Service And Wealth

Εἰ τῷ Χριστοῦ διακονεῖς θυσιαστηρίω, μετὰ τῶν αὐτοῦ νόμων μετέρχῃ την λειτουργίαν σου, πρᾶος καὶ ταπεινὸς τῇ καρδίᾳ φαινόμενος. Οὐ γὰρ πολιτικήν τινα χειρίζεις ἡγεμονίαν, τύφῳ καὶ κόμπῳ φλεγμαίνουσαν· ἀλλὰ διακονίαν εἰρηνικὴν καὶ ἀτάραχον. Εἰ δὲ πλοῦτος ἄδικος συναχθεὶς ὑπεραίρει σε, αὐτὸς μὲν θᾶττον ἐξεμεθήσεται, ρευστὴν ἔχων τὴν φύσιν καὶ ἄστατον· σὺ δὲ πολὺν ὀφλήσεις τὸν γέλωτα, τοῖς παρατρέχουσιν ὡς ἑστῶσι προσθέμενος Ἅγιος Ἰσίδωρος Του Πηλουσιώτου, Βιβλίον Πρῶτον, Ἐπιστολὴ ΡΝΖ' Πανσοφιῳ Ἀρχιδιακονῳ Source: Migne PG 78.288c

If you serve at the altar of Christ, you should attend to the laws of its service, and exhibit meekness and humility in your heart. You are not some grasping worldly ruler bloated with conceit and pomp and, but yours should be a peaceful and untroubled service. But if you have wickedly gathered wealth to exalt yourself, you should quickly vomit it forth as something naturally slippery and unstable, lest you become a laughing stock who has seized on passing things as something stable. Saint Isidore of Pelusium, Book 1, Letter 157, To Pansophios the Archdeacon 1 1 Pet 2.2

Curing An Avaricious Man

Εἰ καὶ ἑάλως τῷ τῆς φιλαργυρίας ἰῷ, ὅσπερ καὶ παντός ἐστι ῥίζα κακοῦ, καὶ πρὸς εἰδωλολατρίαν ἐκβακχεύει σε, πᾶσαν πρὸς ἑαυτὸν μεταστήσας τὴν αἴσθησιν, ἀλλ' ἀπόκριναι αὐτῷ τὴν θεοδίδακτον φωνὴν, Κύριον τὸν Θεόν μου προσκυνήσω, καὶ αὐτῷ μόνῳ λατρεύσω. Καὶ ὁ μὲν οιχήσεται, σὺ δὲ ἀνανήψεις πρὸς τὴν αὐτάρκειαν. Ἅγιος Ἰσίδωρος Του Πηλουσιώτου, Βιβλίον Πρῶτον, Ἐπιστολὴ ΥΛΔ', Κρισπῳ Source: Migne 78.421b

If you have been struck by the dart of the love of money, which is the root of all evil, 1 and it has driven you to a frenzy, possessing all your senses, answer it with the God taught speech, 'I serve the Lord my God and Him alone I revere,' 2 and it will depart, and you will return to yourself and be content with what is sufficient. Saint Isidore of Pelusium, Book 1, Letter 434, To Crispus 1 1 Tim 6.10 2 Mt 6.24, Deut 6.13

Wanting More

Quaestiones II. Item quaeritur de hoc quod dicit, quod nihil deest animae suae ex omnibus, quae desiderat. Contra: Supra quinto: Avarus non implebitur pecunia; et rursus Hieronymus: Avaro deest tam quod habet, quam quod non habet: male ergo dicit, cum ait: Et nihil deest. Respondeo: dicendum, quod deesse aliquid, hoc potest esse dupliciter: vel quantum ad sufficientiam secundum rem et naturam, vel secundum opinionem. Dico ergo, quod bene potest esse avarus ita dives, quod nihil desit ei secundum rem et naturam; sed tamen nunquam ita dives, quin aliquid ei desit secundum suam aestimationem, quia semper plus cupit habere; et ita sibi deest. Sanctus Bonaventura, Commentarius In Ecclesiasten, Caput VI Source: Here, p 51

Questions 2. The same must be asked of this which he says 'his soul wants nothing of all that it desires.' 1 For above in the fifth chapter he says that the avaricious man shall not be filled with wealth, 2 and again Jerome says, 'Lack comes to the avaricious man more by what he has than by what he does not have.' 3 Therefore it is wrongly spoken here when it is said that he wants nothing. I reply that it must be said that the lack of something may be twofold, either as much as it pertains to sufficiency for the thing and nature, or according to opinion. I say, therefore, that it is indeed possible that an avaricious, and so rich man, lacks nothing according to the thing and nature, and yet there is never a rich man but he lacks something according to judgement, because he always has a desire for something more, and so in his own mind he lacks. Saint Bonaventura, Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Chapter 6 1 Eccles 6.2 2 Eccles 5.9 3 Jerome Com Eccl PL 23.1055b

Invitations And Refusals

Ἤρξαντο ἀπὸ μιᾶς παραιτεῖσθαι πάντες... Ἐπὶ τὸ λογικὸν συμπόσιον οὐκ ἀπήντησαν, φιλήδονοι μᾶλλον ὄντες ἢ φιλόθεοι, καὶ τῆς ὕλης ἢ τοῦ Θεοῦ· φιληδονίας μὲν γὰρ δεῖγμα γυνή· ἀγρὸς δὲ καὶ ζεύγη τῆς φιλοχρημοσύνης. Πολλοὺς μὲν οὖν κεκλῆσθαί φησι ἐπὶ τὸ μέγα δεῖπνον καὶ τὸ καθ' ὅλης τῆς οἰκουμένης λογικὸν συμπόσιον τῶν ἱερῶν καὶ θείων Γραφῶν, μὴ μὴν τοὺς πάντας τῆς χάριτος ἐπιτυγχάνειν· ἀποστερεῖσθαι γὰρ αὐτῆς τῶν κεκλημένων τοὺς περὶ ἕτερα ἠσχολημένους. Περισπᾷν γὰρ καὶ ἀφέλκειν τῆς κλήσεως τὰς τοῦ βίου φροντίδας διδάσκει· ταύτας δ' εἶναι διαφόρους ἢ γὰρ περὶ τὰ κτήματα καὶ ἀγροὺς ἀσχολούμενοι, ταῦτα τῆς κλήσεως προτετιμήκασιν, ὡς παραιτήσασθαι τολμῆσαι διὰ ταῦτα τὴν κλῆσιν· ἢ περὶ τὰς τοῦ βίου πραγματείας κατατριβόμενοι· ἢ δεσμῷ γάμων καὶ παίδων ἐμπεπλεγμένοι· ἤ τισιν ἄλλοις τοιούτοις φροντίσμασιν ἠσχολημένοι. Ταῦτα γὰρ καὶ τοιαῦτα ἐπάγειν καὶ περιέλκειν εἴωθε τοὺς διὰ ταῦτα τὴν χάριν παραιτεῖσθαι τολμῶντας, καὶ τὸν κλήτορα, καὶ τὸ τῆς καινῆς διαθήκης συμπόσιον, καὶ τὴν λογικὴν τροφήν· ὧν ἁπάντων ἐστέρησαν ἑαυτοὺς, κατὰ μὲν τὴν ἀποδοθεῖσαν ἑρμηνείαν, οἱ προτιμήσαντες τῆς οὐρανίου κλήσεως τὰ ἡδέα τοῦ παρόντος βίου, πλοῦτον δηλαδὴ καὶ πραγματείας καὶ γάμον, καὶ διὰ ταῦτα τὴν χάριν παραιτησάμενοι· κατὰ δ' ἑτέραν ἐκδοχὴν οἱ πρῶτοι τῆς κλήσεως ἠξιωμένοι, οὗτοι δ' ἦσαν οἱ ἐκ περιτομῆς, οἳ δὴ προφάσει τῆς περὶ τὸ κρεῖττον ἀσχολίας τὴν κλῆσιν ὕβρισαν. Ὡς γὰρ ἔχοντες ἀγροὺς τὰ παρ' αὐτοῖς ἀμφιλαφῆ ἀναγνώσματα, καὶ ὡς βόας ἀροτῆρας κεκτημένοι τοὺς παρ' αὐτοῖς προφήτας, καὶ ὡς ἂν σοφίᾳ τινὶ οἷα δὴ γυναικὶ συμβιοῦντες, τὴν εὐαγγελικὴν ἐξευτέλισαν χάριν. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἦσαν οὕτω παχεῖς τὴν καρδίαν, ἐξυφαίνει παραβολὴν ἀποχρώντως ἔχουσαν εἰς παράδειξιν τῆς ἐπ' αὐτοῖς ἐσομένης οἰκονομίας· πρὸς γὰρ τὸ μακάριος ἔσῃ ἀποβλέπων, καὶ πρὸς τὸ ἀνταποδοθήσεταί σοι ἐν τῇ ἀναστάσει τῶν δικαίων, ὁ συνανακείμενος μακαρίζει τὸν μέλλοντα καταξιοῦσθαι τοῦ ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ ἄρτου. Οὗτος δὲ ἦν ὁ κατ' ἀνταπόδοσιν τῆς εἰς τοὺς πτωχοὺς φιλανθρωπίας, ἐν τῇ ἀναστάσει τῶν δικαίων ἀποδοθησόμενος τῷ μακαριζομένῳ, τῆς ἀναστάσεως καὶ τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ βασιλείας μιᾶς καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς νοουμένης. Πρὸς οὖν τὸν εἰρηκότα, Μακάριος ὅστις φάγεται ἄρτον ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τοῦ Θεοῦ, τίς ἂν γένοιτο οὗτος ὁ μακάριος, διὰ τῆς παραβολῆς ὁ Σωτὴρ παρίστησιν. Εὐσέβιος ὁ Καισάρειος, Τὸ Κατὰ Λουκαν Ἐπαγγελιον, Ἐκλογή Source: Migne PG 24.577a-d

