The Filled And The Hungry

Vae vobis, qui saturati estis, quia esurietis Saturatus erat dives ille purpuratus, quando epulabatur quotidie splendide, sed dirum vae sustinebat esuriens, quando de Lazari, quem despexerat, digito guttam aquae quaerebat. Aliter. Si beati sunt illi qui justitiae semper esuriunt opera, infelices e contrario sunt aestimandi qui sibi in desideriis placentes, nullam veri et inconcussi boni famem patiuntur, satis se rati beatos, si non ad tempus sua voluptate priventur. Sanctus Beda,In Lucae Evangelium Expositio, Liber II Source: Migne PL 92.404a

Woe to you who are filled, for you shall hunger... 1 That rich man in purple was filled when he feasted splendidly every day, but alas he suffered wretched lack when he sought a drop of water from the finger of Lazarus whom he had scorned. 2 Otherwise, if they are blessed who thirst for the works of righteousness, 3 then on the contrary they are judged to be wretched who pleasing themselves in their desires suffer no hunger at all for the true and unshakeable good, for they reckon themselves blessed if they are not deprived of pleasure in their times. Saint Bede, Commentary On The Gospel of Saint Luke, Book 2 1 Lk 6.25 2 Lk 16.19-31 3 Mt 5.6

Kings And Reigns

Tam Filio Dei, quam Antichristo regnandi studium est. Sed et Antichristus regnare desiderat, ut occidat quos sibi subjecerit; Christus ad hoc regnat ut salvet. Et unusquisque nostrum, si felix est; regnatur a Christo sermone, sapientia, justitia, veritate. Si autem amatores voluptatis sumus magis quam amatores Dei, regnamur a peccato, de quo Apostolus loquitur: Non ergo regnet peccatum in vestro mortali corpore. Duo igitur reges certatim regnare festinant: peccati rex peccatoribus diabolus, justitiae rex justis Christus. Origenes, Homiliae in Lucam, Homilia XXX, Interprete Sancto Hieronymo Source: Migne PG 13.1877a-b

As it is with the Son of God, so the Antichrist has a zeal to rule. But the Antichrist desires to rule so that he may ruin those who are subject to him, whereas Christ wishes to save us. Each of us, if we are blessed, rule through Christ, in word, and in wisdom, and in righteousness, and in truth. But if we are lovers of pleasure more than lovers of God, then we are ruled by sin, concerning which the Apostle says, 'Therefore do not let sin reign in your mortal body.' 1 Thus two kings are eager to reign, the devil over sinners in sin, and Christ over the righteous in righteousness. Origen, Homilies on Luke, from Homily 30, Translated by Saint Jerome 1 Rom 6.12

The Ways

Intrate per angustam portam, usque, Et pauci sunt qui inveniunt eam. Lata via est quae tendit ad saeculi voluptates, cujus inquisitione aut inventione opus non est, quia sponte se offerunt. Angustam vero viam omnes inveniunt, nec qui inveniunt statim ingrediuntur per eam, siquidem multi de medio itinere veritatis, saeculi voluptatibus capti, revertuntur. Sanctus Beda, In Matthaei Evangelium Expositio, Liber I, Caput VII Source: Migne PL 92.37c

'Enter through the narrow gate ...' up to '...there are few who find it.' 1 The way is wide that directs to worldly pleasures, in the acquisition and discovery of which there is no toil, but immediately they are set before one. Yet not all who find the narrow way immediately walk on it, for many, seized by worldly pleasures, turn aside from travelling on the way of truth. Saint Bede, Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew, Book 1, Chapter 7 1 Mt 7.13-14

