenies hominem: quoniam serpens, etsi malitiam habet, tamen hominis timorem habet. Ideo, si quem absconse potuerit, mordet: si autem non potuerit, fugit. Homo autem et malitiam habet serpentis, et timorem non habet sicut serpens. Ideo quamdiu non habet tempus, latet sicut serpens, si autem invenerit, irruit sicut bestia. Adhuc autem anguis, siquidem irritata fuerit, saevit, si autem irritata non fuerit, in silentio transit. Homo autem et non irritatus insanit, et magis super illos insanit a quibus non fuerit irritatus. Et ut breviter dicam, unaqueaque bestia unum habet et proprium malum; homo autem omnia habet in se. Denique homo malus pejor est quam ipse diabolus. Diabolus enim si videat justum, non est ausus ad eum accedere: homo autem malus, quamvis hominem sanctum viderit, non solum illum non timet, sed adhuc magis contemnit. Non enim diabolus homini praestat virtutem, sed homo diabolo. Arma enim diaboli est malus homo. Sicut enim homo sine armis non potest aliquid facere contra hostem, sic diabolus etiam sine homine non valet aliquid contra sanctos. Opus Imperfectum in Matthaeum, Homilia XXIV Source: Migne PG 56.738

Keep yourselves from men, for they shall hand you over to courts, and they shall whip you in their assemblies, and before kings and governors you shall give witness, even before the Gentiles. 1 Thus He said, 'Keep yourself from men,' as from a certain type of the worst evils, an evil over every evil. For if He had not spoken to accuse men, it would have sufficed for Him to say, 'Keep yourselves, lest they hand you over.' But here He adds, 'Keep yourselves from men,' wishing to show that man is the worst evil before all other evils. For if you would compare him to the beasts, you would find him worse. For a beast, although cruel, yet because it is irrational, lacks the cruelty of man. A man when he is cruel, because he is rational, is not easy to avoid in his cruelty. If you would compare man to the serpent, you would find him worse, because the serpent, even if wicked, yet is fearful of man. Therefore if it is unseen, it bites, but if it is not able to hide, he flees. But man has the wickedness of the serpent, yet lacks the fear of the serpent. Therefore while he does not have the opportunity, he hides like the serpent, and if discovered rages like a beast. But the snake, if provoked shall be savage, but if not provoked, it shall pass by in silence. But a man even when not provoked is maddened, and more than anything rages against those who have not provoked him. And to speak briefly, any beast has its one proper evil, but man has all of them dwelling in him. Finally man is worse than the devil himself. For the devil sees the righteous man, and he does not dare come near him. But the wicked man, when he sees a holy man, he not only lacks fear, but he despises him all the more. The devil does not give power to a man, but man gives it to the devil. The wicked man is the weapon of the devil. As a man without arms is not able to accomplish anything against his enemy, so the devil without a man can accomplish nothing against the saints. Opus Imperfectum on Matthew, from Homily 24 1 Mt 10.17

Image And Archetype

Τὸ δὲ θεῖον κάλλος οὐ σχήματί τινι, καὶ μορφῆς εὐμοιρίᾳ, διά τινος εὐχροίας ἀγλαΐζεται, ἀλλ' ἐν ἀφράστῳ μακαριότητι κατ' ἀρετὴν θεωρεῖται. Ὥσπερ τοίνυν τὰς ἀνθρωπίνας μορφὰς διὰ χρωμάτων τινῶν ἐπὶ τοὺς πίνακας οἱ γραφεῖς μεταφέρουσι, τὰς οἰ κείας τε καὶ καταλλήλους βαφὰς ἀπαλείφοντες τῷ μιμήματι, ὡς ἂν δι' ἀκριβείας τὸ ἀρχέτυπον κάλλος μετενεχθείη πρὸς τὸ ὁμοίωμα· οὕτω μοι νόει καὶ τὸν ἡμέτερον πλάστην, οἷόν τισι βαφαῖς τῇ τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐπιβολῇ πρὸς τὸ ἴδιον κάλλος τὴν εἰκόνα περιανθίσαντα, ἐν ἡμῖν δεῖξαι τὴν ἰδίαν ἀρχήν. Πολυειδῆ δὲ καὶ ποικίλα τὰ οἱονεὶ χρώματα τῆς εἰκόνος, δι' ὧν ἡ ἀληθινὴ ἀναζωγραφεῖται μορφὴ, οὐκ ἐρύθρημα καὶ λαμπρότης, καὶ ἡ ποιὰ τούτων πρὸς ἄλληλα μίξις, οὐδέ τινος μέλανος ὑπογραφὴ ὀφρύν τε καὶ ὀφθαλμοὺς ὑπαλεί φουσα, καὶ κατά τινα κρᾶσιν τὰ κοῖλα τοῦ χαρακτῆρος ὑποσκιάζουσα, καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα ζωγράφων χεῖρες ἐπετεχνήσαντο· ἀλλ' ἀντὶ τούτων καθαρότης, ἀπάθεια, μακαριότης, κακοῦ παντὸς ἀλλοτρίωσις, καὶ ὅσα τοῦ τοιούτου γένους ἐστὶ, δι' ὧν μορφοῦται τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἡ πρὸς τὸ Θεῖον ὁμοίωσις. Τοιούτοις ἄνθεσιν ὁ δημιουργὸς τῆς ἰδίας εἰκόνος τὴν ἡμετέραν δι εχάραξε φύσιν. Εἰ δὲ καὶ τὰ ἄλλα συνεξετάζοις, δι' ὧν τὸ θεῖον κάλλος χαρακτηρίζεται· εὑρήσεις καὶ πρὸς ἐκεῖνα δι' ἀκριβείας σωζομένην ἐν τῇ καθ' ἡμᾶς εἰκόνι τὴν ὁμοιότητα. Νοῦς καὶ λόγος ἡ θειότης ἐστίν· ἐν ἀρχῇ τε γὰρ ἦν ὁ Λόγος. Καὶ οἱ προφῆται κατὰ Παῦλον νοῦν Χριστοῦ ἔχουσι, τὸν ἐν αὐτοῖς λαλοῦντα. Οὐ πόῤῥω τούτων καὶ τὸ ἀνθρώπινον. Ὁρᾷς ἐν σεαυτῷ καὶ τὸν λόγον, καὶ διάνοιαν, μίμημα τοῦ ὄντως νοῦ τε καὶ λόγου. Ἀγάπη πάλιν ὁ Θεὸς, καὶ ἀγάπης πηγή. Τοῦτο γάρ φησιν Ἰωάννης ὁ μέγας, ὅτι Ἀγάπη ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ, Ὁ Θεὸς ἀγάπη ἐστί· τοῦτο καὶ ἡμέτερον πεποίηται πρόσωπον ὁ τῆς φύσεως πλάστης. Ἐν τούτῳ γὰρ, φησὶ, γνώσονται πάντες, ὅτι μαθηταί μου ἐστὲ, ἐὰν ἀγαπᾶτε ἀλλήλους. Οὐκοῦν μὴ παρούσης ταύτης, ἅπας ὁ χαρακτὴρ τῆς εἰκόνος μεταπεποίηται. Πάντα ἐπιβλέπει, καὶ πάντα ἐπακούει τὸ Θεῖον, καὶ πάντα διερευνᾶται. Ἔχεις καὶ σὺ τὴν δι' ὄψεως καὶ ἀκοῆς τῶν ὄντων ἀντίληψιν, καὶ τὴν ζητητικήν τε καὶ διερευνητικὴν τῶν ὄντων διάνοιαν. Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος Νύσσης, Περὶ Kατασκεῦης Ανθρώπoῦ, Κεφ Ε' Source: Migne PG 44.137a-c

