A Matter Of Judgements

Mihi autem pro minimo est, ut a vobis dijudicer, aut ab humano die. Quos in tantis vitiis reprehendit, miserum dicit ab his se judicari; quippe cum nec a justis judicandum se sciret. Aut ab humano die, hoc est, quia nec a legibus mundo creditis judicandus erat. Supergressus enim humanam justitiam, coelesti justitiae studebat, sicut dicit Dominus: Nisi abundaverit justitia vestra plusquam scribarum et pharisaeorum, non intrabitis in regnum Dei. Humanum ergo diem cum dicit, significat et divinum; in quo judicaturus est Christus, quia sicut jurisconsulti seu pontifices, quos vocant sacerdotes, certos dies quibus judicatur, decreverunt; ita et dies Domini definitus est, quo judicaturus est mundum. Ambrosiaster, In Epistolam Beati Pauli Ad Corinthios Primam, Caput IV Source: Migne PL 17.203a-b

To me it is little that I am judged by you, or by man's day... 1 He admonishes those steeped in vice, saying that it is wretched that he should be judged by them, for certainly he knows he is not judged by the righteous there. 'Or by man's day' means that he would not be judged by the laws of the world either, for he was eager for the heavenly justice which far surpasses human justice, as the Lord says, 'Unless your righteousness far exceeds the Scribes and Pharisees, you shall not enter the kingdom of heaven.' 2 Therefore when he speaks of man's day, he points to the Divine day on which Christ shall judge, because just as juriconsults or pontiffs, whom they call priests, decreed certain days for judgement, so there is a set day of the Lord on which the world shall be judged. Ambrosiaster, Commentary On The First Letter of Saint Paul To The Corinthians, Chapter 4 1 1 Cor 4.3 2 Mt 5.20

Bodies And Members

Oὐκ οἴδατε ὅτι τὰ σώματα ὑμῶν μέλη Χριστοῦ ἐστιν; ἄρας οὖν τὰ μέλη τοῦ Χριστοῦ ποιήσω πόρνης μέλη; Τὰ μέλη τοῦ σώματος ἡμῶν ἐ τῆς ἁγνείας, Χριστοῦ μέλη μεμενηκότα, μεθέξους πάντως τῆς παρ' αὐτοῦ ζωῆς τε καὶ δόξης μετα σχηματίσει γὰρ τὸ σῶμα τῆς ταπεινώσεως ἡμῶ σύμμορφον τῷ σώματι τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ. Εἰ δὲ δὴ γι νοιτο πόρνης μέλη, πῶς ἂν λάβοι τὸν μετασχημα σμὸν καὶ τὴν τῆς πρὸς αὐτὸν συμμορφίας λαμπρότητα νοητήν; Ἅγιος Κύριλλος Ἀλεξανδρείας, Εἰς Τὴν Πρωτάν Ἐπιστολήν Παύλου Πρὸς Κορινθίους, Ἐκλογαι Source: Migne PG 74.827a

Do you know that your bodies are members of Christ? Shall I take the members of Christ and make them members of a whore? 1 If the members of our body are pure they shall remain members of Christ, and we shall participate in His life and His glory, for He shall transform the body of our humility so that it conforms with His glorious body. 2 But if they become members of a whore, how will it be possible for them to be transformed and spiritually conformed with Him? Saint Cyril of Alexandria, Commentary on the First Letter to the Corinthians, Fragment 1 1 Cor 6.15 2 Phil 3.21

Prayer And Kneeling

Ad preces genua flectantur, aut prae infirmitate dorsum et caput inclinentur. Id Publicanus observans auditur; id negligens Pharisaeus despicitur. Rogo et admoneo vos, fratres charissimi, ut quotiescumque juxta altare a clericis oratur, aut oratio diacono clamante indicitur, non solum corda, sed etiam corpora fideliter inclinetis. Nam dum frequenter, sicut oportet, et diligenter attendo, diacono clamante, Flectamus genua; maximam partem velut columnas erectas stare conspicio: quod Christianis dum in ecclesia oratur, omnino nec licet, nec expedit, non enim propter nos, sed propter vos diaconus clamat. Et ideo quia ad vos specialiter vox illa, vel maxime ad negligentes dirigitur, justum est ut a vobis fideliter impleatur. Sit ergo vox illa obedientibus in remedium; quia inobedientibus erit in testimonium, propter illud quod scriptum est, Maledictus qui facit opus Dei negligenter. Sed et illud timendum est, fratres, quod Apostolus dixit, et omnimodis observandum, Instate orationi vigilantes in ea et iterum, Sine intermissione orate, in omnibus gratias agite. Et Dominus, Vigilate, inquit, et orate, ne intretis in tentationem; et iterum, Oportet semper orare et non deficere. Et ideo qui pro aliqua infirmitate non potest genua flectere vel dorsum curvare, vel caput non pigeat inclinare; considerans per hanc humilitatem Publicanum illum Dei misericordiam consecutum, qui ad coelum oculos levare non audebat, sed inclinato in terram capite pectus tundebat, et peccata intus inclusa quasi judex severissimus verberabat: et ideo meruit ut de eo Dominus dicere dignaretur, Descendit hic Publicanus justificatus in domum suam magis quam ille Pharisaeus: quia omnis qui se exaltat, humiliabitur; et qui se humiliat, exaltabitur. Exemplum etiam ipsius Pharisaei considerandum est et timendum; ne pro eo quod stans oraverit, ideo non meruerit exaudiri. Sanctus Augustinus Hipponensis, Sermo CCLXXXVI, Ut genua flectantur in oratione, et de verbis otiosis vitandis. Source: Migne PL 39.2285

Let the knees be bent in prayer, or if one is infirm let the back and head incline. Attend to what the tax collector observed and deplore the negligent Pharisee. I beg and I admonish you, dearest brothers, that whenever there is prayer at the altar by the priests, or prayer is declared by the voice of the deacon, that you faithfully incline not only your hearts, but even your bodies. For while frequently, as is necessary, I diligently attend to the voice of the deacon, saying, 'Let us kneel,' I see that a  very great part stand erect like columns, which is not permitted to Christians while they are in Church and there is prayer, nor does it benefit, for it is not because of us, but because of you that the deacon speaks. Therefore because that voice is specifically directed to you and especially to the negligent among you, it is right that it is faithfully fulfilled by you. Let that voice be obeyed as a remedy because disobedience shall be a witness on account of which it was written, 'He is cursed who negligently performs the work of God.' 1  But even this must be feared, brothers, as the Apostle said, and in all ways observed, 'Hold fast in prayer and be watchful,' and again, 'Pray without ceasing, and give thanks in everything.' And the Lord says, 'Watch and pray lest you enter into temptation.' And again, 'It is necessary to pray always and not to grow weary.' 2 And therefore he who is unable to kneel because of some infirmity, let him incline the back or the head, thinking of the humility of the tax collector and the mercy of God that followed, he who did not dare to raise his eyes to heaven but bent his head to earth and struck his chest, and denounced the sins within like a most strict judge, and therefore was deserving of what the Lord said of him, 'The tax collector went down to his own house more justified than the Pharisee, because everyone who exalts himself shall be humbled, and he who humbles himself shall be exalted.' 3 Think on the example of the Pharisee and fear, that because he stood and prayed he did not merit to be heard. Saint Augustine of Hippo, from Sermon 286, That the knees should be bent in prayer 1 Jerem 48.10 2 Colos 4.2, 1 Thes 5.17-18, Mt 26.41, Lk 18.1 3 Lk 18.14