And all alike they began to excuse themselves...1 They did not come to the rational feast, because they were lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God. For the wife is a figure for the love of pleasure and the field and the cattle of avarice. Thus He says that many are called to the great feast which is the rational feast of the Divine Scriptures throughout the whole world, but not all are touched by grace, for they turn away from it when they are called and concern themselves with other things. Indeed He teaches that care for the things of the world draws off and drags one away from the calling, and these things are various, for busied with possessions and fields, these things are preferred to the invitation, and so they dare excuse themselves from being called. Or they are worn out by the affairs of life, or wrapped up in the chains of marriage and children, or bound by other similar cares. These things and things like them are accustomed to lead off and drag away and make them venture to turn down grace, and so the invitation, and the feast of the New Testament and the food of reason. All of which they lose, who according to this understanding, prefer the delights of this present life to the Divine calling, certainly wealth and business and marriage, the cause being the rejection of grace. But according to another interpretation those worthy to be the first ones to be invited, that is the people of the circumcison, were those who about their affairs scorned the call to a better seat. For having as fields the wealth of their Scriptures, and as oxen at the plough the prophets, and living with their wisdom as a wife, they scorn the grace of the Gospel. And since they were so dull of heart, they contrive to have this parable as pointing to the future arrangement of rational things. For with those words previously said, 'You shall be blessed,' and 'it shall be returned to you in the resurrection of the righteous,' 2 they see the feaster and name him blessed who shall be worthy to eat bread in the kingdom. But this was about the reward of those who love the poor, who in the resurrection of the righteous shall be given to be so blessed, for the resurrection is understood to be the kingdom of God. Therefore, to the one who had said, 'Blessed is he who eats bread in the kingdom of God,' who this blessed man may be, the Saviour suggests through the parable. 2 and the riches in God, which are a treasure of every good. Eusebius of Caesarea, Commentary On the Gospel of Saint Luke, Fragment 1 Lk 14.18 2 Lk 14.14

Wealth And Scripture

Ἀκούω σε ταῖς θείαις Βίβλοις ἐμμελετᾷν, καὶ ταῖς αὐτῶν κεχρῆσθαι μαρτυρίαις ἀρμοδίως πρὸς ἄπαντας, εἶναι δὲ πελονέκτην, καὶ τοῖς ἀλλοτρίοις ἐπιμαινόμενον βίοις. Καὶ πάνυ μοι θαυμάζειν ἐπέρχεται, ὅτι σε ὁ θεῖος ἔρως οὐκ ἕτρωσεν ἐκ τῆς συνεχοῦς ἀναγνώσεως, μεταβολὴν τῆς προθέσεως ἐργασάμενος, ὁ μὴ μόνον τῶν ἀλλοτρίων κωλύων ἐρᾷν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ προσόντα σκορπίζειν νουθετῶν. Ἥ τοίνυν ἀναγινώσκων ἐπίγνωθι, ἤ μὴ ἐπίγνώσκων ἀνάγνωθι. Ἅγιος Ἰσίδωρος Του Πηλουσιώτου, Βιβλίον Πρῶτον, Ἐπιστολὴ ΚΖ' Φαρισμανιῳ Εὐνουχῳ του Παλατιου Source: Migne PG 78.200b

I hear that you are well exercised in the Divine Scriptures and would put their testimonies to use fitly in all things, and yet you are avaricious and madly desire the goods of others. It amazes me that it has happened that by your extensive reading the Divine has not lovingly wounded you and effected a change in your wishes, not only prohibiting lust for what belongs to others, but even admonishing you to distribute what is yours. Either then understand what you read, or lacking understanding read. Saint Isidore of Pelusium, Book 1, Letter 27, To Pharismanius A Eunuch Of The Palace

Matthew And The Paralytic

Dum transiret inde, vidit hominem. Fratres, deterius sedebat in telonio publicanus iste, quam paralyticus, de que ante diximus, jacebat in lecto. Quia ille carnis patiebatur paralysim, iste mentis; in illo fuerat compago turbata membrorum, in isto totus ordo fuerat sensuum dissipatus; ille jacebat captus carne, sedebat corpore et animo iste captivus; ille doloribus succumbebat invitus, iste vitiis voluntarius serviebat; iste sibi innocens avaritiae videbatur in crimine, ille se cognoscebat inter vulnera peccatorem; iste lucrorum cumulabat peccata, ille dolorum gemitibus peccata delebat. Merito igitur paralytico dicitur. Confide, fili, dimittuntur tibi peccata tua, quia compensarat delicta doloribus; publicano autem dicitur: Veni, sequere me. Hoc est, ut sequendo me repares quod consequendo pecuniam perdidisti. Sanctus Petrus Chrysologus, Sermo XXX, De Matthaei Source: Migne PL 52.284c-285a

While going on from there, He saw a man...1 Brothers, this tax collector was sitting at his booth in a worse state than the paralytic about whom we spoke earlier, 2 who was lying in bed. The latter was suffering from paralysis of the flesh, but the former from a paralysis of the mind; in the latter the arrangement of bodily members had been disturbed, in the former the whole order of judgment had been cast down; the latter was laying a captive of the flesh, the former was sitting a captive in body and spirit; the latter had succumbed to his sufferings unwillingly, the former was a willing servant of his vices; the former seemed in his own mind innocent of the crime of avarice, the latter recognized amidst his wounds that he was a sinner; the former was heaping up sins from his profits, while the latter was eliminating them with groans of pain. Rightly, then, is it said to the paralytic: 'Have confidence, son, your sins are forgiven you,' because he had made up for his sins by suffering. However, it is said to the tax collector: 'Come, follow me,' that is, so that by following me you repair what you have ruined by the pursuit of money. Saint Peter Chrysologus, from Sermon 30, On Matthew 1 Mt 9.9 2 Mt 9.1-8