The Divine beauty is not adorned with any fortunate shape or of form by some fairness of colours, but is contemplated as excellence in unspeakable blessedness. As then painters transfer human forms to their pictures by the means of certain colours, laying on their copy the appropiate and corresponding tints so that the beauty of the archetype is accurately carried over to the likeness, so I would have you understand that our Maker, by the addition of virtues, as it were with colors, paints the image to resemble His own beauty, showing in us His own sovereignty. And see that the tints by which the true form is portrayed are manifold and varied, not just red, or white , or some blending of these, nor a touch of black that paints eyebrow and eye, and shades, by some mixing, the depressions in the figure, and all such things which the hands of painters contrive, but in place of of these, purity, freedom from passion, blessedness, estrangement from all evil, and all such types of things which fashion men into the likeness of God. With such hues did the Maker of His own image mark our nature. And if you were to examine the other things by which the Divine beauty is expressed, you will find that in them also the likeness in our image is accurately preserved. The Godhead is mind and word, for 'In the beginning was the Word' 1 and the followers of Paul 'have the mind of Christ' which speaks in them. 2 Nor is humanity far removed from these. You see in yourself word and understanding, an imitation of the Mind and of the Word. Again, God is love, and the fount of love. For this the great John declares, that 'love is of God,' and 'God is love'. 3 And the Maker of our nature has made this to be our feature too, for He says: 'By this shall all know that you are my disciples, if you love one another.' 4 Thus, if this not be present, the whole character of the likeness is changed. The Deity sees all things and hears all things, and examines all things. You also have the apprehension of things by sight and hearing, and the understanding that inquires into things and searches them out. Saint Gregory of Nyssa, On The Making of Man, Chap 5 1 Jn 1.1 2 Phil 2.5 3 1 Jn 4.7-8 4 Jn 13.35

To Whom It Is Given

Οὐ πάντες, φησὶ, χωροῦσι τὸν λόγον τοῦτον, ἀλλ' οἷς δέδοται. Τὸ, δέδοται, ὅταν ἀκούσῃς, μηδὲν αἱρετικὸν πάθῃς, μὴ τὰς φύσεις εἰσαγάγῃς, μὴ τοὺς χοϊκοὺς, καὶ τοὺς πνευματικοὺς, καὶ τοὺς μέσους. Εἰσὶ γὰρ οὕτω τινὲς διακείμενοι κακῶς, ὥστε οἴεσθαι, τοὺς μὲν πάντη ἀπολλυμένης εἶναι φύσεως, τοὺς δὲ σωζομένης, τοὺς δὲ οὕτως ἔχειν, ὅπως ἂν ἡ προαίρεσις ἄγῃ πρὸς τὸ χεῖρον, ἢ βέλτιον. Ἐπιτηδειότητα μὲν γὰρ ἄλλον ἄλλου μᾶλλον, ἢ ἔλαττον ἔχειν, κἀγὼ δέχομαι·οὐκ ἀρκεῖν δὲ μόνην τὴν ἐπιτηδειότητα πρὸς τελείωσιν· λογισμὸν δὲ εἶναι τὸν ταύτην ἐκκαλούμενον, ἵνα ἡ φύσις εἰς ἔργον προέλθῃ, καθάπερ λίθος πυρίτης σιδήρῳ κρουσθεὶς, καὶ οὕτω πῦρ γένηται. Ὅταν ἀκούσῃς, Οἷς δέδοται, πρόσθες, δέδοται μὲν τοῖς καλουμένοις καὶ τοῖς οὕτω νεύουσι. Καὶ γὰρ ὅταν ἀκούσῃς, οὐ τοῦ θέλοντος, οὐδὲ τοῦ τρέχοντος, ἀλλὰ τοῦ ἐλεοῦντος Θεοῦ, συμβουλεύω σοι ταυτὸν ὑπολαβεῖν. Ἐπειδὴ γάρ εἰσί τινες οἱ τοσοῦτον μεγαλοφρονοῦντες ἐπὶ τοῖς κατορθώμασιν, ὥστε τὸ πᾶν ἑαυτοῖς διδόναι, καὶ μηδὲν τῷ ποιήσαντι, καὶ σοφίσαντι, καὶ χορηγῷ τῶν καλῶν, διδάσκει τούτους ὁ λόγος, ὅτι καὶ τὸ βούλεσθαι καλῶς, δεῖται τῆς παρὰ Θεοῦ βοηθείας· μᾶλλον δὲ, αὐτὸ τὸ προαιρεῖσθαι τὰ δέοντα, θεῖόν τι καὶ ἐκ Θεοῦ δῶρον φιλανθρωπίας· δεῖ γὰρ, καὶ τὸ ἐφ' ἡμῖν εἶναι, καὶ τὸ ἐκ Θεοῦ σώζεσθαι. Διὰ τοῦτό φησιν· Οὐ τοῦ θέλοντος· τοῦτ' ἔστιν, οὐ μόνον τοῦ θέλοντος, οὐδὲ τοῦ τρέχοντος μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦ ἐλεοῦντος Θεοῦ. Εἶτα, ἐπειδὴ καὶ τὸ βούλεσθαι παρὰ Θεοῦ, τὸ πᾶν εἰκότως ἀνέθηκε τῷ Θεῷ. Ὅσον ἂν δράμῃς, ὅσον ἂν ἀγωνίσῃ, χρῄζης τοῦ διδόντος τὸν στέφανον. Ἐὰν μὴ Κύριος οἰκοδομή σῃοἶκον, εἰς μάτην ἐκοπίασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες αὐτόν. Ἐὰν μὴ Κύριος φυλάξῃ πόλιν, εἰς μάτην ἠγρύπνησαν οἱ φυλάσσοντες αὐτήν. Οἶδα, φησὶν, ὅτι οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος, οὐδὲ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος, οὐδὲ τῶν μαχομένων ἡ νίκη, οὔτε τῶν εὐπλούντων οἱ λιμένες· ἀλλὰ Θεοῦ, καὶ νίκην ἀπεργάσασθαι, καὶ εἰς λιμένας ἀποσῶσαι τὸ σκάφος. Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος ὁ Ναζιανζηνός, Λογός ΛΖ' Source: Migne PG 35.297b-300a