Trials And Salvation

Kύριε τί ἐπληθύνθησαν οἱ θλίβοντές, με πολλοὶ ἐπανίστανται ἐν ἐμέ, πολλοὶ λέγουσιν τῇ ψυχῇ μου οὐκ ἔστιν σωτηρία αὐτῷ ἐν τῷ θεῷ αὐτοῦ. ᾿Αφίησι δὲ Θεὸς πολλοὺς θλίβειν τὸν δίκαιον, διδοὺς ἀφορμὴν αὐτῷ βάρους δόξης, ἀπὸ τῶν ὑπερβαλλουσῶν θλίψεων ὑφισταμένης· καὶ εἴ ποτε ὁ δίκαιος ἐπαπορῶν λέγοι τῷ Θεῷ· Κύριε, τί ἐπληθύνθησαν οἱ θλίβοντές με; ἔτι αὐτοῦ λαλοῦντος, εἰπὼν, Ἰδοὺ πάρειμι, ἀποκρίνεται, ἵνα βάρος δόξης ἐργάσηταί σοι τὸ παραυτίκα ἐλαφρὸν τῆς θλίψεως· καθ ' ὑπερβολήν. Διό· Πολλαὶ αἱ θλίψεις τῶν δικαίων. Εἰ δὲ ἐστι σωτηρία μὲν οὐκ ἐν τῷ Θεῷ, Δαυΐδ τοῖς τέως πρόσκειται τὸ· ἐν τῷ Θεῷ. Δίδυμος Αλεξανδρεύς, Εἰς Ψαλμούς, Ψαλμος Γ' Source: Migne PG 39.1161d-1164a

Lord, those who trouble me are multiplied, and many set themselves against me, and many say to my soul there is no salvation for him in God. 1 God allows many to afflict the righteous man in order to give an occasion for the acquisition of a great weight of glory, which is obtained from a mass of tribulations. And if sometimes the righteous man who is gravely oppressed says to God, 'Lord, why are those who trouble me multiplied?' He replies, 'Behold, I am here, 2 your great weight of glory will make this tribulation light,' which is hyperbolic. Hence it is said, 'Many are the tribulations of the righteous.' 3 And that there is no salvation but from God, therefore David adds 'in God' Didymus the Blind, Commentary on The Psalms, from Psalm 3 1 Ps 3.2-3 2 Isaiah 52.6, 2 Cor 4.17 3 Ps 33.20

Various Garments

Ἐξεδυσάμην τὸν χιτῶνά μου, πῶς ἐνδύσομαι αὐτόν; ἐνιψάμην τοὺς πόδας μου, πῶς μολυνῶ αὐτούς; Ἴδωμεν δὲ καὶ πῶς ὑπακούει τῷ λόγῳ ἡ νύμφη, πῶς ἀνοίγει τῷ νυμφίῳ τὴν εἴσοδον. Ἐξεδυσάμην, φησί, τὸν χιτῶνά μου· πῶς ἐνδύσομαι αὐτόν; ἐνιψάμην τοὺς πόδας μου· πῶς μολυνῶ αὐτούς; καλῶς ἤκουσε τοῦ κελεύσαντος ἀδελφὴν αὐτὴν καὶ πλησίον γενέσθαι καὶ περιστερὰν καὶ τελείαν, ἵνα διὰ τούτων εἰσοικισθῇ τῇ ψυχῇ ἡ ἀλήθεια· ἐποίησε γὰρ ἅπερ ἤκουσεν ἐκδυσαμένη τὸν δερμάτινον ἐκεῖνον χιτῶνα, ὃν μετὰ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν περιεβάλετο, καὶ ἀπονιψαμένη τῶν ποδῶν τὸ γεῶδες, ᾧ ἐνειλήθη ἀπὸ τῆς ἐν παραδείσῳ διαγωγῆς εἰς τὴν γῆν ἀναλύσασα, ὅτε ἤκουσεν ὅτι Γῆ εἶ καὶ εἰς γῆν ἀπελεύσῃ. διὰ τούτων ἤνοιξεν ἐπὶ τὴν ψυχὴν τῷ λόγῳ τὴν εἴσοδον διασταλέντος τοῦ τῆς καρδίας παραπετάσματος, τουτέστι τῆς σαρκός. Σάρκα δὲ εἰπὼν τὸν παλαιὸν λέγω ἄνθρωπον, ὃν ἐκδύσασθαί τε καὶ ἀποθέσθαι κελεύει ὁ θεῖος ἀπόστολος τοὺς μέλλοντας τῷ λουτρῷ τοῦ λόγου τὸν ῥύπον τῶν βάσεων τῆς ψυχῆς ἀποκλύζεσθαι. Oὐκοῦν ὁ τὸν παλαιὸν ἀπεκδυσάμενος ἄνθρωπον καὶ περιελὼν τῆς καρδίας τὸ κάλυμμα, ἤνοιξε τῷ λόγῳ τὴν εἴσοδον, ὃν ἐντὸς γενόμενον ἔνδυμα ποιεῖται ἑαυτῆς ἡ ψυχὴ κατὰ τὴν τοῦ ἀποστόλου ὑφήγησιν, ὃς κελεύει τὸν ἐκδυσάμενον τὴν ῥακώδη τοῦ παλαιοῦ ἀνθρώπου περιβολὴν Ἐνδύσασθαι τὸν καινὸν χιτῶνα τὸν κατὰ θεὸν κτισθέντα ἐν ὁσιότητι καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ· Ἰησοῦν δὲ λέγει εἶναι τὸ ἔνδυμα. ἡ δὲ ὁμολογία τῆς νύμφης τοῦ μηκέτι τὸν ἀποβληθέντα χιτῶνα πάλιν ἀναλαμβάνειν, ἀλλ’ ἀρκεῖσθαι τῷ ἑνὶ χιτῶνι κατὰ τὸν δοθέντα τοῖς μαθηταῖς νόμον, ὃν διὰ τῆς ἄνωθεν γεννήσεως ἀνακαινισθεῖσα μετημφιάσατο, βεβαιοῖ τοῦ Kυρίου τὸν λόγον τὸν κελεύοντα τοὺς ἅπαξ τῷ θείῳ κοσμηθέντας ἐνδύματι μηκέτι ἐπενδύσασθαι τὸν τῆς ἁμαρτίας χιτῶνα, μηδὲ δύο χιτῶνας ἔχειν, ἀλλὰ τὸν ἕνα μόνον, ἵνα μὴ δύο περὶ τὸν αὐτὸν ὦσιν οἱ ἀσύμβατοι πρὸς ἀλλήλους χιτῶνες. τίς γὰρ κοινωνία τῷ σκοτεινῷ ἐνδύματι πρὸς τὸ φωτοειδές τε καὶ ἄϋλον; Oὐ μόνον δὲ τοῦτό φησιν ὁ νόμος τὸ μὴ δεῖν δύο χιτῶνας ἔχειν, ἀλλὰ μηδὲ ἐπιρράπτειν τὸ καινὸν ὕφασμα τῷ παλαιῷ ἱματίῳ, ἵνα μὴ χείρων γένηται ἡ ἀσχημοσύνη τοῦ τὸ τοιοῦτον περιβαλλομένου μήτε τοῦ ἐνραφέντος μείναντος καὶ τοῦ παλαιοῦ χεῖρον τὸ σχίσμα παθόντος καὶ δυσθεράπευτον· Αἴρει γάρ, φησί, τὸ πλήρωμα τὸ καινὸν τοῦ παλαιοῦ καὶ χεῖρον σχίσμα γίνεται, ὡς δημοσιεύεσθαι δι’ αὐτοῦ τὰ ἀσχήμονα. διὰ τοῦτό φησιν Ἐξεδυσάμην τὸν χιτῶνά μου· πῶς ἐνδύσομαι αὐτόν; Tίς γὰρ ἂν βλέπων περὶ ἑαυτὸν τὸν ἡλιοειδῆ τοῦ Kυρίου χιτῶνα τὸν διὰ καθαρότητος καὶ ἀφθαρσίας ἱστουργηθέντα, οἷον ἐπὶ τῆς ἐπὶ τοῦ ὄρους μεταμορφώσεως ἔδειξεν, εἶτα καταδέχεται τὸ πτωχόν τε καὶ ῥακῶδες ἱμάτιον ἑαυτῷ περιθεῖναι, ὅπερ ὁ μέθυσος καὶ πορνοκόπος, καθὼς ἡ Παροιμία φησί, περιβάλλεται; Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος Νύσσης, Ἐξηγησις Του Αἰσματος Των Ἀσμάτων, Ὁμιλία IAʹ Source: Migne PG 44.1004d-1005c