The Rich Man

Et quearebat Jesum videre. Qui Christum videre quaerit, coleum unde Christus est, non terram, de qua aurum est, intueatur. Dives ergo, qui sursum respicit, non portat divitias, sed proculcat; nec incurvatur divitiis, sed levatur; atque agit divitias ad largientis obsequium, non ad divitiarum avaritiae servitutem; divitiarum servus, non dominus est avarus: at misericors tot servos se probat habere quot nummos. Sanctus Petrus Chrysologus, Sermo LIV, De Zachaeo Source: Migne PL 52.349a

And He sought to see Jesus.1 He who seeks to see Christ looks to heaven from whence Christ came, not to earth from which gold comes. Therefore the rich man who looks up, does not bear his wealth but tramples on it, he is not bent down by riches but lifted up. He uses his riches in the service of Him who gave them, not in the servitude of avarice for more wealth. The avaricious man is the slave of riches, not their lord; the merciful man proves that he has as many servants as he has coins. Saint Peter Chrysologus, from Sermon 54, On Zechariah 1 Lk 19.3

Storing Wealth

Nolite thesaurizare vobis thesauros in terra, ubi aerugo et tinea domilitur, et ubi fures effodiunt et furantur. Sed thesaurizate vobis thesauros in caelo, ubi neque aerugo, neque tinea demolitur, et ubi fures non effodiunt, nec furantur. Quid tam paternum? Quid sic veniens de amore? Quod tam providum de charitate consilium? Nihil tibi perire vult, qui tua in thesauris coelestibus vult reponi. Quam securus dormit, qui Deum suorum meruit habere custodem. Quam nescit curas, quam deponit angores, quam non est anxius, quam servorum caret fastu, qui sua patri servanda committit. Quomodo paterna servat affectio, quod timor non potest sic servare servilis: pater cum dat sua filiiis, non minuit commendata filiorum. Quid sit pater, nescit; nescit se filium, qui non credit patri. Tineam non excludunt claustra, sed claudunt, et generant, non repellunt: rubiginem nutriunt servata, non vitant; quia quod de re nascitur, non vitatur. Ubi est necessitas, fures deesse non possunt. Qui ergo inter tineas, rubiginem, fures, sua ponit, exponit quae sua sunt, non reponit. Sicut de vestimento tinea, rubigo de metallo, de necessitate fures nascuntur: ita de divitiis avaritia, cupiditas de quaestu, de habendo habendi ardor acquiritur. Qui ergo vult avaritiam vincere, divitias proroget, non reponat. Praemittamus, fratres, thesauros nostros in coelum; sint vectores pauperes, qui possunt suni suo quae nostra sunt ad superna portare. Nemo de fraude dubitet bajulorum: tua est ista transvectio. Sanctus Petrus Chrysologus, Sermo VII, De Hypocrisi et Eleemosyna Source: Migne PL 52. 207b-208a

Do not heap up for yourselves treasure on earth, where rust and moth destroy and thieves break in and steal. But heap up for yourselves treasure in heaven, where neither rust nor moth destroy and where thieves do not break in and steal.1 Why so paternal? Why so loving? Why such provident counsel born of care? He who wishes that nothing of yours should perish, wishes that you place your goods in the celestial treasure house. How secure it will be then, when it merits that God watch over it. How free from care he will be who rids himself of anxiety, who is not worried, who is spared the disloyalty of guards, who has committed protection to his Father. How much paternal affection protects that which servile fear is not able to guard. When the Father gives what is his to his sons, he does not lessen the worth of what sons have entrusted. He does not know what the Father is, he does not know that he is a son, who does not trust the Father. Locked doors do not exclude moths, but they shut them up and nurture them, they do not repel them. Things preserved generate rust, they do not ward if off, because what is born from these things is what they do not repel. Where there is need, there is no lack of thieves. Therefore he who places himself among moths and rust and thieves, he exposes what is his, he does not store it away. As moths from clothing, as rust from metal, from need thieves are born, thus it is with avarice from wealth, desire from profit; from possessions the passion of possession is acquired. Therefore he who wishes to conquer avarice, let him keep himself from riches, not heap them up. Brothers, let us send our treasure chests ahead of us to heaven. The poor are the transports who in their lap can carry what is ours to the heavens. Let no one have any hesitations about the qualifications of these porters. Safe this is, safe this transportation by which our goods are carried to God, with God as guarantor. Saint Peter Chrysologus, from Sermon 7, On Hypocrisy And Alms 1 Mt 6.19-20

Wealth And Contentment

Nihil enim intulimus in mundum, verum quia nec auferre possumus quidquam; habentes autem alimentum, et quibus tegamur, his contenti simus. Frustra mortales homines copiae studere, et locupletes fieri velle aperta voce declarat, cum sciant nihil se proprium habere in mundo. Cui rei proficit humana cupiditas, nisi quia ipsa sibi inimica exsistit? Nihil enim intulit mundo, nihil auferre poterit. Quid sibi incutit sollicitudinem, et quaerit congregare? Talis hinc exiet, qualis venit. Quod etiam scribit Job, et in sua passione fatetur, dicens: Nudus exivi de utero matris meae, nudus revertar in terram...sit nomen Domini benedictum. Quod si avari non retinerent in perniciem suam, pauci conderent quod pluribus posset proficere cum eorum ipsorum emolumento. Ambrosiaster, Commentaria in Epistolam ad Timotheum Primam, Caput VI Source: Migne PL 17.482a-b

'Nothing we brought into the world, and nothing are we able to take from it; having, then, food and with what we are covered, with these things we shall be content.' 1 Vainly mortal men desire wealth, and openly declare their wish to be rich, when they should know that they have nothing of their own in the world. To whom is human cupidity a benefit, but to him who is the enemy? Nothing indeed a man brings into the world, nothing he is able to take out of it. Why does he trouble himself with care for it and seek to gather it? As he came in, so he goes out. So indeed Job writes in the confession of his suffering, saying: 'Naked I came from the womb of my mother, naked I return to the earth ... may the name of the Lord be blessed.' 2 If by avarice they did not wallow in their wickedness, a little would establish them, so that with the same riches they would be a benefit to many. Ambrosiaster, Commentary On The First Letter of Saint Paul To Timothy, Chapter 6 1 1 Tim 6.7-8 2 Job 1.21

War And The Devil

Κοινὸς μὲν ἀπάντων ὁ ἐχθρὸς, πολέμους δὲ ἔχει γενικοὺς πρὸς τοὺς ταῖς ἡδοναῖς αὐτοῦ μὴ λατρεύοντας, καὶ τῇ ῥίζῄ τῶν κακῶν φιλαργυρίᾳ αὐτῷ μὴ προσκυνοῦντας. Ὥς εἶς ὑπάρχων καὶ πρόβολος, ἔχου τῆς πανοπλίας τοῦ πνεύματος. Ἅγιος Ἰσίδωρος Του Πηλουσιώτου, Βιβλίον Πρῶτον, Ἐπιστολή ΣΞΔ' Ὠριωνι Source: Migne PG 78.340d

The common enemy of all presses a general war against those who will not worship his pleasures and adore him with that root of every evil, avarice. 1 Thus as one of them, and a defender, take up the armour of the spirit. Saint Isidore of Pelusium, Book 1, Letter 264, To Orion 1 1 Tim 6.10