'Not all,' He says, 'can receive this saying, but they to whom it is given.'1 When you hear this, 'It is given,' do not receive it in a heretical way, and bring in different natures, the earthly and the spiritual and the mixed. For there are those who are so wickedly constituted that they think some people have an utterly ruined nature, and some are saved, and others are of such a disposition as their will may lead them, to better or to worse. For that one man has a certain aptitude more than another, and another less, I do admit, but it does not please that aptitude alone tends to perfection, but rather it is reason which calls to that, that nature may advance to action, just as fire when flint is struck with iron. When you hear 'To whom it is given,' add, 'And it is given to those who are called and to those who incline so.' For when you hear, 'Not of him that wills, nor of him that runs, but of the mercy of God,' 2 I counsel you to think the same. For since there are some who being proud of their successes attribute it all to themselves and nothing at all to Him that made them, and gave them intellect, and supplied them with good, such folk are taught by this passage that even to wish well needs God's aid, or rather that even to choose things which are right is Divine and a gift of God's charity. For it is necessary that we should be our own masters and also that salvation is from God. This is why He says 'not of him that wills,' that is, not of him that wills only, nor of him that runs only, but also of the mercy of God. And then, since to will is also from God, he has reasonably attributed the whole to God. However much you run, however much you may struggle, yet you have need of Him who gives the crown. 'Unless the Lord build the house, in vain have laboured who build it; unless the Lord guard the city, in vain they have watched who guard it.' 3 'I know,' He says, 'that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong,' 4 nor the victory to the fighters, nor the harbours to the good sailors, but to God it belongs both to work victory, and to bring the boat safe to to port. Saint Gregory Nazianzus, from Oration 37 1 Mt 19.11 2 Rom 9.16 3 Ps 126.1 4 Eccl 9.11 4 Isaiah 53.8 4 Gen 14

The Curse And The Crown Of Thorns

Ἐπειδὴ κατάρας ἤν ἄκανθα γεώργιον, ἤν ἡ γῆ κατεδικάσθη μετὰ τήν ἡμετέραν παράβασιν, πᾰσαν δὲ θεραπεῦσαι ἐν ἑαυτῷ ὁ Κύριος παρεγένετο· τούτου χάριν ἀκάνθας ὡς νικηφόρος ἐστεφανώσατο, ὥσπερ οἱ δόκιμοι ποιοῠσι τῶν νικητῶν, αὐτὸ τὸ  ὅπλον ἤ ὄργανον θριαμβεύοντες, δι' οὖ τὴν νίκην εἰργάσαντο, Θαρσεῖτε, λέγων, ἐγὼ νενίκηκα τὸν κόσμον. Ὁ γὰρ ἐν τῇ φύσει τῶν ἀνθρώπων γενόμενος, καὶ ἐν τοῖς αὐτῶν πταίσμασι μὴ γενόμενος, καὶ τῷ γένει τὴν ἀρχαίαν καλλονὴν ἀποδέδωκε, καὶ τὸ κράτος τῆς κατάρας ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ φύσει κατέλυσε. Ἅγιος Ἰσίδωρος Του Πηλουσιώτου, Βιβλίον Πρῶτον, Ἐπιστολή ϟΕ' Εὐτονιῳ Διακονῳ Source:  Migne PG 78.248b-c

Since it was the curse which commanded thorns from the earth on account of our trespass, 1 so the Lord who came to cure every ill in Himself wore the crown of thorns like a victor, as famous and celebrated champions bear in triumph the weapon or instrument by which victory was achieved. 'Be of good cheer, I have conquered the world,' 2 He says. For He who took up human nature, but not the faults of human nature, restored the old beauty of our race, casting off the power of the curse in that nature. Saint Isidore of Pelusium,  Book 1, Letter 95, To Eutonius the Deacon 1 Gen 3.17-18 2 Jn 16.33

Trust And Hope

Ἀγαθὸν πεποιθέναι ἐπὶ Κύριον ἢ πεποιθέναι ἐπ' ἄνθρωπον, ἀγαθὸν ἐλπίζειν ἐπὶ Κύριον ἢ ἐλπίζειν ἐπ' ἄρχοντας.  Οὐ καθάπαξ τὸ πεποιθέναι καὶ ἐλπίζειν ἐπὶ Κύριον συνκρινόμενον τῷ πεποιθέναι ἐπ' ἄνθρωπον καὶ ἐλπίζειν ἐπ' ἄρχοντας ἀγαθόν ἐστιν. Ἁπλῶς γὰρ καὶ κυρίως ἀγαθὸν τοῦτο. τὸ δὲ ἐπ' ἄνθρωπον καὶ ἄρχοντα πεποιθέναι καὶ ἐλπίζειν οὐκ ἀγαθόν, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τοῦς ἐπ' ἀνθρώπῳ πεποιθέναι καὶ ἐν ἄρχοντι ἐλπίζειν σπουδάζοντας ἡ τοιαύτη προσάγεται παίδευσις, ὅπως μάθωσιν ἐπὶ τὸν ἀεὶ μένοντα καὶ ἰσχυρὸν ὄντα καὶ παντοδυνάμενον θεὸν πεποιθέναι καὶ μὴ ἐπ' ἄνθρωπον θνητὸν καὶ ῥᾷστα φθειρόμενον. Δίδυμος Αλεξανδρεύς, Εἰς Ψαλμους, Ψαλμος ΡΙΖ' Source: Migne PG 39 1557

Good it is to trust in God than man, good it is to hope in the Lord than to hope in princes. 1 Not for one and same reason is it good to trust and hope in the Lord and to have confidence in men and hope in princes. For the former is universally and absolutely good, and to have trust in men and to hope in them, or their princes, is not a good. He exhorts, therefore, those who put their hope in men and in rulers of men that they should not doubt that they should rather trust in the almighty God, who always remains strong, that not in man's mortality and weakness they perish. Didymus the Blind, Commentary on the Psalms, from Psalm 117 1 Ps 117.8-9