I have removed my tunic. How shall I put it on? I have washed my feet. How shall I soil them? 1 Let us see again how the Bride is obedient to the Word, how she opens a way in for the Bridegroom. 'I have removed my tunic,' she says. 'How shall I put it on? I have washed my feet. How shall I soil them?' Rightly she heard the One who exhorted her to become 'a sister' and 'a close one' and 'a dove' and 'perfect,' in order that in this way Truth might dwell in her soul, for she did what she heard, she put off that 'tunic of skin' that she had put on after sin, 2 and from her feet she washed off the earthy stuff that covered them after she returned to the earth from her time in the Garden, when she heard the words, 'You are earth and to earth you shall return.' 3 These are the ways in which she opened a way into her soul for the Word, having torn the veil of her heart, that is, the flesh. And when I say 'flesh,' I speak of 'the old man,' 4 who the holy Apostle commands should be scoured off by those who are going to wash off the filth of the soul’s feet in the bath of the Word. So whoever has scoured off the old man and torn the veil of the heart has opened a way in for the Word, and with His coming in, the soul makes Him her garment in accordance with the instruction of the Apostle, he who commands the one who has taken off the rags of the old man to put on the new tunic that has been 'created after the likeness of God in holiness and righteousness,' and he says that this garment is Jesus. 5 As to the Bride’s insistence that she will never again take up the tunic she has put off but will be content, in accordance with the command given to the disciples, 6 with the one tunic that she put on when she was renewed through being reborn from above, this confession, I say, confirms the Lord’s word, which commands that those who have once been adorned with the Divine garment should never again put on sin's shirt, nor possess two shirts, but only one, lest there be two conflicting garments on one person. For what does the garment of mourning have in common with the one that is full of light and immaterial? The law, though, does not merely say that one must not have two shirts but also that one must not sew new cloth on an old cloak, otherwise the shabby look of the person who wears it becomes even worse when the patch fails to hold, and when the old garment tears it is worse and impossible to mend. For He says, 'The new patch will tear away from the old cloth, and the result will be a worse tear,' 7 which will make disgrace public. Hence she says, 'I have removed my tunic. How shall I put it on?' For who seeing himself garbed in the Lord’s glistening tunic, woven out of purity and incorruptibility as He manifested it in His transfiguration on the mount, would then put on the poor, ragged garment with which, as Proverbs says, 'the drunkard and whoremonger attires himself? 7 Saint Gregory of Nyssa, Commentary on The Song of Songs, from Homily 11 1 Song 5.3 2 Gen 3.21 3 Gen 3.19 4 Colos 3.9 5 Ephes 4.24, Rom 13.14 6 Mt 10.10 7 Mk 2.21 8 Prov 23.21

Speech And Power

Καὶ γνώσομαι οὐ τὸν λόγον τῶν πεφυσιωμένων, ἀλλὰ τὴν δύναμιν. Τίς ἡ ὄνησις λέξεως λαμπρᾶς ἐχούσης τῶν ἀγαθῶν οὐδὲν , ὁποία ἡ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐστίν; Ἡ δέ γε τῆς θεοπνεύστου Γραφῆς ἁπλῆ μὲν ἔστι καὶ κατειθισμένη, πλουσίως γε μὴν ὀνίνησι καὶ ἀποφέρει λαμπρῶς εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν ἀληθῆ τοῦ κατὰ φύσιν ὄντος Θεοῦ· ἀποτελεῖ δὲ πρὸς τοῦτο καὶ παντα άξια τοῦ πράγματος ἐπιμελητάς· οὗ δὴ γεγονότος, καταπλουτήσειεν ἄν τις καὶ τῶν διὰ Πνεύματος χαρισμάτων τὴν ἀξιόληπτον χάριν. Οὐ γὰρ ἐν λόγῳ ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν, ἀλλ᾽ ἐν δυνάμει. Τὸ δὲ ἐ ἐν δυνάμει νοήσεις, εἱ μὲν ἐπ ' αὐτῶν φέροιτο τῶν ἁγίων ἀποστόλων, ὡς ἐν ἰσχύῖ τε καὶ ἐνεργείᾳ τῇ διὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος, καθ ' ἦν εἰσι καὶ θαυματουργοί. Εί δ᾽ ἐφ᾽ ἡμῶν αὐτῶν, ὡς ἐν δυνάμει ζωῆς τῆς ἁγίας καὶ εἰλικρινοῦς ἐκδέξῃ τὸ εἰρημένον. Ἅγιος Κύριλλος Ἀλεξανδρείας, Εἰς Τὴν Πρωτάν Ἐπιστολήν Παύλου Πρὸς Κορινθίους, Ἐκλογαι Source: Migne PG 74.868c

And I will not know the speech of those who are puffed up, but power. 1 The usefulness of splendid oratory, if it has nothing good in it, how is it but a thing of the Gentiles? The oratory of the inspired Scriptures is certainly simple and common, but it profits most abundantly, and it bestows a true understanding of the Divine nature, and then it produces those who care for every good work, who have not become so but by being enriched through the desirable grace of the Holy spirit. For the kingdom of heaven is not a matter of words but acquired by virtue. However if the Apostle speaks of 'power' regarding the saints you should understand it as referring to the fortitude and strength by which,  through the Spirit, miracles are brought forth. And if 'power' is spoken of in reference to us, you should think it is said of the power of a holy and pure life. Saint Cyril of Alexandria, Commentary on the First Letter to the Corinthians, Fragment 1 1 Cor 4.19

The Way Of The Reed

...calamum a vento moveri? Calamus est vacuus, et nullam habet virtutem: et ideo qualisvis ventus flaverit super eum, huc et illuc flectit illum. Sic et homo carnalis et saecularis in quo fidei nulla est medulla, et virtus veritatis non invenitur in eo, qualiscumque tentatio venerit super eum, curvat eum. Nam Deus volens ostendere Job, in quibus hominibus diabolus requiescit, introducit draconem in figura diaboli, et cum multa dixisset de eo, inter caetera ait: Secus calamum et papyrum requiescit. Calamus enim est vacuus, papyrus autem nimium levis, et mollis. Sic omnis homo carnalis, vacuus in fide, et levis in sensu, et mollis in passionibus, calamus est et papyrus. Opus Imperfectum in Matthaeum, Homilia XXVII Source: Migne PG 56.773

...a reed shaken by the wind?' 1 A reed is hollow and has no strength, and therefore whatever wind blows upon it bends it this way and that. So it is with a carnal and worldly man in whom there is no core of faith and in whom the power of truth is not found, so that whatever temptation comes upon him it bends him down. For God wishing to show Job in which men the devil dwelt, introduced the dragon as a figure for the devil, and having said much about him, among other things He said, 'He dwells amid the reeds and the papyri.' 2 A reed is hollow and papyrus is extremely light and soft. So every carnal man is empty of faith, and he is light in his mind, and he is soft amid passions, and so he is a reed and papyrus. Opus Imperfectum on Matthew, from Homily 27 1 Mt 11.7 2 Job 40.16 Vulgate, Job 40.21 LXX