Hope And Forgiveness

Promittitur diluvium numquam ejusmodi futurum esse, ut terram omnem corrumpat;   Sensus autem hoc altior habet, quod jam providentia futura sit Domini, ne tantum sit diluvium corporalium passionum, ut anima omnis intereat. Et quidem non audeo dicere quia videtur Dominus statuere, quod nullius anima possit penitus interire. Quid enim de parricida dicimus? Quid etiam de homicida? Quid de adultero? Quid de praevaricatore? Quas ei partes animae ad veniam reservamus? Unde magis illud arbitror quod provocet Dominus Deus, ut etiam si quis leviores alias habeat passiones, non penitus divinam desperet gratiam, nec omnimodis victurum se esse diffidat. Sed etiam si est luxuriosus, nec potest studium vitare luxuriae, ab adulterio tamen studeat temperare; sit epulandi delectatio, non stuprandi sit. Etiam si nescio quis avarus qui aliena diripuit, ejecit pupillos, eliminavit viduas, vel postea tamen in poenitentiam regressus restituat quod abstulit. Denique Zachaeus ideo veniam meruit, quia non solum restituturum se, sed quadruplum promisit quibus aliqua sustulisset, pauperibus quoque medietatem sui patrimonii donaturum. Sanctus Ambrosius Mediolanensis, De Noe Et Arca, Caput XXVII Source: Migne PL 14 407

And He promised they would never be a flood in the future that would destroy the earth... 1 This has a higher meaning, concerning the providence of the Lord in the future, that there would not be such a deluge of corporeal passions that the whole soul would perish. And certainly I do not dare to say that it appears that the Lord has determined that no soul shall be able to be utterly destroyed. For what shall we say about the parricide? The murderer? The adulterer? What of the inveterate sinner? What part of his soul shall we reserve for forgiveness? Whence better I judge it that the Lord said that even if someone have the lighter passions then he should not utterly despair of Divine grace, not being utterly hopeless as if he has been utterly conquered. But even if he is a man of luxury, and cannot avoid the passion for luxury, from adultery however let him desire to exercise restraint, that there may be delight in feasts but not lasciviousness. Even if I do not know how the avaricious man who seizes the goods of others, casts out orphans, ruins widows, and yet later coming to penance restores what he has taken, yet so it was that Zacchaeus eventually merited forgiveness, because not only was he to make restoration, but he promised that he give to to those from whom he had taken fourfold return, and that he would give to the poor from his own patrimony. 2 Saint Ambrose, from Noah And The Ark, Chap 27 1 Gen 9.11 2. Lk 19.1-10

Vanity, Utility And Avarice

In eo autem quod ita se habet, Inclina cor meum in justificationes tuas, et non in utilitatem; quidam transtulerunt, Inclina cor meum in testimonia tua et non in avaritiam. Id quod in hebraeis codicibus continetur, ambigua in definitione utrique intelligentiae opportunum est. Sed nos, sicut oportet, sequimur Septuaginta interpretum religiosam et antiquam auctoritatam, ex judicio tamen caeterorum translatorum proprietatem intelligentia cujusque desiderio coaptantes. Cum enim hi dixerint, in utilitatem illi dixerint, in avaritiam, per idipsum quomodo utilitas hoc nunc sit subjecta noscetur. Nam saeculi homines pecuniam, argentum, aurum, et caetera opum instrumenta utilitatem vocant. Ergo cum in Dei testimonia inclinari cor suum, et non in utilitatem propheta orat, inclinatum in Dei testimonia cor ab his sine dubio refert, quae humano judicio existimantur utilia. Et quidem intelligentiae nostrae sensum versus qui consequitur confirmat. Ait enim Averte oculos mei, ne videant vanitatem, et in via tua vivifica me; vanitatem eorum docens, quae ab hominibus existimantur utilia. Et quaerendum est quos oculos, et a qua vanitate oret averti. Orat autem et animi et corporis oculos, eos scilicet qui theatralibus ludis captivi incubant, eos qui Circensium certaminibus serviunt, eos qui vestium pretia mirantur, eos quos auri splendor et gemmarum varietas occupat. Nisi forte non magis equorum cursu astrorum cursus  est gratior; et obscoenis illis spectaculorum turpium fabulis, non amoenius divina illa humanae spei eloquia cantantur. Nisi forte huic terrenorum metallorum usui, non magis aeternitatis repositae divitiae, honor et gloria praeferetur: et blandior mihi erit auri species, quam hominis et terrae et lucis et coeli. Ab eorum igitur vanitatibus averti oculos et hos corporis sui, et illos animae deprecatur: de quibus obcaecatis beatus Apostolus docet, cum ait, In vanitate sensus eorum intenebrati, alienati a vita Dei. Et aversorum oculorum a vanitate quod praemium sit, non longe requirendum est. Sequitur enim, Et in via tua vivam. Declindani enim a vanitate sunt oculi, ut nobis in via Dei vita sit: non ea vita quae nunc est, sed ea quae in coelis reposita est, et in Christo absconsa. Ita enim in omni hoc psalmo locutus est, tamquam victurus sit, non modo vivat. Erigendi igitur oculi sunt, quibus Christi potius gloria, quam mundi hujus inania et vana cernantur. In via enim Dei, referentes oculos a vanitate, vivemus. Sanctus Hilarius Pictaviensis,Tractatus super Psalmos, Tractatus in Psalmum CXVIII Source: Migne PL 9 539-541

The line that reads 'Incline my heart to your justifications and not to utility', 1 has also been translated, 'Incline my heart to your testaments and not to avarice.' That which is found in the Hebrew texts is ambiguous in its sense and either understanding is possible. But we, as befits, follow the pious and ancient authority of the Septuagint rendition, yet the judgement of other translators it has also pleased us to join to our own understanding. For when they say, 'to utility' and the others, 'in avarice,' how this utility should be grasped we should consider. Now men of the world call money and silver and gold and other such things useful instruments for works, therefore when to the testimonies of God the Prophet prays for his heart to incline, the inclination of the heart to the testimonies of God away from these things which are judged useful according to human measure he without doubt refers. And certainly our understanding of this sense the verse which follows shall confirm. It says, 'Avert my eyes lest they see vanity and in your way enliven me,' there teaching their vanity which by men is judged to be useful. And it must be asked what eyes and from what vanity he prays to be averted. He prays for the eyes of the soul and the body, those which are falls into captivity by the amusements of the theatres, those which are enslaved amid the struggles of the games, those which marvel at precious vestments, those which are possessed by the splendour of gold and a diversity of jewels. Unless perhaps not more pleasing is the horse track and the circuit of the stars, and those obscene tales of wretched shows is more melodious than the Divine eloquence for human hope. Unless perhaps the honour and glory of the use of the metals of the earth is preferred to the store of Divine eternity, and sight of gold shall be more charming to me, than of man and earth and light and heaven. From the vanity of these things, therefore, he prays that the eyes of the body and of the soul be averted, concerning which blinding the Apostle teaches when he says, 'In vanity their sense has been benighted, alienated from the life of God,' 2 and what the reward is of the aversion of eye to vanity is not too far to seek. For the line follows, 'And in your way I shall live.' For with the eyes turning from vanity, so for us is life in the way of God, not that life which now is, but that which is kept in the heavens, and which is hidden in Christ. 3 So about all this the Psalm speaks, how it shall be conquered, that it no longer live. Therefore directing the eyes, let them perceive rather the glory of Christ than the inanity and vanities of this world. For in the way of God, turning the eyes from vanity, we may live. Saint Hilary of Poitiers, Homilies on the Psalms, from Psalm 118 1 Ps 118.36 2 Ephes 4.18 3 Colos 3.2-3