Contemplating The Heavens

Ὅτι ὄψομαι τοὺς οὐρανούς ἔργα τῶν δακτύλων σου, σελήνην καὶ ἀστέρας ἃ σὺ ἐθεμελίωσας, τί ἐστιν ἄνθρωπος ὅτι μιμνῄσκῃ αὐτοῦ ἢ υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου ὅτι ἐπισκέπτῃ αὐτόν. Ἔστι δὲ τοῖς ἀκριβῶς κατανοοῦσι προσδοκία τοῦ δύνασθαι μαθεῖν τοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτοῖς τίνα τρόπον τεθεμελίωται πρὸς οὐσίαν ἐλθόντα. Λέγοις δ' ἂν καὶ οὐρανοὺς τοὺς τὰ ἄνω φρονοῦντας, καὶ οὐ τὰ πρόσκαιρα· οὖτοι γὰρ οἱ οὐρανοὶ διηγοῦνται δόξαν Θεοῦ· σελήνην δὲ τὴν Ἐκκλησίαν· καὶ ἀστέρας τοὺς ἀκούσαντας, Ὑμεις τὸ φῶς τοῦ κόσμου· ὡς εἶναι τῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ χειρῶν· Ἔργα γὰρ, φησὶ, τῶν χειρῶν σου εἰσὶν οἱ οὐρανοί. Εἰ μή τις λέγει τὰ μεγαλοφυέστερα τῶν κτισμάτων Θεοῦ γενέσθαι χερσὶν, τὰ δ' ἄλλα δακτύλοις αὐτοῦ. Σαφηνίζων δὲ ὡς κατὰ τὸ σῶμα τὸν ἄνθρώπου ἔλαβεν, ἐπάγει τὸ ἤ υἱὸς ἀνθρώπου. Κατὰ σῶμα γὰρ, οὐ κατὰ ψυχὴν, υἱὸς τις ἀνθρώπου ἐστιν. Μεθ' ὄν δεικνὺς τὴν λογικὴν οὐσίαν, ταύτης τὸ μέγεθος ἐπιφέρει. Οὐκ εἶπε δὲ ὅτι, Ἔπλασας αὐτὸν, οὐ γὰρ περὶ δημιουργίας, ἀλλὰ προνοίας νῦν διαλέγεται. Ἐκτραγῳδεῖ δὲ πολλάλις ἡ Γραγὴ τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην εὐτέλειαν· Ἄνθρωπος γὰρ φησὶν ματαιότητι ὡμοιώθη· αἱ ἡμέραι αὐτοῦ ὡς σκιαὶ παράγουσι· καὶ πάλιν· Ἄνθρωπος, ὡσει χόρτος αἱ ἡμέραι αὐτοῦ· ὡσει ἄνθος τοῦ ἀγροῦ, οὕτως ἐξανθήσει· ὅτι πνεῦμα διῆλθεν ἐν αὐτῷ, καὶ οὐχ ὑπάρξει, καὶ οὐκ ἐπιγνώσεται ἔτι τὸν τόπον αὐτοῦ. Δίδυμος Αλεξανδρεύς, Εἰς Ψαλμους, Ψαλμος Η' Migne PG 39.1185

'For I look at the heavens, work of your fingers, at the moon and the stars, which you have established; what is man that you are mindful of him, or a son of man, that you should look upon him?' 1 It is those who carefully contemplate who may have expectation of being able to know the heavens and the things of them and how they were established in the beginning. One may even say that the heavens are they who think of high things and not transient things, for these truly are 'the heavens telling of the glory of God.' 2 The moon you may understand as the Church, the stars those who have heard, 'You are the light of the world,' 3 as being from the hands of God, 'For the work of your hands,' it is said, 'are the heavens.' 4 If it may not be said more grandly of created things that they are from the hands of God, and the rest from His fingers. And let it be clear that concerning the body this is understood, and so he continues, 'the son of man', for according to the body not the soul is any 'son of man'. And so after referring to rational substance, he brings in something greater. But he does not say, 'You formed him,' for now he speaks not of creation but of providence. Scripture often deplores human vileness, for it says, ' A man is a vain thing, his days pass like a shadow,' 5 and again 'A man's days are like grass, like flower of the field he passes, because the spirit which is in him will not remain, and his place is not known anymore.' 6 Didymus the Blind, Commentary on the Psalms, from Psalm 8 1 Psa 8. 4-5 2 Ps 18.2 3 Mt 5.14 4 Ps 101.26 5 Ps 143.4 6 Ps 102 15-16

Wolves And Men

Εγὼ οὐκ ἂν λοιδωρήσαιμι τὸν λύκον ἀρπάζοντα, κατὰ φύσιν γὰρ ἔνεστι τῷ λύκῳ τὸ ἀρπακτικὸν, σκώπτω δ' ἄνθρωπον κεκτημένον λυκώδη παρὰ φύσιν τὴν γνώμην.  Ἅγιος Νειλος, Βιβλιον Πρῶτον, Ἐπιστολὴ ΡΛ  Κλεαρχῳ Νουμεραριῳ

I do not denounce a wolf for seizing prey, for it is according to the nature of the wolf to do this, but I do mock a man who does so, who should not possess the nature of the wolf. Saint Nilus of Sinai, Book 1, Letter 130 To Clearchus the Numerarius