Joseph The Slave

Madianitae vendiderunt Joseph in Aegypto Putiphari eunucho Pharaonis, magistro militum. Caeterum quod ad moralem pertinet locum, quia omnes vult salvos fieri Dominus Deus noster, dedit per Joseph etiam iis qui sunt in servitute solatium: attribuit magisterium; ut discerent etiam in ultima conditione posse mores esse superiores, nec ullum statum immunem esse virtutis, si animus se uniuscujusque cognoscat; carnem servituti subditam esse, non mentem; multosque servulos esse dominis liberiores, si in servitute positi a servilibus putent operibus abstinendum. Servile est omne peccatum, libera est innocentia. Unde et Dominus ait: Omnis qui facit peccatum, servus est peccati. Quomodo enim non servus omnis avarus, qui pro exigno pecuniae lucello se ipsum auctionatur? Timet omnia, ne congesta amittat, qui non utenda congessit, majore periculo servaturus quo majora quaesivit. Quomodo non mendicus, cui sunt parva quae possidet? Nam etsi mihi dives videatur, sibi eget: nec testimoniis sua vota solatur, qui quod optat nescit credere. Quomodo autem non et ille servus, qui subditus est libidini? Primum suis ardet incendiis, et pectoris sui facibus exuritur. Quibus recte dicit propheta: Ambulate in lumine ignis vestri, et in flamma quam accendistis. Suscipit omnes metus, insidiatur somno singulorum: ut unius cupiditate potiatur, fit servus omnium. Servit igitur hanc miseram quidem servitutem, qui ipse sibi dominos facit, ipse vult habere quos timeat. Nihil enim tam speciale servitutis est, quam semper timere. Ille vero in quavis conditione servitii semper liber, qui mundi amore non capitur, avaritiae vinculis non tenetur, metu criminis non alligatur, qui securus spectat praesentia, quem futura non terrent. Nonne videtur tibi iste in servitute dominari: ille autem in libertate servire? Serviebat Joseph, regnabat Pharao: beatior hujus servitus, quam regnum illius. Denique tota Aegyptus collapsa esset fame, nisi regnum suum consilio servuli subdidisset. Sanctus Ambrosius Mediolanensis, De Jospeph Patriarca, Caput IV Source: Migne PL 14.649b-650b

The Madianites sold Joseph in Egypt to Putiphar, an eunuch of Pharaoh, captain of the soldiers. 1 Now let us look to the moral of the passage. Because the Lord wishes to save everyone He gives comfort through Joseph to those who are slaves, and adds a teaching, so that they might learn that even in the lowest state it is possible to have better ways and that no state is shut off from virtue, if the soul of a man knows itself, and that it is the flesh that is subject to servitude and not the mind. Many slaves are more free than their masters if set in slavery they think to abstain from servile works. Every sin is slavish and innocence is freedom. Hence the Lord says, 'Everyone who sins is a slave to sin.' 2 For how is every avaricious man not a slave, who for even a tiny profit will put himself up for sale? He fears everything, lest he lose what he has gathered, he who cannot use what he has gathered, and with greater peril he becomes more slavish the more he has sought. How is he not a beggar for whom what he does possess is little? For even if he seems to be rich he is needy in himself. Nor does he soothe his desires with proofs, he who does not know how to believe what he hopes for. And how is he not a slave who is subdued to lust? First he burns with his own flames and then he burns up with the deeds of his heart. To such men the prophet rightly says, 'Walk in the light of your own fire, and in the flame you have kindled.' 3 Fear takes hold of everyone of them, it stalks the sleep of each one of them, the desire of one man makes him a slave of all. He serves in a wretched servitude who makes masters for himself, he who wishes to have what will make him fearful. There is no more certain a slavery than to be always afraid. But he who is a state of slavery is free if he is not seized by the love of the world, and if he is not held by the chains of avarice, and if not bound by the fear of evil, if he can look securely on present things and not be terrified by the future. Does it not seem to you that he rules in slavery and another man with his freedom is a slave? Joseph was a slave, Pharaoh reigned, but more blessed was the servitude of the former than the rule of the latter. Then all Egypt would have been ruined by famine if its ruler had not bowed to the counsel of a slave. Saint Ambrose, On The Patriarch Joseph, Chapter 4 1 Gen 37.36 2 Jn 8.34 3 Isaiah 50.11

Remembering Goods Done

Εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα οὐ μὴ ἐπιλάθωμαι τῶν δικαιώμάτων σου, ὅτι ἐν αὐτοῖς ἔζησάς με. ᾿Αλλὰ μεμνήσομαι τῶν μαθημάτων σου, ὧν ἔμαθον ἐν τῷ βίῳ· δι' ἐκεῖνα γὰρ ἀπὸ γῆς εἰς οὐρανὸν μετελθὼν οἰκῶ μετ'ἀγγέλων. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ὁ ἐκ μεγάλης νόσου διά τινων ἰατρικῶν βοηθημάτων παγίαν καὶ βεβαίαν ἀναλαβὼν ὑγίειαν δι ' αὐτοῦ τοῦ ὑγιαίνειν καὶ εὐεκτεῖν οὐκ ἐπιλανθάνεται τῶν ἰατρικῶν ἐκείνων οἷς ἠκολούθησε τὸ οὕτως αὐτὸν μετ᾿ εὐεξίας ὑγιαίνειν· οὗτως ὁ ἅγιος οὗτος, ὑπὸ Θεοῦ ζωοποιηθεὶς ἐν οἷς ἔσχε παρ' αὐτοῦ δικαιώμασι λέγει παρ' ὅλον τὸν αἰῶνα μὴ ἐπιλανθάνεσθαι αὐτῶν, ἀποδιδοὺς τὴν αἰτίαν, τὸ ἐν αὐτοῖς τὸν Θεὸν αὐτὸν ἐζηκέναι. Εὐσέβιος ὁ Καισάρειος, Ὑπομνηματα Ἐις Τους Ψαλμους, Ψαλμὸς ΡΙH' Source: Migne PG 23.1380c-d

I shall never forget your justifications, because with them you have given me life. 1 But I will remember your teachings which I learnt in life, because through them I pass from earth to heaven and dwell with angels. For as a man who was gravely sick regains firm and stable health by the administration of medicines, and when he is fit and well he does not forget the treatment which brought him health, so this holy one who was revived by the justifications of God says he will never let that be forgotten, and he gives the reason why, because God has given him life with them. Eusebius of Caesarea, Commentary on the Psalms, from Psalm 118 1 Ps 118.93