Pride And Avarice

Merito initium omnis peccati superbiam Scriptura definivit, dicens: Initium omnis peccati superbia. Cui testimonio non inconvenienter aptatur etiam illud quod Apostolus ait: Radix omnium malorum est avaritia; si avaritiam generalem intellegamus, qua quisque appetit aliquid amplius quam oportet, propter excellentiam suam, et quemdam propriae rei amorem: cui sapienter nomen latina lingua indidit, cum appellavit privatum, quod potius a detrimento quam ab incremento dictum elucet. Omnis enim privatio minuit. Unde itaque vult eminere superbia inde in angustias egestatemque contruditur, cum ex communi ad proprium damnoso sui amore redigitur. Specialis est autem avaritia, quae usitatius appellatur amor pecuniae. Cuius nomine Apostolus per speciem genus significans, universalem avaritiam volebat intellegi dicendo: Radix omnium malorum est avaritia. Hac enim et diabolus cecidit, qui utique non amavit pecuniam, sed propriam potestatem. Proinde perversus sui amor privat sancta societate turgidum spiritum, eumque coarctat miseria iam per iniquitatem satiari cupientem. Hinc alio loco cum dixisset: Erunt enim homines seipsos amantes; continuo subiecit, amatores pecuniae, ab illa generali avaritia cuius superbia caput est, ad hanc specialem descendens quae propria hominum est. Neque enim essent etiam homines amatores pecuniae, nisi eo se putarent excellentiores, quo ditiores. Cui morbo contraria caritas non quaerit quae sua sunt , id est non privata excellentia laetatur: merito ergo et non inflatur. Sanctus Augustinus Hipponensi, De Genesi Ad Litteram, Liber XI, Caput XV Source: Migne PL 34 436-7

Rightly Scripture defines the beginning of sin to be pride, saying, 'Pride is the beginning of every sin.' 1To which testimony is not inappropriate that which the Apostle says, 'Avarice is the root of all evil,' 2 if general avarice we understand as that by which someone desires more than he should, on account of his own superiority, and a certain love of his self, which wisely the Latin tongue indicates when it names it private, elucidating the loss or privation more than the benefit. For every privation diminishes. Whence, therefore, he who wishes to be eminent on account of pride is crushed into anguish and want when he is reduced with loss from common things to his own by love of self. A specific type of avarice is customarily named love of money. By this name the Apostle signifies the whole, wishing that every avarice be understood when he says, 'Avarice is the root of all evil.' For this cast down the devil, who did not love money but his own power, whence his perverse love of self deprived a bloated spirit of blessed society, and by the satisfaction of his wicked desire crushed him with misery. And in another place he has said, 'Men shall be lovers of themselves,' and continues below it, 'lovers of money,' 3 descending from that general avarice of which pride is the head to this specific one which belongs to men. For men would not be lovers of money unless they have thought themselves superior, by which they would be richer. To which sickness charity is opposed that does not seek what is its own, that is, it does not rejoice in private excellence, and thus rightly is not inflated. 4 Saint Augustine of Hippo, from On Genesis To The Letter, Book 11, Chap 15 1 Sirach 10.15 2 1 Tim 6.10 3 2 Tim 3.2 4 cf 1 Cor 13.4

The Fire Of Cupidity

Omne tamen peccatum per poenitentiam recipit vulneris sanitatem. Non potest quisquam spiritalia bella transire, nisi prius edomaverit ardorem cupiditatis. Non potest ad contemplandum Deum mens esse libera, quae cupiditatibus hujus mundi incumbit. Omni peccato pejor est avaritia, et amor pecuniarum. Unde et per Salomonem dicitur: Nihil est scelestius quam amare pecuniam; cupiditas omnium criminum materia est. Unde et Apostulus ait: Radix omnium malorum est cupiditas.  Si ergo succiditur radix criminum, non pullulant caeterae soboles peccatorum. Cupiditas enim Christum vendidit, vendidit vitam, comparavit mortem: nec mirum, quia morientes inferni ignibus deputantur, qui viventes flammam cupiditatis suae non exstinxereunt. Theodulfus Aurelianensis, Fragmentum Sermonis Source: Migne PL 105 278

Every sin through penance receives the remedy for its wounds. But no spiritual warfare can pass by unless first the fire of cupidity is quenched. The mind cannot be free to contemplate God in which rests the desire for the things of this world. No fault is worse than avarice and the love of money. Whence even Solomon says, 'Nothing is more criminal than the love of money; cupidity is the fuel of all evils.' 1 Whence even the Apostle says, 'The root of all evil is the love of money.' 2 Thus if the root of crime is severed, the shoots of the other sins shall not sprout forth. Love of money sold Christ, it sold life, it is like death, and no wonder that dying they should be placed in the fires of hell, who living did not extinguish the flame of cupidity. Theodulf of Orleans, Fragment from a Sermon 1 Sirach 10.10 2 1 Tim 6.10

Philanthropy And Wealth

Ὅταν μοι δείξῃς σπονδὰς κυνὸς καὶ ὑαίνης, τότε πεισθήσομαί σοι φιλάνθρωπον λέγοντι δύνασθαι εἶναι τὸν ἀπλήστως πλουτοῠντα. Ἅγιος Νειλος, Βιβλιον Πρῶτον, Ἐπιστολὴ ΣϟΗ' Ευηθιῳ Τριβουνῳ Source: Migne PG 79 192

When you show me there can be alliance between dogs and hyenas, then I shall be persuaded by you when you say that an insatiable lover of wealth can be a philanthropic man. Saint Nilus of Sinai, Book 1, Letter 297, To Euethius the Tribune

Avarice And Murder

Dona iniquorum reprobat Altissimus. Qui offert sacrificium ex substantiam pauperum, quasi qui victimat filium in conspectu patris sui. Divitiae, inquit, quas congregabit injustus, evometur de ventre ejus; trahit illum angelus mortis: ira draconum multabitur: interficiet illum lingua colubri. Comedet autem eum ignis inexstinguibilis. Ideoque vae qui replent se quae non sunt sua. Vel, quid prodest homini, ut totum mundum lucretur, et animae suae detrimentum patiatur? Longum est per singula discutere vel insinuare, per totam legem carpere testimonia de tali cupiditate. Avaritia mortale crimen. Non concupisces rem proximi tui. Non occides. Homicidia non potest esse cum Christo. Qui odit fratrem suum, homicida ascribitur; vel, qui non diligit fratrem suum in morte manet. Quanto magis reus est qui manus suas coinqiunavit in sanguine filiorum Dei, quos nuper acquisivit in ultimis terrae, per exhortationem parvitatis nostrae? Sanctus Patricius Hibernorum Apostolus, Epistola Ad Coroticum Source: Migne PL 53.815c-816a

'The Most High rejects the gifts of the iniquitous. He who offers a sacrifice taken from the belongings of the poor is like one who sacrifices a son in the sight of his father.' 1 'Riches,' it says, 'which the unrighteous man gathers, will be vomited out of his stomach. The angel of death will drag him away, the rage of dragons will be his punishment; the tongue of the serpent will kill him.' 2 Indeed the unquenchable fire will consume him. And so woe to those who fill themselves with what is not theirs. And likewise: 'What does it profit a man to gain the whole world and yet lose his soul?' 3 Long it would be to discuss or refer to the testimonies throughout the whole law that speak out against such greed. Avarice is a deadly crime. 'Do not covet your neighbour's goods. Do not kill.' 4 The murderer can not be with Christ. 'Whoever hates his brother is a murderer,' and likewise, 'Whoever does not love his brother remains in death.' 5 How much more guilty is he who has stained his hands with the blood of the children of God, those who He only recently acquired at the ends of the earth through the encouragement of our insignificance? Saint Patrick Apostle of the Irish, from The Letter to Coroticus 1 Sirach 34.23-24 2 Job 20. 15-16 3 Mt 16.26 4 Exod 20.17,13 5 1 Jn 3.14-15