Man, the Animals, and the Divine

Οἶμαι γὰρ ἐκ τῆς ἀρχῆς ταύτης καὶ τὰ καθ' ἕκαστον πάθη, οἷον ἐκ τινος πηγῆς συνδοθέντα πλημμυρεῖν ἐν τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ ζωῇ. Τεκμήριον δὲ τῶν λόγων, ἡ τῶν παθημάτων συγγένεια, κατὰ τὸ ἶσον ἡμῖν τε καὶ τοῖς ἀλόγοις ἐμφαινομένη. Οὐ γὰρ δὴ θέμις τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ φύσει, τῇ κατὰ τὸ θεῖον εἶδος μεμορφω μένῃ, τῆς ἐμπαθοῦς διαθέσεως προσμαρτυρεῖν τὰς πρώτας ἀρχάς. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ προεισῆλθεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον τοῦτον ἡ τῶν ἀλόγων ζωὴ, ἔσχε δέ τι διὰ τὴν εἰρημένην αἰτίαν τῆς ἐκεῖθεν φύσεως καὶ ὁ ἄνθρωπος, τὸ κατὰ τὴν γένεσιν λέγω, συμμετέσχε διὰ τούτου καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν τῶν ἐν ἐκείνῃ θεωρουμένων τῇ φύσει. Οὐ γὰρ κατὰ τὸν θυμόν ἐστι τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἡ πρὸς τὸ Θεῖον ὁμοίωσις, οὔτε διὰ τῆς ἡδονῆς ἡ ὑπερέχουσα χαρακτηρίζεται φύσις, δειλία τε καὶ θράσος, καὶ ἡ τοῦ πλείονος ἔφεσις, καὶ τὸ πρὸς τὸ ἐλαττοῦσθαι μῖσος, καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα πόῤῥω τοῦ θεοπρεποῦς χαρακτῆρός ἐστι. Ταῦτα τοίνυν ἐκ τοῦ ἀλόγου μέρους ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη φύσις πρὸς ἑαυτὴν ἐφειλκύσατο. Οἷς γὰρ ἡ ἄλογος ζωὴ πρὸς συντήρησιν ἑαυτῆς ἠσφαλίσθη, ταῦτα πρὸς τὸν ἀνθρώπινον μετενεχθέντα βίον, πάθη ἐγένετο. Θυμῷ μὲν γὰρ συντηρεῖται τὰ ὠμοβόρα· φιληδονία δὲ τὰ πολυγονοῦντα τῶν ζώων σώζει· τὸν ἄναλκιν ἡ δειλία, καὶ τὸν εὐάλωτον τοῖς ἰσχυροτέροις ὁ φόβος, τὸν δὲ πολύσαρκον ἡ λαιμαργία. Καὶ τὸ διαμαρτεῖν οὑτινοσοῦν τῶν καθ' ἡδονὴν, λύπης ὑπό θεσις ἐν τοῖς ἀλόγοις ἐστί. Ταῦτα πάντα καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα διὰ τῆς κτηνώδους γενέσεως συνεισῆλθε τῇ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου κατασκευῇ. Καί μοι συγκεχωρήσθω κατά τινα πλαστικὴν θαυματοποιΐαν διαγράψαι τῷ λόγῳ τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην εἰκόνα. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἔστιν ἰδεῖν ἐν τοῖς πλάσμασι τὰς διγλύφους μορφὰς, ἃς μηχανῶνται πρὸς ἔκπληξιν τῶν ἐντυγχανόντων οἱ τὰ τοιαῦτα φιλοτεχνοῦντες, μιᾷ κεφαλῇ δύο μορφὰς προσώπων ὑποχαράσσοντες· οὕτω μοι δοκεῖ διπλῆν φέρειν ὁ ἄνθρωπος πρὸς τὰ ἐναντία τὴν ὁμοιότητα· τῷ μὲν θεοειδεῖ τῆς διανοίας πρὸς τὸ θεῖον κάλλος μεμορφωμένος, ταῖς δὲ κατὰ πάθος ἐγγινομέναις ὁρμαῖς πρὸς τὸ κτηνῶδες φέρων τὴν οἰκειότητα. Πολλάκις δὲ καὶ ὁ λόγος ἀποκτηνοῦται διὰ τῆς πρὸς τὸ ἄλογον ῥοπῆς τε καὶ διαθέσεως, συγκαλύπτων τὸ κρεῖττον τῷ χείρονι. Ἐπειδὰν γάρ τις πρὸς ταῦτα τὴν διανοητικὴν ἐνέργειαν καθελκύσῃ, καὶ ὑπηρέτην γενέσθαι τῶν παθῶν τὸν λογισμὸν ἐκβιάσηται, παρα τροπή τις γίνεται τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ χαρακτῆρος πρὸς τὴν ἄλογον εἰκόνα, πάσης πρὸς τοῦτο μεταχαρασσομένης τῆς φύσεως, καθάπερ γεωργοῦντος τοῦ λογισμοῦ τὰς τῶν παθημάτων ἀρχὰς, καὶ δι' ὀλίγων εἰς πλῆθος ἐπαύξοντος. Τὴν γὰρ παρ' ἑαυτοῦ συνεργίαν χρήσας τῷ πάθει, πολύχουν καὶ ἀμφιλαφῆ τὴν τῶν ἀτόπων γένεσιν ἀπειργάσατο. Οὕτως ἡ φιληδονία τὴν μὲν ἀρχὴν ἔσχεν ἐκ τῆς πρὸς τὸ ἄλογον ὁμοιώσεως, ἀλλ' ἐν τοῖς ἀνθρωπίνοις πλημμελήμασι προσηυξήθη, τοσαύτας διαφορὰς τῶν κατὰ τὴν ἡδονὴν ἁμαρτα νομένων γεννήσασα, ὅσας ἐν τοῖς ἀλόγοις οὐκ ἔστιν εὑρεῖν. Οὕτως ἡ πρὸς τὸν θυμὸν διανάστασις συγ γενὴς μέν ἐστι τῇ τῶν ἀλόγων ὁρμῇ, αὔξεται δὲ τῇ τῶν λογισμῶν συμμαχίᾳ. Ἐκεῖθεν γὰρ ἡ μῆνις, ὁ φθόνος, τὸ ψεῦδος, ἡ ἐπιβουλὴ, ἡ ὑπόκρισις. Ταῦτα πάντα τῆς πονηρᾶς τοῦ νοῦ γεωργίας ἐστίν. Εἰ γὰρ γυμνωθείη τῆς ἐκ τῶν λογισμῶν συμμαχίας τὸ πάθος, ὠκύμορός τις καὶ ἄτονος ὁ θυμὸς καταλείπεται, πομφόλυγος δίκην ὁμοῦ τε γινόμενος, καὶ εὐθὺς ἀπολλύμενος. Οὕτως ἡ τῶν συῶν λαιμαργία τὴν πλεονεξίαν εἰσήνεγκε, καὶ τὸ τοῦ ἵππου γαῦρον γέγονε τῆς ὑπερ ηφανίας ἀρχή· καὶ τὰ καθ' ἕκαστον πάντα τῆς κτηνώδους ἀλογίας ἀφορμηθέντα, διὰ τῆς πονηρᾶς τοῦ νοῦ χρήσεως κακία ἐγένετο, ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ τὸ ἔμπαλιν, εἴπερ ὁ λογισμὸς τῶν τοιούτων κινημάτων ἀντιμεταλάβοι τὸ κράτος, εἰς ἀρετῆς εἶδος ἕκαστον τούτων ἀντιμεθίσταται. Ποιεῖ γὰρ ὁ μὲν θυμὸς τὴν ἀνδρίαν, τὸ δὲ δειλὸν τὴν ἀσφάλειαν, καὶ ὁ φόβος τὴν εὐπείθειαν, τὸ μῖσος δὲ τὴν τῆς κακίας ἀποστροφὴν, ἡ δὲ ἀγαπητικὴ δύναμις τὴν πρὸς τὸ ἀληθῶς καλὸν ἐπιθυμίαν. Τὸ δὲ γαῦρον τοῦ ἤθους ὑπεραίρει τῶν παθημάτων, καὶ ἀδούλωτον ὑπὸ τοῦ κακοῦ διαφυλάσσει τὸ φρόνημα. Ἐπαινεῖ δὲ τὸ τοιοῦτον τῆς ἐπάρσεως εἶδος καὶ ὁ μέγας Ἀπόστολος, συνεχῶς ἐγκελευόμενος τὰ ἄνω φρονεῖν. Καὶ οὕτως ἔστιν εὑρεῖν, ὅτι πᾶν τὸ τοιοῦτον κίνημα τῷ ὑψηλῷ τῆς διανοίας συνεπαιρόμενον, τῷ κατὰ τὴν θείαν εἰκόνα κάλλει συσχηματίζεται. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ βαρεῖά τίς ἐστι καὶ κατωφερὴς ἡ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ῥοπὴ, πλεῖον τὸ ἕτερον γίνεται· μᾶλλον γὰρ τῷ βάρει τῆς ἀλόγου φύσεως συγκατασπᾶται τὸ ἡγεμονικὸν τῆς ψυχῆς, ἥπερ τῷ ὕψει τῆς διανοίας τὸ βαρύ τε καὶ χοϊκὸν ἀνυψοῦται. Διὰ τοῦτο πολλάκις ἀγνοεῖσθαι ποιεῖ τὸ θεῖον δῶρον ἡ περὶ ἡμᾶς ἀθλιότης, οἷον προσωπεῖον εἰδεχθὲς τῷ κατὰ τὴν εἰκόνα κάλλει τὰ πάθη τῆς σαρκὸς ἐπιπλάσσουσα. Οὐκοῦν συγγνωστοί πώς εἰσιν οἱ πρὸς τὰ τοιαῦτα βλέποντες, εἶτα τὴν θείαν μορφὴν ἐν τούτοις εἶναι οὐκ εὐχερῶς συντιθέμενοι. Ἀλλὰ διὰ τῶν κατωρθωκότων τὸν βίον, ἔξεστι τὴν θείαν ἐν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις εἰκόνα βλέπειν. Εἰ γὰρ ἐμπαθής τις καὶ σάρκινος ὢν ἀπιστεῖσθαι ποιεῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ὡς θείῳ κάλλει κεκοσμημένον· ὁ ὑψηλὸς πάντως τὴν ἀρετὴν καὶ καθαρεύων ἐκ μολυσμάτων βεβαιώσει σοι τὴν πρὸς τὸ κρεῖττον ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὑπόληψιν. Οἷον κρεῖττον γὰρ ἐν ὑποδείγματι δεῖξαι τὸν λόγον· ἀπήλειψε τῷ τῆς πονηρίας μολύσματι τὸ τῆς φύσεως κάλλος τις τῶν ἐπὶ κακίᾳ γνωρίμων, Ἰεχονίας τυχὸν, ἢ εἴ τις ἕτερος ἐπὶ κακῷ μνημονεύεται· ἀλλ' ἐν Μωϋσῇ καὶ τοῖς κατ' ἐκεῖνον καθαρὰ διεφυλάχθη ἡ τῆς εἰκόνος μορφή. Ἐν οἷς τοίνυν οὐκ ἠμαυρώθη τὸ κάλλος, ἐν τούτοις ἐναργὴς ἡ τῶν λεγομένων πίστις ἐστὶν, ὅτι ἄνθρωπος τοῦ Θεοῦ μίμημα γέγονεν. Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος Νύσσης, Περὶ Κατασκευής Ἀνθρωπου