Evil And Darkness

Si autem oculus tuus nequem fuerit, totum corpus tuum tenebrosum erit. Quae sunt in nobis tenebrae? Sensus carnales, malevoli et iniqui, qui semper desiderant quae sunt tenebrarum, et non lucis. In quo enim alio delectatur carnis natura, nisi in avaritia, in libidine, in superbia, in deliciis, caeterisque malis, quae ad tenebrosam mortem deducunt? Et qui intelligit quid est, quod Caro concupiscit adversus spiritum, ille intelligit quia tenebrae sunt carnis natura. Qui ergo oculum habet mundum, id est, mentem spiritualem, caelestia semper aspicientem, corpus suum servat lucidum, id est, sine peccato. Si enim caro desiderat ea quae diximus mala, secundum suam naturam homo habens mentem lucidam, et spem ad Deum, justitiae consideratione dijudicat eam, et divini timoris virtute repercutit eam: et sic quamvis nolentem, tamen servat eam lucidam, id est, sine peccato. Intellexisti ergo, quomodo qui oculum habet simplicem, corpus suum lucidum habet: qui autem oculum, id est mentem habet aut malignitate aliqua tenebrosam, aut divitiarum concupiscentia turbulentam, tenebrosum possidet corpus? Nam quae res faciunt mentem hominis spiritualem esse mundum, ipsae res ex diverso faciunt carnalem et sordidam. Quomodo fit munda mens illius, qui facit eleemosynas, et spem habet in caelo, spes autem in Deum facit mentem spiritualem et mundam: sic qui divitias congregat cum peccato, spem suam ponit in terra: qui autem spem habet in terra, illius mens carnalis est et immunda. Illius ergo tota caro in tenebris est, id est, in peccatis. Quomodo? Quando enim caro secundum suam naturam, sicut diximus, concupiscit perversa, homo spem habens in terra, et mentem concupiscentiis turbulentam, non ei contradicit, nec justitiae consideratione dijudicat, nec judicii futuri virtute repercutit: quia nec videt cum sit caecus, nec intelligit esse malum quod malum est, et si vult, non potest, quia spem non habet nisi in saeculo. Scimus autem quia spes nobis praestat virtutem, ut carnalibus concupiscentiis resistamus: qui autem spem non habet in caelo, virtutem non habet resistere concupiscentiis suis, et ideo fit caro illius tota tenebrosa. Et ut brevius et manifestius exponamus: anima priusquam peccet, divino auxilio confortata, regina et domina est corporis sui, et quasi libera et regina sedet in throno cordis sui, et gubernat corpus suum quasi palatium suum, nec potest illam vincere caro. Si autem gravibus se peccatis obligaverit, tunc divino auxilio destituta, et in potestate spirituum immundorum redacta, fit debilis et infirma, ut non jam sit domina corporis sui, sed ancilla magis: et jam non caro animae subjecta est, sed anima carni, nec quod vult anima, caro facit, sed quod caro coegerit, hoc anima facit. Intellexisti ergo, quomodo qui oculum mentis sordidum habet, totum corpus illius tenebrosum est? Opus Imperfectum in Matthaeum, Homilia XV Source: Migne PG 56.721

If your eye is wicked, your whole body will be full of darkness. 1 What is the darkness in us? The carnal senses, malevolent and wicked, which always desire the things of darkness and not the light. In what else does the carnal nature delight but in avarice and lust and pride and pleasures, and other evils, which lead to the darkness of death? And he understood what this is, he who said, 'The flesh desires against the spirit.' 2 He understood that the carnal nature is a darkness. Therefore he who has a clean eye, that is, a spiritual mind, he always looks to heavenly things, and he makes his body full of light, that is, without sin. For if the flesh desires the things which we have said are evil, according to its nature the man who has a mind of light, and hope in God, he judges the flesh with the consideration of righteousness, and he strikes it with the power of Divine fear, and so although it is unwilling, he makes it serve the light, that is, without sin. Have you understood, then, that he who has an innocent eye has a body full of light, but he whose eye, that is, the mind, is dark with any wickedness, even the troubling desire for wealth, he possesses a body of darkness? For there are things which make the mind of a man clean and spiritual, and there are different things which make it carnal and foul. He makes the mind clean who gives alms, and he who has hope in heaven and hope in God makes the mind spiritual and clean, but he who gathers wealth with sin, he puts his hope in the world, and he who has his hope in he world has a mind that is carnal and unclean. Therefore all the flesh is in darkness, that is, in sin. How? When flesh, as we have said, according to its nature desires perverse things, a man has hope in the world and the mind is troubled with desires, and he does not dispute with it, nor give thought to the consideration of righteousness, nor is he shaken by the power of future judgement, because he is blind and does not see such things, nor does he understand something to be evil which is evil, and if he wishes to he is not able, because he has no hope unless in the world. And we know that hope bestows strength on us, so that we can resist carnal desires, but he who has no hope in heaven, he has no strength to resist his own desires, and therefore his flesh is full of darkness. And that we might expound this briefly and more manifestly, before a soul sins, it is strengthened with Divine help, and it is a queen and mistress of its own body, and as a free woman and queen it sits on the throne of its heart and rules its body as its palace, and the flesh is unable to overthrow it, but if it binds itself with weighty sins, then destitute of the divine help, it is dragged off into the power of unclean spirits and made weak and infirm, so that it is no longer the mistress of its own body but rather a slave woman, for now the flesh is not subject to the soul but the soul to the flesh, and it is not what the soul wishes that will direct the flesh, but the soul will do what the flesh desires. Do you understand, then, how it is that he who has the eye of his mind soiled is the one who has his whole body full of darkness? Opus Imperfectum on Matthew, from Homily 15 1 Mt 6.23 2 Galat 5.7

Ways Of Denial

Solent quaedam, cum futuram virginem spoponderint, pulla tunica eam induere, et furvo operire pallio, auferre linteamina: nihil in collo, nihil in capite auri sinere: revera bono consilio, ne habere discat in tenero, quod postea ponere compellatur. Aliis vero e contra videtur. Quid enim, aiunt, si ipsa non habuerit, habentes alias non videbit? φιλόκοσμον genus femineum est; multasque etiam insignis pudicitiae, quamvis nulli virorum, tamen sibi scimus libenter ornari. Quin potius habendo satietur; et cernat laudari alias, quae ista non habeant. Meliusque est, ut satiata contemnat, quam non habendo, habere desideret. Tale vero quid et Israelitico fecisse populo Dominum, ut cupientibus aegyptias carnes, usque ad nauseam, et vomitum praeberet examina coturnicum: multosque saeculi prius homines, facilius carere experta corporis voluptate, quam eos qui a pueritia libidinem nesciant. Ab alii enim nota calcari, ab aliis ignota appeti. Illos vitare poenitendo suavitatis insidias, quas fugerunt: hos carnis illecebras, dulci titillatione corporis blandientes dum mella putant, venena noxia reperire. Sanctus Hieronymus, Epistola CXXVIII, Ad Gaudentium Source: Migne PL 22.1096

Some mothers when they have vowed a daughter to virginity clothe her in sombre garments and cover her in a dark cloak, and do not allow her to have linen or golden ornaments for her neck or head. With wise understanding they will not have her learn in tender years what she will afterwards be compelled to set aside. To others the opposite is true. 'Why may she not have these things', they say, 'when she will see them on other women? It is of the nature of women to be 'philokosmos,' that is, lovers of finery, and we know of many of excellent chastity who adorn themselves for themselves and not for men. Let her have what she will, but let her see that they who do not need such things are praiseworthy. It is better that she scorns what she has enjoyed than having lacked such things she should have a desire for them. This is what the Lord did to the people of Israel, for when they longed for the feasts of Egypt he gave them the quails even to satiation and sickness. 1 Many men who have lived worldly lives more easily cast off the pleasures of the flesh than those who have known nothing of pleasure from their boyhood. For the former trample on what they know but the latter are drawn to what they do not know. In penitence the former shun the subtle allures which they have fled, the latter dally with the attractions of the flesh and think the alluring delights of the body to be sweet as honey, only to find them a fatal poison. Saint Jerome, from Letter 128, To Gaudentius 1 Exod 16, Numb 11