Taking A Wife

Post longam igitur servitutem, quam Jacob apud socerum suum pro uxoribus, velut mercede, sustinuit, praecepit ei Dominus ut reverteretur in patriam suam. Tunc, ignorante socero, eum uxoribus et comitatu properavit. Laban autem consecutus est eum in montem Galad cum furore, atque idola quae Rachel furata erat apud eum requisivit, nec reperit. Quid igitur sibi hoc ipsum figuraliter velit, inspiciendum est. Dum Laban superius aliam gerat personam, nunc tamen diaboli typum figurat. Laban quippe interpretatur dealbatio. Dealbatio autem diabolus non inconvenienter accipitur, qui cum sit ex merito tenebrosus, transfigurat se in angelum lucis. Huic servivit Jacob, id est, ex parte reproborum Judaicus populus, ex cujus carne incarnatus Dominus venit. Potest etiam per Laban mundus hic experimi, qui cum furore Jacob persequitur, quia electos quosque, qui Redemptoris nostri membra sunt, persequendo opprimere conatur. Hujus filiam, id est, seu mundi, seu diaboli, Jacob abstulit, cum sibi Christus Ecclesiam ex gentilitate conjunxit, quam et de domo partis abstrahit, quia ei per prophetam dicit 'Obliviscere populum tuum, et domum patris tui' Quid vero in idolis, nisi avaritia designatur? Unde et per Paulum dicitur: Et avaritia, quae est idolorum servitus. Laban ergo veniens apud Jacob, idola non invenit, quia, ostensis mundi thesauris, diabolus in Redemptore nostro vestigia concupiscentiae terrenae non reperit. Sed quae Jacob non habuit, ea Rachel sedendo cooperuit. Per Rachel quippe, quae ovis dicitur, Ecclesia figuratur. Sedere autem est humilitatem poenitentiae appetere, sicut scriptum est: Surgite, postquam sederitis. Rachel ergo sedendo idola cooperuit, quia sancta Eccleisa Christum sequens, vitia terrenae concupiscentiae per humilitatem poenitetniae cooperuit. De hac coopertione vitiorum per Prophetam dicitur: Beati quorum remissa sunt iniquitates, et quorum tecta sunt peccata. Sanctus Isidorus Hispalensis, Quaestiones in Vetus Testamentum, Caput XXVI

Therefore after long service which Jacob undertook for his uncle for wives, as reward, the Lord commanded that he should return to his fatherland. Then, without the knowledge of his uncle, he hurried away with his wives and company. Laban however pursued him to mount Galaad in anger, and seeking the idols which Rachel hid, he did not find them. 1 What this means figuratively we must investigate. While Laban before bore another persona, now however he is a type of the devil. And the name of Laban is interpreted as whitewashing. And whitewashing is not inconveniently applied to the devil who though he is by his nature darkness may transform himself into an angel of light. Jacob served this one, that is, from a part of the reprobate Hebrew people the Lord came incarnate in the flesh. And by Laban the world is expressed, who with fury pursued Jacob, because those chosen, who are members of the Redeemer, he tried to suppress with persecution. His daughter, that is,a thing of the world, or of the devil, Jacob took away, as Christ joined himself to the Church drawn from the Gentiles, which he drew forth even from the house of her father, and concerning this it is said by the Prophet, 'Forget your people, and the house of your father.' 2 And what is signified by the idols but avarice? Whence by Paul it is said: 'And avarice which is the service of idols.' 3 Laban, then, coming to Jacob did not find the idols, because regarding the ostentatious wealth of the world, the devil does not in our Redeemer find trace of worldly desires. Yet that which Jacob did not have, Rachel sitting covered. And by Rachel, who is named sheep, the Church is signified. To sit is take to the humility of penance, as it is written, 'You rise after sitting.'  4 Rachel therefore sitting covers the idols, and the Church following Christ with the humility of penance covers the vices of worldly desires. Concerning which covering of faults the Prophet says, 'Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven, and whose sins are covered.' 5 Saint Isidore of Seville, Questions on the Old Testament, Chapter 26 1 Gen 29-31 2 Ps 44.11 3 Col 3.5 4 Ps 126.2 5 Ps 31.1

The Perils of Avarice

Πάνυ γὰρ ποικίλος μοι φαίνεται τῆς φιλαργυρίας ὁ δαίμων, καὶ πρὸς ἀπάτην εὐμήχανος, ὃς πολλάκις στενωθεὶς ὑπὸ τῆς ἄκρας ἀποταγῆς, τὸν οἰκονόμον εὐθὺς, καὶ φιλόπτωχον ὑποκρίνεται, καὶ τοὺς μηδέπω παρόντας ὑποδέχεται ξένους γνησιώτερον, καὶ ἄλλοις λειπομένοις ἀποστέλλει διακονίαν, καὶ δεσμωτήρια πόλεως ἐπισκέπτεται, καὶ τοὺς πιπασκομένους δῆθεν ἐξαγοράζει, γυναιξί τε κολλᾶται πλουσίαις, καὶ ἄλλους πάλιν ἀποτάξασθαι νουθετεῖ βαλάντιον ἀδρὸν κεκτημένους, καὶ οὕτως ἐξαπατήσας κατὰ μικρὸν τὴν ψυχὴν, τῆς φιλαργυρίας αὐτὴν λογισμοῖς ὑποβάλλει, καὶ τῷ τῆς κενοδοξίας παραδίδωσι δαίμονι. Ὡς πλῆθος εἰσάγει τῶν δοξαζόντων ἐπὶ ταῖς οἰκονομίαις ταύταις τὸν Κύριον, καί τινας κατ' ὀλίγον περὶ ἱερωσύνης συλλαλοῦντας προβάλλων λοιπὸν προμαντεύεται ταχὴν θάνατον τοῦ ὄντος ἱερέως, καὶ ὡς οὐκ ἃν ἐκφύγῃ μυρία ποιήσας προστίθησι, καὶ οὕτως ὁ παλαίπωρος νοῦς ἐνδεθεὶς τούτοις τοῖς λογισμοῖς, τοῖς μὲν μὴ κατεξαμένοις τῶν ἀνθρώπων διαμάχεται, τοῖς δὲ τοῦτο καταδεξαμὲνοις, ἑτοίμως δῶρα χαρίζεται, καὶ τῆς εὐγνωμοσύνης αὐτοὺς ἀποδέχεται· τινὰς δὲ διστασιάζοντας, τοῖς δικαστασαῖς παραδίδωσι, καὶ τῆς πόλεως ἐξορίζεσθαι παραγγέλλει·   τούτων δὲ λοιπὸν ἔνδον ὄντων, καὶ στρεφομένων τῶν λογισμῶν, εὐθὺς καὶ ὁ τῆς ὑπερηφανίας ἐφίσταται δαίμων, ἀστραπὰς συνεχεῖς κατὰ τὸν ἀέρα τῆς κέλλης τυπῶν, καὶ δράκοντας πτερωτοὺς ἐπιπέμπων, καὶ τὸ τελευταῖον κακὸν, στέρησιν φρενῶν ἐργαζόμενον, ἀλλ' ἡμεῖς τούτοις τοῖς λογισμοῖς  ἀπώλειαν ἐπευξάμενοι, μετ' εὐχαριστίας τῇ πενίᾳ συζήσωμεν, ̧ Οὐδὲν γὰρ εἰηνέγκαμεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον, οὐδὲ ἐξενεγκεῖν τι δῆλον ὅτι δυνάμεθα· ἔχοντες δὲ τροφὰς, καὶ σκεπάσματα, τούτοις ἀρκεσθησόμεθα, μεμνημένοι καὶ Παύλου, ῥίζαν πάντων τῶν κακῶν τὴν φιλαργυρίαν εἰπόντος. Εὐάγριος ὁ Ποντικός, Περὶ διαφόρων πονηρῶν λογισμῶν