For I think that from this beginning each passion issues as from a spring and pouring together their flood over man's life. And proof of such words is the similarity of passions which appear alike in us and in irrational creatures. For it is not right that to the human nature which was fashioned in the Divine likeness to ascribe the first beginnings of our liability to passion, but as irrational life first entered into the world, and man, for the reason already mentioned, took something of their nature, according to the mode of generation, at the same time he likewise took a share of the other things seen in that nature. For the likeness of man to God is not found in anger, nor is pleasure a mark of superior nature; both cowardice and boldness, and the desire for gain, and the hatred of loss, and all things like these are far from the stamp of Divinity. These parts, then, human nature took to itself from the irrational creatures; for those things bestowed on the irrational for its preservation, being transferred to human life, became passions. For carnivorous animals are preserved by anger, and those which breed a lot are maintained by love of pleasure; cowardice does the same for the weak, fear that which is easily siezed by the more powerful, and greediness those of great mass. And the lack of anything that tends to pleasure is for the irrational a matter of pain. All these things entered man's composition on account of the animal mode of generation. Let it be allowed to me to describe the human image by comparison with some wonderous modelling. For, just as it may be seen in models those carved shapes which the artificers of such things contrive for the wonder of beholders, tracing out upon a single head two forms of faces; so man seems to me to bear a double likeness to opposite things, being shaped in the Divine form of his mind to the Divine beauty, but bearing, on account of the passionate impulses that arise in him, a likeness to creatures. And often his reason is undone, through his inclination and disposition towards what is irrational, obscuring the better with the worse. For whenever a man drags down his intellectual energy to these things, and forces reason to become the servant of passions, there takes place a sort of turning of the good stamp into the irrational image, his whole nature being transfomed according to it, as his reason cultivates the beginnings of his passions, and little by little multiplies them. For becoming an aid to passion, it produces a plenteous and vast crop of disgusting things. Thus love of pleasure has its beginning in likeness to irrational things and by the transgressions of men was increased, becoming the generetor of so many different sins arising from pleasure as we do not find among the irrational animals. Thus the rising of anger in us is indeed akin to the impulse of the brutes, but it grows by the alliance of thought. For thence come malignity, envy, deceit, conspiracy, hypocrisy. All these are the result of the evil cultivation of the mind. For if the passion were stripped of the aid it receives from thought, the anger remaining is short-lived and dull, being like a bubble that pops almost as soon as it comes into existance. Thus the greediness of swine introduces covetousness, and the haughty nature of the horse becomes the origin of pride, and so with all things that proceed from want of reason in irrational nature, they become vice by the evil use of the mind, and, then, likewise, again, if reason instead has power over such things, each of them is transformed into a type of virtue. For anger turns into courage, terror caution, fear obedience, hatred aversion to vice, the power of love the desire for what is truly beautiful. The haughtiness in a character raises him above the passions, and releases it from bondage to what is base. The great Apostle himself praised such a form of mental elevation exhorting us constantly to think those things that are above. 1 And thus we find that every such motion, when elevated by loftiness of intellect, is conformed to the beauty of the Divine image. But since the other impulse is greater and the tendency of sin is heavy and downward; the ruling element of our soul is more inclined to be dragged downwards by the weight of the irrational nature than is the heavy and earthy element to be lifted up by the elevated intellect. And so the wretchedness that often encompasses us causes the Divine gift to be forgotten, and  like some ugly mask the passions of the flesh are laid over the beauty of the image. Those, therefore, are in some sense excusable, who when they look upon such cases, do not willingly admit that the Divine form is there; But by the correct ordering of life we may yet behold the Divine image in men. For if the man who has been made subject to passion, and carnal, makes it incredible that man was adorned with Divine beauty, surely the man of lofty virtue and pure from defilement will confirm you in the better understanding of human nature. Better it is to show this by example, that one of those noted for wickedness, has obliterated the beauty of his nature by the pollution of wickedness, some Jechoniah, say, or some other of evil memory, yet in Moses and in those like him the form of the image was kept pure. Now where the beauty of the form has not been obscured, there is made plain the faithfulness of the saying that man is an image of God. Saint Gregory of Nyssa, On The Making of Man 1.Col 3:2

Ascension and Distinction

'Ascendo ad Patrem meum, et Patrem vestrum, Deum meum, et Deum vestrum' Bene distinxit, quia mulieri loquebatur; non enim communis nobis natura cum Christo, nisi conditionis humanae. Illi Pater generatione propria, nobis adoptione voluntaria: illi per naturam, nobis per gratiam, illi Deus unitate mysterii, nobis potestate coelesti. Sanctus Ambrosius Mediolanensis, Expositio Evangelii secundum Lucam, Liber X

'I ascend to My Father and your Father my God and your God' 1 Well he makes the distinction when he speaks to the woman, for, apart from our human condition, there is not a common nature of us with Christ. To Him the Father is on account of His generation, to us it is by voluntary adoption, what is to Him by nature, is to us by grace, to Him God is united in mystery, to us it is by the power of heaven. Saint Ambrose, Commentary On The Gospel of Luke, Book 10 1 Jn 20.17