Good And Bad Glory

Quid gloriatur in malitia, potens iniquitate tota die? Querela prophetae est, gloriari eum in iniquitate tota die, qui in malitia potens est. Et haec quidem gloria inquitatis arguitur. Caeterum est gloria et expetenda et confitenda, et affectu quodam exsultantis gaudii eloquenda: quod utrumque sub iisdem dictis alius propheta demonstrat, dicens: Non glorietur sapiens in sapientia sua, neque fortis in fortitudine sua, neque dives in divitiis suis: sed qui gloriatur, in Domino glorietur. Vetitis enim primum improbabilis gloriae causis, causam rursum gloriae competentis ostendit. Quo exemplo beatus Apostolus scit, in nullo sibi, nisi in uno tantum esse gloriandum, cum ait: Mihi autem absit gloriari, nisi in cruce Domini nostri Jesu Christi, per quem mihi mundus crucifixus est, et ego mundo. Non ergo gloria istiusmodi, sed gloria iniquitatis offendit; et ejus iniquitatis, quae die tota sit. Diem pro aetate vel tempore hominis nuncupari solere meminimus, cum dicitur: Diem hominis non concupivi: vel rursum cum Abraham diem Domini desideravit: vel cum Apostolus Satanae tradit in interitum carnis, ut spiritus salvus sit in die Domini , non hunc diem ortu solis occasuque finitum, sed diem constituti temporis vel aetatis ostendens. Potens ergo in malitia, gloriatur in iniquitate tota die. Sanctus Hilarius Pictaviensis, Tractatus super Psalmos, Tractatus in Psalmum LI Source: Migne PL 9.311b-312a

Why glory in wickedness, you who are powerful in iniquity the whole day? 1 The prophet complains against the one who glories in wickedness the whole day, he who is powerful in evil, and he disputes this glory of wickedness. There is a glory that should be sought and that should be delighted in and which should be proclaimed with a certain exultant joy, which both things another prophet shows with his words when he says, 'Let the wise man not glory in his wisdom, nor the strong man in his strength, nor the rich man in his riches, but he who glories, let him glory in the Lord.' 2 Having prohibited the shameful causes of glorying, he then revels the fitting cause of glory, which example the blessed Apostle knows, that is, that one should not glory in oneself but in one alone, hence he says, 'Let it not be me for to glory, unless in the cross of Jesus Christ our Lord, through which the world has have been crucified to the me, and I to the world.' 3 It is not glorying in this way that offends, but glorying in iniquity, and his iniquity which is for the whole day, which day we should be aware is given for an age, or for the time of a man, as when it is said, 'I have not desired the day of man,' or again when Abraham desired the day of the Lord, or when the Apostle handed over to Satan for the ruin of the flesh, so that the spirit might be saved on the day of the Lord. 4 It is not this finite day of the sun's rising and setting, but the day that indicates a time or age. Therefore the one powerful in wickedness glories in iniquity the whole day Saint Hilary of Poitiers, Homilies on the Psalms, from Psalm 51 1 Ps 51.3 2 Jerem 9.23-24 3 Galat 6.14 4 Jerem 17.16, Jn 8.56, 1 Cor 5.5

Words And Works

Ὅπως ἂν μὴ λαλήσῃ τὸ στόμα μου τὰ ἔργα τῶν ἀνθρώπων διὰ τοὺς λόγους τῶν χειλέων σου ἐγὼ ἐφύλαξα ὁδοὺς σκληράς. Τὸ ἀπαγγέλλειν τὰ ἔργα τῶν ἀνθρώπων πράξει καὶ διαθέσει, ἔτι μὴν καὶ λόγῳ, φαύλων. Τίνα δὲ τὰ ἔργα τούτων , ἢ ἐκεῖνα περὶ ὧν ὁ ᾿Απόστολος γράφει, Ὅπου γὰρ ἔρις καὶ ζῆλος ἐν ὑμῖν, οὐχὶ ἄνθρωποί ἐστε , καὶ κατὰ ἄνθρωπον περιπατεῖτε; Κωλυτικὸν τοῦ λαλεῖν τὰ ἔργα τῶν ἀνθρώπων τυγχάνει καὶ τὸ μὴ εὐρέσθαι ἐν αὐτῷ ἀδικίαν, ὑπὸ Θεοῦ πυρωθέντι διὰ πειρασμῶν καὶ τῶν παραπλησίων. Δίδυμος Αλεξανδρεύς, Εἰς Ψαλμούς, Ψαλμος ΙϚ' Source: Migne PG 39.1237a

That my mouth may not speak the works of men: for the sake of the words of thy lips, I have kept hard ways. 1 To proclaim the works and deeds and lives of men, even with fair reason, is for wretched men. What are those works unless concerning which the Apostle writes, 'How is there strife and contention among you, but because you are men and you walk according to men?' 2 Let a man beware, then, of speaking of the works of men, lest wickedness is found in him, and he is proved by God through trials with neighbours. Didymus the Blind, Commentary on The Psalms, from Psalm 16 1 Ps 16.4 2 1 Cor 3.3

Servants And Dispensers

Ita nos existimet homo, ut ministros Christi, et dispensatores mysteriorum Dei. Hoc signifiacit, quia minus de illo sentiebant aliqui Corinthiorum, sed ut homo hoc de illo sentiret, quod et Deus, qui illum elegerat; ideo ministros Christi ait, et dispensatores mysteriorum Dei. Quando enim non verborum strepitu, neque humana sapientia nitebatur intelligi; debuit sacramentum Christi dispensare, in quo non verba, sed virtus fulgebat: non per quod homo, sed Deus gloriosus videretur; collega enim piscatorum, non aliter quam illi, Christum praedicabat. Cum ergo ministrum se Christi et sacramentorum Dei probat, pseudoapostolos notat, et abnegat Christi esse quod tradunt, per id quod discordarent a traditione apostolica. Ambrosiaster, In Epistolam Beati Pauli Ad Corinthios Primam, Caput IV Source: Migne PL 17.202b-c

Let a man think of us as servants of Christ, and dispensers of the mysteries of God. 1 This signifies that some among the Corinthians thought little of him, but a man should think this of him, that God chose him. Therefore he says, 'ministers of Christ, and dispensers of the mysteries of God.' For it was not with the cry of words nor with human wisdom that he was striving to be understood, for the mystery of Christ should be dispensed where power blazes forth and not words, and where the glory of God and not man appears, since as a colleague of fishermen and nothing else he preached Christ. Therefore when he asserts himself to be a servant of Christ and the mysteries of God, he refers to false apostles, and denies they can give the things of Christ, because they are in disagreement with the Apostolic tradition Ambrosiaster, Commentary On The First Letter of Saint Paul To The Corinthians, Chapter 4 1 1 Cor 4.1

Inheriting The Kingdom

Ὅτι σάρξ καὶ αἷμα βασιλείαν Θεοῦ κληρονομή και οὐ δύνανται. Συνίστησι τὸ τῆς ἀναστάσεως και διὰ τούτου μυστήριον. Ἕως μὲν γὰρ ἐστι ἡ τὸ ἀνθρώπινον σάρξ καὶ αἷμα, τουτέστι θνητὸν καὶ φθαρτὸν, Θεοῦ βασιλείαν, τουτέστι τὸ εἶναι δηνεκῶς, οὐκ ἂν δύναιτο κληρονομεῖν. Πᾶσα δὴ οὖν ἀνάγκη καταπίνεσθαι τὴν φθορὰν καὶ ἀφανίζεσθαι τὸ εὐμάραντον, μεταπλάττεσθαι δὲ πρὸς ἀφθαρσίαν αὐτὸ, καὶ θείᾳ τινὶ καὶ ἀποῤῥήτῳ δόξῃ καταφαιδρύνεσθαι κληρονομήσει γὰρ τότε τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ βασιλείαν. Ἅγιος Κύριλλος Ἀλεξανδρείας, Εἰς Τὴν Πρωτάν Ἐπιστολήν Παύλου Πρὸς Κορινθίους, Ἐκλογαι Source: Migne PG 74.912b

For flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God. 1 With this he understands the mystery of the resurrection. While the human body is flesh and blood, that is, mortal and corruptible, it cannot inherit the kingdom of God, which is immortal. Therefore it is necessary for corruption to be absorbed and for whatever is fallen to be taken away. Thus being turned into what is incorruptible it is illuminated with a certain Divine and ineffable glory, for then it shall possess the kingdom of God. Saint Cyril of Alexandria, Commentary on the First Letter to the Corinthians, Fragment 1 1 Cor 15.50