For indeed it seems to me that the demon of avarice is exceedingly complex and most capable in his deceits, he who often when we are bemoaning the strictness of our renunciation, feigns to be a carer and a lover of the poor, and he would have us prepare a welcome for guests who have not yet arrived, or send supplies to those who are far away. He makes us consider those in the city prisons and the ransoming of those long enslaved, and that we should ingratiate ourselves with wealthy women, and again he inclines us to be obsequious to others who have a heavy purse, and thus, little by little, deceiving the soul, he casts it into avaricious thoughts and hands it over to the demon of vainglory. He then brings forth a crowd praising the Lord on account of our works, and in a little while has us talking to others about our ordination, and he prophesisies  that the present priest will soon die, and our long degenerate minds entangled in these thoughts, attacks any man who does not support us, while to those who do support it is ready to give gifts and judge them upstanding fellows, and some of those who doubt us we would have hauled before the judges and demand their expulsion from the city. And with these things within us and thoughts on them circling in our mind, the demon of pride is beside us, filling the room of our cell with lightning and winged dragons, trying to work that final evil, the utter loss of reason. But on all such thoughts let destruction come and with thanks let us live in poverty. 'For we brought nothing into the world, and it is certain that we can take nothing out of it. Having food and clothing, let us be content with them', 1 And remembering that St Paul said, 'Avarice is the root of all evil.' 2   Evagrius Ponticus, On Various Evil Thoughts 1 1 Tim 6.7-8 2 1 Tim 6.10

Lost Sheep

Invidetur mihi. Quid faciam, Domine? Valde despicior. Ecce oves tuae circa me laniantur atque depraedantur, et supradictis latrunculis, iubente Corotico hostili mente. Longe est a caritate Dei traditor Christianorum in manus Scottorum atque Pictorum. Lupi rapaces deglutierunt gregem Domini, qui utique Hiberione cum summa diligentia optime crescebat, et filii Scottorum et filiae regulorum monachi et virgines Christi enumerare nequeo. Quam ob rem iniuria iustorum non te placeat; etiam usque ad inferos non placebit. Quis sanctorum non horreat iocundare vel conviuium fruere cum talibus? De spoliis defunctorum Christianorum repleuerunt domos suas, de rapinis vivunt. Nesciunt miseri venenum letale cibum porrigunt ad amicos et filios suos, sicut Eva non intellexit quod utique mortem tradidit viro suo. Sic sunt omnes qui male agunt: mortem perennem poenam operantur. Consuetudo Romanorum Gallorum Christianorum: mittunt viros sanctos idoneos ad Francos et ceteras gentes cum tot milia solidorum ad redimendos captivos baptizatos. Tu potius interficis et vendis illos genti exterae ignoranti Deum; quasi in lupanar tradis membra Christi. Qualem spem habes in Deum, vel qui te consentit aut qui te communicat verbis adulationis? Deus iudicabit. Scriptum est enim: Non solum facientes mala sed etiam consentientes damnandi sunt. Sanctus Patricius Hibernorum Apostolus, Epistola Ad Coroticum  Migne PL 53. 816-817

They watch me with malice. What am I to do, O Lord? I am greatly despised. Behold, your sheep around me are torn and preyed upon, and by the thieves that I have spoken of, at the command of the hostile minded Coroticus. Far he is from the love of God who gives Christians into the hands of Scots and Picts. Rapacious wolves have devoured the flock of the Lord, 1 which under the greatest care was growing greatly in Ireland; I cannot count the number of sons of Scots and daughters of kings who are now monks and virgins of Christ. Thus the injuries of the righteous will not please you, even in the very depths it will not please. 2 Who among the holy would not be horrified to take pleasure or to enjoy a feast with such folk? With the spoil of dead Christians they have filled their houses, they live on plunder. These wretches do not know that they offer deadly poison as food to their friends and children, like Eve who did not understand that it was death that she gave to her man. 3 So it is with those who do evil, they work death as eternal punishment. It is the custom of the Christians of Roman Gaul to send holy and capable men to the Franks and to other pagans with so many thousands of coins to redeem the baptised who have been taken captive. You, however, kill and sell them to foreign people who are ignorant of God; as if into a brothel you hand over the members of Christ. 4 What hope have you in God, or who approves of you, or who sends you words of praise? God will judge. For it is written: 'Not only those who do evil, but also those who consent to it, will be damned.' 5 Saint Patrick Apostle of the Irish, Letter to Coroticus 1 Acts 20.29 2 Sirach 9.17 3 Gen 3.6 41 Cor 6.15 5 Rom 1.32