Man and Change

Εἰς τὸ τέλος ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀλλοιωθησομένων, τοῖς υἱοῖς Κορὲ εἰς σύνεσιν, ᾡδὴ ὑπὲρ τοῦ ἀγαπητοῦ.  Φαίνεται μὲν καὶ οὕτος ὁ ψαλμὸς τελειωτικός τος ὣν τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως, καὶ εἰς τὸ προκείμενον τέλος τοῖς κατ' ἀρετὴν βιοῦν προῃρημένοις τὴν ὠφέλειαν παρεχόμενος. Τοῖς γὰρ προκόπτουσι χρεία τῆς εἰς τὸ τελειωθῆναι διδασκαλίας, ἣν ὁ ψαλμὸς οὕτος παρέχεται, ἐπιγραφὴν ἐχων, 'Εἰς τὸ τέλος ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀλλοιωθησομένων.' Κεκρυμμένως δὲ εἶπεν, ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀνθρώπων. Ἡμεῖς γάρ ἐσμεν οἱ μάλιστα πάντων τῶν λογικῶν ἀλλοιώσεσί τε καὶ τροπαῖς ταῖς ἐφ' ἑκάστης ἡμέρας καὶ ὥρας σχεδὸν ὑποκεμενοι. Οὕτε γὰρ σώματι οὕτε γνώμῃ οἱ αὑτοί ἐσμεν ἑαυτοῖς, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν σῶμα ἡμῶν, ἀεὶ ῥέον καὶ σκεδανύμενον, ἐν κινήσει ἐστὶ καὶ μεταβολῇ ἢ ἀπὸ μικροῦ εἰς τὸ μεῖζον αὐξόμενον, ἢ ἀπὸ τοῦ τελείου πρὸς τὸ ἔλαττον συστελλόμενον. Οὐ γὰρ ὁ αὐτός ἐστι τᾠ ἀρτιγενεῖ παιδίῳ ὁ εἰς διδακελεῖον φοιτῶν ἤδη παῖς, καὶ πρὸς τὰς τῶν τεχνῶν καὶ μαθημάτων ἀναλήψεις ἐπιτηδείως ἔχων· ἕτερος δὲ πάλιν παρὰ τοῦτον ὁμολογουμένως ἐστὶν ὁ ἔφηβος, ἤδη τῶν νεανικῶν ἄπτεσθαι δυνάμενος. Καὶ παρὰ τὸν ἔφηβον ὁ ἀνὴρ ἄλλος τίς ἐστι καὶ στεῥῥτητι καὶ μεγέθει σώματος, καὶ τῇ τοῦ λόγου συμπληρώσει. Εἰς ἀκμὴν δὲ ἐλθὼν, καὶ τὸ στάσιμον τῆς ἡλικίας ἀπολαβὼν, πάλιν ἄρχεται κατὰ μικρὸν ὑφαιρεῖν πρὸς τὸ ἔλαττον, ὑποῥῥεούσης αὐτῷ λεληθότως τῆς τοῦ σώματος ἔξεως, καὶ τῶν σωματικῶν τόνων ἐλαττουμένων, ἕως ἄν, ὑπὸ γήρως κατακαμφθεὶς, τὴν εἰς ἔσχατον δυνάμεως ὑφαίρεσιν ὑπομείνῃ. Ἡμεῖς τοίνυν ἐσμὲν οἱ ἀλλοιούμενοι, καὶ σοφῶς ἡμᾶς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους διὰ τῆς φωνῆς ταύτης ὁ ψαλμὸς παρῃνίξατο. Οὐ γὰρ ἄγγελοι ἐπιδέχονται τὴν ἀλλοίωσιν. Οὐδεις γὰρ παρ' ἐκείνοις παῖς, οὐδὲ νεανίσκος, οὐδὲ πρεσβύτης, ἀλλ' ἐν ᾗπερ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐκτίσθησαν καταστάσει, ἐν ταύτῃ διαμένουσιν, ἀκεραίας αὐτοῖς καὶ ἀτρέπτου τῆς συστάσεως σωζομένης. Ἡμεῖς δὲ ἀλλοιούμεθα, κατὰ μὲν τὸ σῶμα, ὡς δίδεικται, κατὰ δὲ τὴν ψυχὴν καὶ τὸν ἔσω ἄνθρωπον, τοῖς ἀεὶ προσπίπτουσι πράγμαι συμμετατιθέντες τὰς διανοίας. Ἂλλοι μὲν γάρ ἐσμεν εὐθυμούμενοι, καὶ πάντων ἡμῖν τῶν κατὰ τὸν βίον κατὰ ῥοῦν προϊόντων· ἄλλοι δὲ ἐν τοῖς περιστατικοῖς καιροῖς, ἐπειδάν τινι τῶν ἀβουλήτων προσπταίσωμεν. Ἀλλοιούμεθα δὲ καὶ κατὰ τὰς ὀργὰς, θηριώδη τινὰ κατάστασιν ἀναλαμβάνοντες. Ἀλλοιούμεθα καὶ κατὰ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας, κτηνώδεις γινόμενοι διὰ τοῦ καθ' ἡδονὴν βίου. Ἵπποι θηλυμανεῖς ἐγενήθησαν οἱ ταῖς γυναιξὶ τῶν πλησίον ἐπιμαινόμενοι. Καὶ ὁ μὲν δολερὸς ἀλώπεκι παρεικάζεται, ὡς Ἡρώδης· ὁ δὲ ἀναιδὴς κύων προσαγορεύεται, ὡς Νάβαλ ὁ Καρμήλιος. Ὡρᾷς τὸ ποικίλον καὶ πολυειδὲς τῆς ἀλλοιώσεως ἡμῶν; Θαύμασον οὖν τὸν προσφόρως τὴν προσηγορίαν ταύτην ἡμῖν ἐφαρμόσαντα. Διόπερ δοκεῖ μοί τις τῶν ἑρμηνευτων καλῶς καὶ εὐθυβόλως τὴν αὐτὴν διάνοιαν δι' ἑτέρας προσηγορίας ἐκδεδωκέναι, ἀντὶ τοῦ,' Ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀλλοιωθησομένων,' εἰπὼν αὐτὸς, 'τοῖς υἱοῖς .' Τὸ ὠκόμορον τῶν ἀνθέων ἄξιον ἐνόμισε συγκρίνεσθαι τῷ ἐπικήρῳ τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ εἰς τὸν μέλλοντα χρόνον ἐγκέκλιται ἡ φωνὴ ( εἴρηται γὰρ Ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀλλοιωθησομένων, ὡς ὕστερόν ποτε τῆς ἀλλοιώσεως ταύτης ἀναφαινομένης ἡμῖν), ἐπισκεψώμεθα μήποτε τὸν τῆς ἀναστάσεως ἡμῖν δοθήσεται· ἀλλοίωσις δὲ ἐπὶ τὸ βέλτιον καὶ πνευματικόν ' Σπείρεται γὰρ,' φησὶν, ' ἐν φθορᾷ, ἐγείρεται ἐν ἀφθαρσιᾳ.' Ὅρᾷς τὴν ἀλλοίωσιν; ' Σπείρεται ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ ἐγείρεται ἐν δυνάμει. ' Σπείρεται σῶμα ψυχικὸν, ἐγείρεται σθμᾶ μνευματικόν· ὅτε καὶ πᾶσα ἡμῖν ἡ σωματικὴ κτίσις συναλλοιοῦται. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ' Οἱ οὐρανοὶ ὡς ἱμάτιον παλαιωθήσονται, καὶ ὡσεὶ περιβόλαιον ἀλλάξει αὐτοὺς ὁ Θεὸς, καὶ ἀλλαγήσονται. Τότε καὶ ὁ ἥλιος ἔσται ἐπταπλασίων ἑαυτοῦ, κατὰ τὸν Ἤσαῖσν, καὶ ἡ σελήνη κατὰ τὸ νῦν ὑπάρχον μέγεθος τοῦ ἡλίου. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ οὐ πᾶσι γέγραπται τὰ λόγια τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἔχουσιν ὦτα κατὰ τὸν ἔσω ἄνθρωπον, ' Τοῖς ἀλλοιωθησομένοις ἐπέγραψεν· ὡς οἶμαι, τοῖς ἑαυτῶν ἐπιμελομένοις, καὶ ἀεὶ διὰ τῶν γυμνασίων τῆς εὐσεβείας ἐπὶ τὸ μεϊζον προκόπτουσιν. Αὔτη γάρ ἐστιν ἡ καλλίστη ἀλλοίωσις, ἣν ἡ δεξιὰ χαρίζεται τοῠ Ὑψίστου· ἧς καὶ ὁ μακάριος Δαβὶδ ἐπῄσθετο, ὅτε, γευσάμενος τῶν καλῶν τῆς ἀρετῆς, τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν ἐπεξέτεινε. Τί γὰρ φησι; Καὶ εἶπα· Νῦν ἠρξάμην· αὔτη ἡ ἀλλοίωσις τῆς δεξιᾶς τοῦ Ὑψίστου. Ὥστε ὁ προκόπτων εἰς ἀρετὴν οὐκ ἔστιν ὅτε οὐκ ἀλλοιοῠται. Ὅτε γὰρ ἥμην, φησὶ, νήπιος, ἐλάλουν ὡς νήπιος, ἐφρόνουν ὡς νήπιος, ἐλογιζόμην ὡς νήπιος. Ὅτε δὲ γέγονα ἀνὴρ, κατήργνκα τὰ τοῦ νηπίου. Καὶ πάλιν γενόμενος άνὴρ, οὐχ ἴστατο τῆς ἐνεργείας, ἀλλὰ Τῶν ὅπισθεν ἐπιλανθανόμενος, καὶ τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν ἐπεκτεινόμενος, κατὰ σκοπὸν ἐδίωκεν ἐπὶ τὸ βραδεῖον τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως.' Ἀλλοίωσις οὖν ἐστι τοῦ ἔσω ἀνθρώπου ἀνακαινουμένου ἡμέρᾳ καὶ ἡμέρᾳ  Ἅγιος Βασίλειος ὁ Μέγας, Ὁμιλία Ἐις Τους Ψαλμούς, Εἰς Τον ΜΔ' Ψαλμον