Admonishments And Sacrifice

Deus autem spei repleat vos omni gaudio et pace in credendo; ut abundetis in spe et virtute Spiritus sancti. Certus sum autem, fratres, et ego ipse de vobis, quia et ipsi pleni estis dilectione, repleti omni scientia; ita ut possitis alterutrum monere. Haec exhortationis sunt: per laudem enim provocat eos ad meliorem et intellectum et vitam. Qui enim videt se laudari, data opera elaborat ut vera sint quae dicuntur. Ideo non dixit, ut invicem se doceant, sed admoneant; hoc enim solet moneri, quod cum sciatur, aliquando subterfugit animo. Caetera non sunt obscura, ut indigeant explanatione. Audacius autem scripsi vobis fratres ex parte, tamquam in memoriam vos reducens : propter gratiam, quae data est mihi a Deo, ut sim minister Christi Jesu in gentibus: sanctificans Evangelium Dei, ut fiat oblatio gentium accepta, et sanctificata in Spiritu Sancto. Non enim temere se scripisse significat, auctoritatem enim sibi datam per Dei gratiam dicens, , ut omnibus gentibus audeat scribere, admonens et confirmans propositum eorum in Christo; ut sollicitudinem suam ostendat in ministerio Evangelii, quasi magister gentium, et sacrificium eorum possit acceptum fieri sanctificationis causa in Spiritu sancto. Quidquid enim fide integra, et mente sobria offertur, a Spiritu sancto purificatur. Ambrosiaster, In Epistolam ad Romanos, Caput XV Source: Migne PL 17.175a-b

Now may the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace in believing, so that you may abound in hope and in the power of the Holy Spirit. And I am certain, brethren, that you also are full of love and filled with all knowledge, so that you are able to admonish one another. 1 This is the manner of this exhortation, to provoke them through praise to a better understanding and life. For he who considers himself praised, gives thought to his works, that what is said might be true. Therefore he does not say, 'that you teach one another,' but that you admonish, when it is known that something is lacking in the soul. The other things here are not so obscure that they need explaining. But I have written to you, brethren, more boldly in a way, as it were putting you in mind, because of the grace that has been given to me from God, that I am a servant of Christ Jesus among the Gentiles, sanctifying the gospel of God, that the oblation of the Gentiles may be made acceptable and sanctified in the Holy Spirit. 2 He does not mean he has written recklessly, for he says he has been given grace from God so he might venture to write to all the peoples, admonishing them and confirming them in their intentions in Christ, which care for them shows in his service of the Gospel, as a teacher of the nations, even that he is able to make their cause of sanctification acceptable in the Holy Spirit, for whatever is offered with pure faith and a sober mind is purified by the Holy Spirit Ambrosiaster, Commentary On The Letter of Saint Paul To The Romans, Chapter 15 1 Rom 15.13-14 2 Rom 15.15-16

Arrows And Paul

Sagittae tuae acutae, potentissimae... Verba cor transfigentia, amorem excitantia. Unde dicitur in Canticis canticorum: Quia vulnerata caritate ego sum. Dicit enim vulneratam se esse caritate, id est, amare se dicit, aestuare se dicit, suspirare sponso, unde accepit sagittam verbi. Sagittae tuae acutae, potentissimae: et transfigentes, et efficientes: acutae, potentissimae. Populi sub te cadent. Qui ceciderunt? Qui percussi sunt, et ceciderunt. Populos videmus subditos Christo, cadentes non videmus. Exponit ubi cadunt: in corde. Ibi se erigebant adversus Christum, ibi cadunt ante Christum. Blasphemabat Saulus Christum, erectus erat: supplicat Christo, cecidit, prostratus est: occisus est inimicus Christi, ut vivat discipulus Christi. De coelo emissa sagitta, corde percussus est Saulus, nondum Paulus, adhuc Saulus, adhuc erectus, nondum prostratus: accepit sagittam, cecidit in corde. Non enim quod prostratus est in facie, ibi cecidit, sed ubi ait: Domine, quid me iubes facere? Modo ibas ad Christianos alligandos et perducendos ad poenam; et modo dicis Christo: Quid me iubes facere? O sagittam acutam, potentissimam, qua accepta cecidit Saulus ut esset Paulus! Ut ille, ita et populi. Sanctus Augustinus Hipponensi, Enarrationes In Psalmos, Psalm XLIV Source: Migne PL 38.503

Your arrows are sharp and most powerful...1 These are words that pierce the heart, exciting love. Hence it is said in the Song of Songs, 'Because I am wounded with love.' 2 For she says of herself that she is wounded with love, that is, she speaks of her loving, and of being inflamed with sighing for the Bridegroom, from whom she received the arrow of the Word. 'Your arrows are sharp and most powerful.' They are piercing and effective, sharp and most powerful. 'The peoples shall fall under you.' Who have fallen? They who were wounded have also fallen. We see the nations subdued to Christ, but we do not see them fall. He explains where they fall, that is, in the heart. It was there they lifted themselves up against Christ, it is there that they fall down before Christ. Saul blasphemed Christ, then he was lifted up. He prays to Christ, he falls, he is prostrate. The enemy of Christ is slain so that the disciple of Christ may live. By an arrow launched from heaven Saul was stuck in the heart, he who was not yet Paul, but still Saul. When he was still lifted up and still not yet prostrate, he is wounded in the heart. He received the arrow, he fell in his heart. For though he fell prostrate on his face, it was not there that he fell down in his heart, but it was where he said aloud, 'Lord, what do you command me do?' 3 You were just about to bind Christians and lead them off to punishment, and now you say to Christ, 'What do you command me to do?' O sharp and most powerful arrow by whose stroke Saul fell so they he might become Paul. As with him, so with the peoples.  Saint Augustine of Hippo, Expositions On The Psalms, Psalm 44 1 Ps 44.6 2 Song 2.5, 5.8 3 Acts 9.6

Living And Dying

Διωκόμενοι ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐγκαταλειπόμενοι, καταβαλλόμενοι ἀλλ' οὐκ ἀπολλύμενοι, πάντοτε τὴν νέκρωσιν τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματι περιφέροντες, ἵνα καὶ ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἐν τῷ σώματι ἡμῶν φανερωθῇ. Ἀεὶ γὰρ ἡμεῖς οἱ ζῶντες εἰς θάνατον παραδιδόμεθα διὰ Ἰησοῦν... Δείκνυσι δὲ διὰ τούτων καὶ αὐτοὺς ἀσμένως ὑπομένειν ἐθέλοντας τὸν τῆς σαρκὸς θάνατον, διὰ τὴν εἰς Χριστὸν εὐσέβειαν . Σκοπὸς γὰρ αὐτοῖς οὐκ εἰς τὰ παρόντα βλέπειν, προαθρεῖν δὲ μᾶλλον τὰ ἐσόμενα . Τίς δὲ ἡ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ζωή; Ἡ ἀφθαρσία καὶ ἁγιασμὸς , δόξα τε μεγάλη καὶ ὑπερκόσμιος. Οὕτως γὰρ ἡμῖν ὀφθήσεται κατὰ καιρούς, ὅταν ἡμῖν ἄνωθεν καὶ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ καταβαίνῃ κριτής· μετασχηματίσει δὲ καὶ τὸ σῶμα τῆς ταπεινώσεως ἡμῶν σύμμορφον τῷ σώματι τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ , κατὰ τὴν ἐνέργειαν τοῦ δύνασθαι αὐτὸν καὶ ὑποτάξαι αὐτῷ τὰ πάντα. Ὥστε ὁ μὲν θάνατος ἐν ἡμῖν ἐνεργεῖται, ἡ δὲ ζωὴ ἐν ὑμῖν. Μεμίμηνται γὰρ τὸν ἑαυτῶν Δεσπότην οἱ τῆς ὑφ᾽ ἡλίῳ μυσταγωγοί· τεθείκασι καὶ αὐτοὶ τὰς ἑαυτῶν ψυχὰς , ἵνα ἡμεῖς οἱ ποτὲ πλα- νώμενοι , τὴν ἐκ πίστεως τῆς εἰς Χριστὸν ἀποκερδαίνωμεν ζωήν. Τοιγάρτοι φασὶ διὰ τῆς τοῦ Ψάλλοντος φωνής ὡς πρὸς τὸν Κύριον ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦν τὸν Χριστὸν ὅτι , Ἕνεκεν σοῦ θανατούμεθα ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν, ἐλογίσθημεν ὡς πρόβατα σφαγῆς. Ἅγιος Κύριλλος Ἀλεξανδρείας, Εἰς Τὴν Δευτέραν Ἐπιστολήν Παύλου Πρὸς Κορινθίους, Ἐκλογαι Source: Migne PG 74.937b-c