Teaching And Vice

Qui desperantes semetipsos tradiderunt impudicitiae, in opertionem omnis immunditae et avartiae... De gentibus loquitur, quibus caecatum cor est, et nihil sperant, id est mortales se et fatentur et probant; neque de aeternitate sua aliquid credunt: ac propterea vitam mundi, quasi ea frui volentes, et rapiunt, et libidinose vivunt, et cum impudicitia exercentes, ut credunt, voluptatem habendi cupidi, et in usu vivendi ducti omnibus turpissimis voluptatibus. Vos autem non ita didicistis Christum; si tamen audistis illum et in illo credidistis. Contra Ephesios docet non ita vivere ut gentes: quippe qui didicerint Christum: quia Christus ut immortales nos faceret, egit mysterium, praesto in carne fuit, docui ut cognosceremus patrem, et in ipsum fidem haberemus, et est aeternitas nobis viventibus secundum ejus mandata. Vos igitur non ita didicistis, ut gentes: quippe quia vos Christum audistis, si tamen audistis illum, id est intellexistis et credidistis. Hoc est enim quod adjunxit, qui in illum credidistis: quia, ut diximus et dicimus semper, credere in Christum, immortalitem consequi est, et vitam aeternam mereri; ipse enim est vita, ipse lux, ipse aeternitas, ipse qui mortem vincit et vicit, et nobis vicit, per mysterium quod implevit. Victorinus Afrus, In Epistolam Pauli ad Ephesios, Liber Secundus, Caput IV Source: Migne PL 8.1277b-c

Who despairing of themselves have given themselves over to shamelessness, to the doing of every vile thing, and avarice... 1 He speaks of the Gentiles, whose hearts are blind, and who hope for nothing, for they confess themselves to be mortal and act on it, believing nothing of eternal things, and thus they seize on the world's life as something to be enjoyed, and they live lustfully and exert themselves in shamelessness, so that, as they think, they will have the joy of their desires, and by such a way of life they have been led away into every sort of vile pleasure. You did not learn this from Christ, if indeed you have listened to Him and believed in Him... Opposing the Ephesians, he teaches that they should not live like the Gentiles, certainly if they have learnt from Christ, because Christ, so that He might make us immortal, worked a mystery, coming forth in the flesh and teaching so that we might come to know the Father and have faith in Him, and it is eternity for us to live according to His commands. You, therefore, did not have the learning of the Gentiles, but certainly you listened to Christ, if indeed 'you listened to Him,' that is, if you understood and believed. For this is what he adds, you who 'believed in Him,' so that as we have said, and as we shall always say, to believe in Christ achieves immortality, and it merits eternal life, for He is the life and the light and eternity, He is the one who conquers death and conquered it, and conquered for us, through the mystery which He fulfilled. Victorinus Afrus, On the Letter of Saint Paul to the Ephesians, Book Two, Chapter Four 1 Ephes 4.19

The Shadow Of Death

Quoniam autem ignorantia Dei umbra est mortis, testatur propheta dicens: Et declinasti semitas nostras a via tua, et cooperuit nos umbra mortis. Sine dubio enim operiet eum ignorantia Dei, cujus vita de via Dei fuerit declinata. Regio autem mortis mundus est iste. Sicut enim illa terra vivorum est, de qua dicitur: Credo videre bona Domini in terra viventium: sic terra haec regio mortis est. Propterea ad plenum Deo placere non possumus, degentes in ea, quia ipsi etsi vivi sumus propter opera viva et fidem Christi, teman quia in mundo vivimus, cui diabolus principatur, coinquinati sumus. Ideo et Paulus: Quis liberabit de corpore mortis hujus. Corpus enim hoc, corpus est mortis, quia non vitalibus, sed mortiferis voluptatibus est subjectum. Opus Imperfectum in Matthaeum, Homilia VI Source: Migne PG 56.672

That the ignorance of God is the shadow of death, the prophet bears witness, saying, 'And you lower our paths from your way, and the shadow of death covers us.' 1 Without doubt the ignorance of God shall cover him whose life shall have declined from the way of God. And the realm of death is this world. For as there is a land of the living, concerning which it is said, 'I believe I shall see the good things of the Lord in the land of the living, 2 so this earth is the realm of death. Whence we are not able to please God fully while we dwell in it, because even if we live according to the works of life and the faith of Christ, yet because we live in the world, of which the devil is the prince, we are defiled. Therefore even Paul says: 'Who will free me from this body of death.' 3 For this body is the body of death, because it is not subject to life giving but death bringing pleasures. Opus Imperfectum on Matthew, from Homily 6 1 Ps 43.19-20 2 Ps 26.13 3 Rom 7.24