Peace and Quiet

Ἐν εἰρήνῃ ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ κοιμηθήσομαι, και ὑπνώσω· Ὁτι σὺ, Κύριε, κατὰ μόνας ἐπ' ἐλπίδι κατῴκισάς με. Ἰδοῦ καὶ ἄλλο προνοίας εἶδος οὐ μικρὸν, τὸ εἰρήνης ἀπολαύειν τοὺς ἀνακειμένους Θεῷ. Εἰρήνη γὰρ τοῐς ἀγαπῶσι τὸν νόμον σου, καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτοῖς σκάνδαλον. Οὐδεν γὰρ οὔτως εἰρήνην ποιεῖν εἴωθεν, ὡς ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ γνῶσις, καὶ ἡ τῆς ἀρετῆς κτῆσις, τὸν ἔνδοθεν τῶν παθῶν ἐξοικίζουσα πόλεμον, καὶ οὐκ ἀφιεῖσα αὐτὸν πρὸς ἑαυτὸν διαστασιάζειν τὸν ἄνθρωπον. Ὡς εἴγε μὴ ταύτης ἀπολαύοι τῆς εἰρήνης, κἂν ἐν βαθυτάτῃ εἰρήνῃ ᾗ ἔξωθεν, κἂν μηδεὶς πολέμιος αὐτὸν βάλλῃ, τῶν ὑπὸ τῆς οἰκουμένης πολεμουμένων πάντων ἐστὶν ἀθλιώτερος. Οὐ γὰρ οὔτω Σκύθαι, οὐδὲ Θρᾷκες, οὐ Σαυρομάται, καὶ Ἰνδοὶ, καὶ Μαῦροι, καὶ ὅσα ἄγρια ἔθνη πολεμεῖν εἰώθασιν, ὡς λογισμὸς ἀτοπώτατος ἐνδομυχῶν τῇ ψυχῇ, καὶ ἐπιθυμία ἀκόλαστος, καὶ χρημάτων ἔρως, καὶ προσπάθεια. Καὶ εἰκότως· ἐκεῖνος μὲν γὰρ ἔξωθεν ὁ πόλεμος, αὔτη δὲ ἔνδον ἐστὶν ἡ μάχῃ. Ὅτι δὲ τὰ ἔνδοθεν τικτόμενα τῶν ἔξεθεν προσβαλλόντων ἐστὶ χαλεπώτερα, καὶ μᾶλοον διαφθείρειν εἴωθε, τοῦτο ἐπὶ πάντων ἔστιν ἰδεῖν. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ξύλου φύσιν σκώληξ ἔνδον τικτόμενος μᾶλλον διαφθείρει, καὶ σώματος δύναμιν καὶ ὑγείαν τῶν ἔξωθεν φυομένων τὰ ἔνδοθεν βλαστάνοντα νοσματα μειζόνως λυμαίνεται· καὶ πόλεις οὐχ οὔτως οἱ ἔξωθεν πολέμιοι, ὡς οἱ ἐμφύλιοι καταλύουσιν· οὕτω δὴ καὶ ψυχὴν οὐχ οὔτω τὰ ἔξωθεν προσιόντα μηχανήματα, ὡς τὰ ἔνδοθεν τικτόμενα νοσήματα λυμαίνεσθαι πέφυκεν. Ἀλλ' ἐάν τις τὸν φόβον τοῦ Θεοῦ ἔχων, μετὰ ἀκριβείας τοῦτον καταλύσῃ τὸν πόλεμον, καὶ κοιμήσῃ τὰ πάθη, καὶ τὰ θηρία τὰ ποικίλα ἐκεῖνα τῶν ἀτόπων λογυσνῶν ἀποπνίξας, μὴ ἐμφωλεύειν παρασκευάσῃ, οὗτος καθαρωτάτης καὶ βαθυτάτης ἀπολαύσεται εἰρήνης. Ταύτην τὴν εἰρήνην ἐλθὼν ὁ Χριστὸς ἐχαρίσατο· ταύτην καὶ ὁ Παῦλος τοῖς πιστοῖς ἐπηύχετο, καθ' ἑκάστην ἐπιστολὴν λέγων· Χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ Θεοῦ Πατρὸς ἡμῶν· ὁ γὰρ τὴν εἱρήνην ταύτην ἔχων, οὐ μόνον βάρβαρον καὶ πολέμιον, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ αὐτὸν τὸν διάβολον δέδοικεν· ἀλλὰ πάσης τῆς τῶν δαιμόνων φάλαγγος καταγελᾷ, καὶ πάντων ἀνθρώπων ἐστὶν εὐθυμότερος, οὐ πενίᾳ πιεζόμενος, οὐ νόσῳ καὶ ἀῥῥωστίᾳ βαρούμενος, οὐκ ἄλλω τινὶ τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων τῶν ἀδοκήτως προσπιπτόντων θορυβούμενος, δια τὸ τὴν ψυχὴν, τὴν δυναμένην ταῦτα μετὰ ἀκριβείας διαθεῖναι καὶ εὐκολίας ἀπάσης, ἐῥῥωμένην καὶ ὑγιαίνουσαν ἔχειν. Καὶ ἵνα μάθητε ὅτι τοῦτό ἐστιν ἀληθές· ἔστω τις βάσκανος, καὶ μηδεὶς αὐτῷ πολεμείτω· τί τὸ ὄφελος; Αὐτὸς γαρ ἑαυτῷ πολεμεῖ· παντὸς ξίφους ὀξυτέρους καθ' ἑαυτοῦ θήγων λογισμοὺς, πᾶσι τοῖς ὁρωμένοις προσπταίων, καὶ καθ' ἔκαστον τῶν ἐντυγχανόντων ἀνθρώπων τιτρώσκων ἑαυτὸν, καὶ πρὸς οὐδένα ἡδέως ἔχων, ἀλλὰ κοινοὺς πολεμίους πάντας ὁρῶν. Τί οὖν ὅφελος τῆς ἔξωθεν εἰρήνης τούτῳ, ὅταν αὐτὸς λυσσῶν καὶ μαινόμενος, καὶ κοινὸς τῆς φύσεως ὤν ἐχθρὸς, περιέρχηται, τοσοῦτον ἔνδοθεν φέρων πόλεμον, καὶ μυρία τόξα καὶ βέλη, μᾶλλον δὲ μυρίους θανάτους εὐχόμανος, ἤ ἰδεῖν τινα τῶν ὁμογενῶν εὐδοκιμοῦνται καὶ εὐμερίας ἀπολαύοντα; Πάλιν ἕτερος ὑπὸ χρημάτων ἐπιθυμίας κατεχόμενος, μυρίους πολέμους καὶ μάχας καὶ στάσεις εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ συνάγει ψυχὴν, καὶ ἐν θορύβῳ καὶ ταραχῇ ὤν, οὐδὲ μικρὸν ἀναπνεῦσαι δυναταὶ. Ἀλλ' οὐχ ὁ τούτων ἀπηλλαγμένος τῶν παθῶν οὕτω διάκειται, ἀλλ' ἐν γαληνῷ κάθηται λιμένι, ἐντρυφῶν τῇ φιλοσοφίᾳ, καὶ οὐδεμίν ὑπομένων ἀηδίαν τοιαύτην. Διὸ δὴ καὶ ταύτης ἀπολαύων τῆς προνοίας Ὁ Προφήτης ἔλεγεν· Ἐν εἰρήνῃ ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ κοιμηθήσομαι, και ὑπνώσω· δνλῶν, ὅτι τῷ μὴ ταύτην ἔχοντι τὴν εἰρήνην οὐδὲ ὁ κοινὸς λιμὴν  ἄπας ἀνέῳκται, ἀλλὰ καὶ οὕτος προσκεχωσται, ὁ του ὕπνου καὶ τῆς νυκτός.  Ἅγιος Ἰωάννης ὁ Χρυσόστομος, Εἰς Τον Δ' Ψαλμον

In peace I shall sleep and rest. Because you, Lord, alone in hope have established me. 1 Behold another significant type of providence, that those dedicated to God enjoy peace: 'For peace there is to the lovers of your law and not to them is scandal'  2 For there is nothing equal to the making of peace than the knowledge of God, and the possession of virtue, which casts the internal war of passions far from one's house, and it does not allow it to disturb a man. For certainly if a man does not enjoy this peace, even if there is perfect peace outside him, even if no enemy falls upon him, he is more wretched than those who are under assault in the world. For neither Scythian, nor Thracian, nor Sarmatian, nor Indian, nor Moor, nor any wild folk, are accustomed to bring so fierce a war as wicked thoughts are into the depths of the soul, uncontrolled lust, love of money, vehement attachment to things. And it is certainly so, for the first is an external conflict and the latter internal, and what is born within us, compared to those things that come from without, is more grievous, and they are accustomed to be more violent, which may be seen in everything. For wood having worms born within it is more corrupt, and the health of the body suffers more harm by disease which arises from within than by that which comes from without, and cities are not so much by external enemies than by civic enemies destroyed; and so even the soul is not so much by external machinations sickened than by that which is born from within bringing ruin. Yet if a man have the fear of God he may suppress this conflict utterly, and give peace to the passions, and suppress the various uprisings of unseemly thoughts, not allowing them to linger in his interior, and this one is most great in his enjoyment of peace. This is the peace Christ's coming has given, and for this Paul prayed for the faithful,saying in each of his letters, 'Grace to you and peace from God our father.' For he who has this peace, not only he need not take fright at barbarous enemy and the devil himself, but every cohort of demons he may laugh at, and he is of all men cheerful, not oppressed by poverty, nor by disease and ill health weighed down, nor perturbed by any unforeseen event which befalls men, because his soul has strength and health by which he is most eminently and easily able to manage and temper these things. And that this you might know this to be true: if some man is envious, and no one bring war upon him, what does it benefit? For he brings war upon himself, as if his thoughts were a sharp sword thrusting into his interior in everything which seems to offend him and in each thing which happens among men by which he wounds himself, and he has no delight in anything but he sees everything as an enemy. What then is the use of external peace, when he is furious and maddened, the enemy of our common nature, and bears within himself such an internal war and a thousand arrows and shafts, and prefers to suffer a thousand deaths rather than see anyone else who is like him held in high regard? Again another may be gripped by a desire for wealth, and so he incites innumerable battles, and brawls, and uprisings in his own soul, and endless tumults and troubles, and he has no time to breathe. But it is not so with the one who is free from such passions, he is not moved in such a manner, but in a tranquil port he resides, and he feasts on wisdom, and no trouble he bears. Whence the fruitful foresight of the Prophet says, 'In peace I shall sleep and rest,' which means that to him who does not have peace, it is not that the common port of all is not open, but that it is obstructed, even in quiet and night.  Saint John Chrysostom, Exposition of the Psalms, Psalm 4 1 Ps 4 9-10 2 Ps 118.165