We suffer persecution, but are not forsaken. We are cast down, but we do not perish. We always carry about in our body the mortification of Jesus, that the life also of Jesus may be made manifest in our bodies. For while we live we are always being given over to death on account of Jesus... 1 With these words he refers to those who gladly suffer the death of the flesh for the religion of Christ. For it is not present things they look to but the things of the future. What is life in Jesus? Certainly it is incorruptible and sanctified, and possessed of great glory far above this world. And so He will appear to us when the time comes, when the judge descends from heaven to us, and 'He shall conform this body of our humility to His glorious body, with that power which is able to subject everything to itself.' 2 'As death works in us, so does life in you.' 3 For those who have imitated their Lord are the spiritual teachers of the world, even those who have placed down their own souls so that we who were once wandering might be enriched in faith by life in Christ. And they say with the voice of the Psalmist to our Lord Jesus Christ, 'On account of you we die every day, and we are reputed as sheep for the slaughter.' 4 Saint Cyril of Alexandria, Commentary on the Second Letter to the Corinthians, Fragment 1 2 Cor 4.11 2 Phil 3.21 3 2 Cor 4.12 4 Ps 43.22, Rom 8.36

Different Visions

Ἑγένετο δὲ ἐπ' αὐτον ἔκστασις , καὶ θεωρεῖ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀνεωγμένον... Οἱ γυναικῶν παραπαιουσῶν ἑλόμενοι εἶναι μαθηταὶ, οὗτοι δὲ εἰσιν οἱ ἀπὸ τῆς Φρυγίας, φασὶ τοὺς προφήτας, κατεχομένους ὑπὸ τοῦ ἁγίου Πνεύματος, μὴ παρακολουθεῖν ἑαυτοῖς παραφερομένοις κατὰ τὸν τῆς προφητείας καιρόν. Δοκοῦσι δὲ ἀπόδειξιν ἔχειν ταύτης τῆς κακοδοξίας, καὶ ἐκ τῆς προκειμένης γραφῆς, λεγούσης ἐξεστακέναι τὸν Πέτρον. Ἀλλ᾽ ἴστωσαν οἱ ἡλίθιοι, οἱ ἀληθῶς παραπαίοντες, ὡς πολλὰ σημαίνει ἡ λέξις αὕτη. Δηλοῖ γὰρ καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ θαυμασμῷ ἔκπληξιν, καὶ τὸ ἔξω τῶν αἰσθητῶν γενέσθαι , ποδηγούμενον ἐπὶ τὰ πνευματικά, καὶ τὸ παρακόπτειν, ὅπερ οὐ λεκτέον οὔτε ἐπὶ Πέτρου, οὔτε ἐπὶ προφητῶν, ἀλλὰ τὰ ἄλλα ἐκ τῆς λέξεως σημαινόμενα. Ἀμέλει γοῦν ὁ ἐκστὰς Πέτρος παρηκολούθει, ὡς ἀπαγγέλλων, ἃ εἶδε καὶ ἤκουσε , καὶ τίνος σύμβολατὰ δειχθέντα ἦν. Ταῦτα καὶ περὶ τῶν προφητῶν πάντων ἐρεῖς παρακολουθούντων , οἷς ἔλεγον τὰ θεωρούμενα. Σοφοὶ γὰρ ἦσαν νοοῦντες ἀπὸ τοῦ ἰδίου στόματος, ἃ προέφερον, τοῦ Κυρίου μετὰ τὴν ἀνάστασιν φανερῶς ἐντειλαμένου μαθητεῦσαι πάντα τὰ ἔθνη. Ἢ πῶς οἱ ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις ἀπόστολοι ἀκούσαντες τὰ κατὰ τὸν Κορνήλιον, διεκρίνοντο πρὸς τὸν Πέτρον; Πάνυ μὲν οὖν ἐδεῖτο τῆς περὶ τῶν ἐθνῶν θείας ἀποκαλύψεως ὁ τῶν ἀποστόλων ἔξαρχος, Πέτρος, ὁ παν άγιος. Δίδυμος Αλεξανδρεύς, Ἐις Τάς Πράξεις Τῶν Ἀποστόλων, Ἐκλογή Source: Migne PG 39.1677a-c

And an ecstasy came on Peter, and he saw the heavens opened... 1 Those who delight to be disciples of maddened women, who are of the Phrygian sect, 2 say their prophetesses are carried off by the Holy Spirit when they are struck by the prophetic impulse and they do not understand what the say at the time, and in this passage in Scripture they think to find a demonstration of their error, for it says that Peter was struck by an ecstasy of the mind. But let it be known by these fools, who are truly despicable, that these words do not mean that, for what they do signify is an awe arising from wonder, and from being lifted up from sensible things to spiritual things. It is not fitting to say of Peter or the prophets that this is some sort of delirium, but rather this passage signifies something quite different. Certainly Peter, caught up in ecstasy, followed everything and took in all that he saw and heard, and knew what was taught there, which things were given to him to see. And you might say the same of all the things of the prophets, that is, because of which they were able to tell others what they saw. For they were wise, knowing what they said with their mouths, which the Lord after His resurrection was able to teach correctly, so that all the nations would be imbued with His teaching. Besides how would the other Apostles who were in Jerusalem, hearing what had happened with Cornelius, have been able to question Peter? This was the type of revelation concerning the Gentiles Peter had, the leader of the Apostles, a most holy man. Didymus the Blind, Commentary on The Acts of the Apostles, Fragment 1 Acts 10.10-11 2 Montanists

Seeking The Kingdom

Nam cum dicat: Quaerite regnum Dei: et hac omnia adjicientur vobis. nec ad praesens, nec in reliquum fidelibus ostendit gratiam defuturam: si modo qui divina desiderant, terrena non quaerent, Indecorum quippe est homines curare de cibo, qui militant de regno. Novit rex quemadmodum familiam suam pascat, alat, vestiat; et ideo dixit: Jacta in Deum cogitatum tuum, et ipse te enutriet. Sanctus Ambrosius Mediolanensis, Expositio Evangelii Secundum Lucam, Liber VII Source: Migne PL 15.1733a

When He says: 'Seek the kingdom of God, and all these things shall be added to you,' 1 He shows that grace shall not fail the faithful in the present, nor in the time to come, but that shall only be for those who desire Divine things, and do not seek after worldly things. Certainly it is wretched for men who battle for the kingdom to fret over food. The king knows how to supply and feed and clothe his own, and therefore it has been said, 'Cast all your care on God, and He shall support you.' 2 Saint Ambrose, Commentary On The Gospel of Saint Luke, Book 7 1 Lk 12.31 2 Ps 54.23