Honey And Salt

Nec quidquam fermenti aut mellis adolebitur in sacrificiis; sed in omni sacrificio offeres sal. Mel in sacrificio prohibetur offerri, quai nihil voluptuosum et suave hujus mundi apud Deum placet, nihil quo non habeat aliquid mordacis veritatis. Unde paschalis agnus cum lactucis agrestibus et amaris manducabatur. Sal vero in omni sacrifico offertur, quia sale rationis et discretionis omnia debent condiri. Hugo De Sancte Victore, Miscellanea, Liber IV, Tit XVIII, Sal discretionis, non mel adulationis nec voluptatis, esse sacris adhibendum Source: Migne PL 177.708a

Neither leaven nor honey shall be burnt with the sacrifices, but with every sacrifice you shall offer salt. 1 Honey is forbidden to be offered in sacrifice, because nothing pleasurable and sweet of this world pleases God, nothing that does not have the bite of truth. Whence the Paschal lamb was eaten with wild and bitter herbs. 1 But salt is offered with every sacrifice, because everything should be established with the salt of reason and discretion. Hugh Of Saint Victor, Miscellanea, Book 4, Chapter 18, On the salt of discretion, and that the honey of adulation and pleasure is not to be allowed in sacred things 1 Levit 2.11,13 2 Exod 12.8

Delight And Giving

Delectare in Domino, et dabit tibi petitionem cordis tui. Delectatio et corporalis dicitur et spiritualis: illa nurit vitia, ista virtutes. Delectare cum dicit in Domino, suavem tibi vult esse ejus recordationem, ut ames quem times, ut desideres quem vereris, ut ambias quaerere quem pavesces. Sequitur: et dabit tibi petitionem cordis tui. Respice quia cordis dixit, non carnis, quod ad sapientiam solet referri. Cordis enim petitio est fides, charitas, intellectus Dei, et opera actuum bonorum.  Cassiodorus, Expositio In Psalterium, Psalmus XXXVI Source: Migne PL 70.258c-d

Delight in the Lord and He shall give to you the petition of your heart. 1 Delight can be spoken of the body and spirit. The former nourishes vices, the latter virtues. When he says delight in the Lord, he wishes that the memory of Him be sweet to you, that you love Him whom you fear, desire Him whom you are in awe of,  and that you aspire to seek Him whom you tremble at. It follows: 'And He shall give to you the petition of your heart.' See that he speaks of the heart that is not of the flesh, which is the customary way to refer to wisdom. For the petition of the heart is faith, charity and the understanding of God, and the works of good deeds. Cassiodorus, Commentary On The Psalms, from Psalm 36 1 Ps 36.4