To the master, for those who shall be changed, for the sons of Core, according to the understanding, a song of joy. 1 It seems this Psalm pertains to the perfection of human nature, and for those who direct their lives according to virtue this initial wording will be useful to understand. For by advancement the work of teaching is brought to perfection, which this Psalm shows. Its superscription is: 'To the master, for those who shall be changed.' And cryptically here he says 'for men' when he says 'for those', for we most of all rational creatures each day and each hour are subject to variety and changes We do not remain the same in body nor in mind, but the body of ours is ever altering with unseemly excretions and ejections and with motions and shifts, and from little much grows and there is reduction from a more perfect state to an inferior one. For a boy who attends to teaching and is able to grasp arts and disciplines suitable for him, is not the same as an infant. And different again from the boy it must be admitted is the youth who is attending to the exertions of young men. And different to the youth is the adult man who is strong and great in his body and in possession of mature reason. But when a man has come to vigour and has reached a stable age, again, little by little, the strength of the body begins to pass away, and his power decreases, until old age bends him, and this last most troublesome difficulty he must endure. We therefore are those who are changed and so we men are well designated through the voice of this Psalm. For angels are not permitted to change. Not among them is there a boy, a youth, or an old man, but in that state in which they were created so they remain, their simple substance being preserved unchanged. We however are changed, according to our body certainly, as has been shown, and it is also so with our thoughts, for always meeting with other things, they are subject to change. For one thing we are when we are cheerful and everything in life goes well, and another thing we are in times of calamity when we we find ourselves among adversities. And we are changed by anger, assuming a wild state. And we are changed by concupiscence, being made like beasts, who are mad for lust for of neighbours' wives. 2 And to the cunning fox we are compared, like Herod, and to the shamelessness of a dog like Nabal of Carmel 3 Do you see the variety and diversity of our changes? Admire, therefore, the one who chose this most apt and convenient superscription. And it seems to me that one may read well and correctly this same meaning expressed with other words, when in place of 'For those who will be changed,' he says 'for the sons.' Certainly a flower which quickly withers may be thought most apt to be compared with the mortality of human nature. Because the voice directs to future time, ( because it is said, for those who shall be changed, as if later this change had been declared to us) let us consider the teaching of the resurrection indicated to us, in which change shall be given to us, change even into something better and spiritual. For what is sown, he says,corruptible rises incorruptible. 4 Do you see the change? What is sown in infirmity rises in power. What is sown as animal body rises as a spiritual body, when every corporeal creation shall be changed. Indeed the heavens like a vestment worn old and like a covering, God shall change and they shall be changed. 5 Then the sun shall be seven times greater, according to Isaiah, and the moon shall be the size as the sun is now. 6 And because the words of God are not written for everyone but to those who have ears having according to the interior man, the superscription is, 'For those who shall be changed.' which I think is for those who have care for themselves and who ever through exertions of piety improve more and more. For this is the best of changes, which the right hand of the Most High bestows, which even blessed David experienced when tasting the good of virtues, to things ahead extending himself. What did he say? 'And I say now I have begun, here is a change is the right hand of the Most High' 7 He who has made progress in virtue, is he not changed? 'For when,' he says 'I was a little boy I spoke like a little boy and I thought like a little boy and I thought like a little boy. When I became a man, I rid myself of childish things.' 8 And again when he became a man he did not make an end of action but ' forgetting those things behind, and to those things ahead striving, intent on the goal, for the prize, the higher calling '. 9 Therefore he is changed, when the interior man is renewed from day to day. 10     Saint Basil of Caesarea, Homilies on the Psalms, Psalm 44 1   Ps 44 2 2 Jer 5.8 3. 1 Kings, 25, 3 LXX 4 1Cor 15.42 5 Ps 101.27  6 Is 30.26  7 Ps 76.11 8 1 Cor 13.11  9 Phil 3.13-14   10 2 Cor 4.16