Making The Face Firm

Fili hominis, obfirma faciem tuam super filias populi tui quae prophetant de corde suo... Primum de eo quod dicitur: Obfirma faciem tuam, requirendum. Deinde si Dominus dederit, investigare debemus filias populi prophetantes de corde suo, et facientes ea, in quibus eas Dei sermo corripiat. Et quod sit alia facies praeter hanc corporis nostri faciem, licet ex multis manifestum sit, attamen et ex his, quae Apostolus memorat, indicatur: Nos vero omnes revelata facie gloriam Domini speculantes, in eamdem imaginem transformamur a gloria in gloriam, quasi a Domini spiritu. Hanc faciem corporalem omnes homines habemus revelatam, nisi forte calamitatibus et angustiis premimur. Vultus autem ille, de quo sermo Apostoli est, in multis tectus est, et in paucis revelatus. Qui enim fiduciam habet in vita immaculata, in sensu sano, in fide vera, iste tantummodo non habet confessionis, fraudulentiae, peccatique velamen; sed propter puram conscientiam, revelata facie gloriam Domini contemplatur. Procul autem absit a nobis, ut velatam habeamus hanc faciem. Haec pauca de facie, ut possimus intelligere quid sit, quod sequitur: Obfirma faciem tuam super filias populi tui. Ista facies, id est, principale ( ἡγεμονικὸν) cordis nostri, nisi obfirmata fuerit super eo, quod intelligendum est, ut quomodo videt, sic annuntiet gentibus, illud quod aspicitur, non videtur. Impossibile quippe est, ut aliquis sine obfirmatione vultus, vagus, fluctuabundus, circumlatus omni vento doctrinae, videat quod debet, videat ut debet. Oportet enim volentem intelligere habere faciem, in eo quod intelligere nititur, obfirmatam: ob hanc semper causam prophetaturis primum jubetur, ut faciem suam obfirment; ut nostram autem et nos possimus obfirmare faciem in Evangelio, in Lege, in Prophetis, in apostolis, obfirma eam super Christo, et non super saeculi negotiis. Sed cum in mundialibus curis anima nostra versetur, cum semper ardeat habendi fame, non obfirmamus faciem nostram super ea, quae imperavit Deus, sed super ea, quae Dei sunt adversa praeceptis. Quis, putas, in nobis immundus est ob obfirmationem faciei super his, quae interdicta sunt? Quis in tantum sollicitus et cautus, ut diebus ac noctibus in ea obfirmet cordis sui faciem, quae jubentur? Nunc quoque si intellecturi fuimus praesentem scripturam quomodo prophetae dicatur: Obfirma faciem tuam super filias populi tui, ut videat ea quae dicturus est, debemus obfirmare intelligentiam, plenum in intentatione cordis habere tractatum, quod sit hoc, quod significetur, ut tandem ratione superati, recedamus a littera. Ac secundum communem quidem intellectum, videntur quaedam filiae populi prophetantes hoc quod sequitur admisisse peccatum. Assumentes cervicalia consuebant; consuentes non ponebant ea sub capite, sed sub cubito audientium, et velaminibus quibusdam tegebant capita universae aetatis. Haec sunt, quae prophetantibus filiabus populi reputantur quasi magna peccata. Quis autem potest in verbo consistens dicere, quia si quis cervicalia consuat, et consuta sub cubito ponat alterius, delinquat, et a Deo corripiatur? Quis potest asserere, quia si quis velamina faciat ad tegendum caput universae aetatis, impie agat? Invitis nobis ab ipsa Scriptura necessitas imponitur, ut ab apicibus litterae recedentes, verbum, et sapientiam, et voluntatem ejus requiramus ad aperienda peccata, quae clausa sunt, ad illuminanda quae caligant, ut possimus a maledicto extranei fieri, omni cubito manuum, sive manus. Qui in victu corporis occupati sunt, et ne per somnium quidem spirituales videre delicias, quas nos habere vult sermo divinus dicens: Delectare in Domino, et dabit tibi petitiones cordis tui; qui non noverunt voluntatem beatorum, de qua scribitur: Torrente voluptatis tuae potabis eos: requirunt quasi amatores luxuriae, et non amatores Dei, semper in corporalibus esse deliciis. Signum autem mihi videtur voluptatis carneae, sub cubito manuum cervical assutum. Quia enim in tempore discumbendi ad beneficia corporalia videmur uti consutis quibusdam, et acu pictis sub cubito manuum nostrarum, forsitan sermo divinus per istius modi figuram et argumentum eos culpat magistros, qui per vaniloquentiam, et beatas quasque repromissiones, multitudinem audientium libidini, vitiis, voluptatique permittunt. Debet enim Dei verbum, et Deus homo ea proferre, quae saluti sunt audienti, quae illum hortentur ad continentiam, ad conversationem sanorum actuum, ad cuncta, quae homo studiosus laborum, et non libidinum, debet incumbere, ut possit ea consequi, quae a Deo sunt repromissa. Cum ergo aliquis aptus moribus populi, ut placeat eis, quibus aures pruriunt, loquitur quae gratanter accipiant, loquitur quae vicina sunt voluptati, talis magister consuit cervicalia sub omni cubito manus. Sequitur hoc peccatum habentem, ut faciat etiam amictus ad velandum caput omnis aetatis. Cujus autem rei figura sit etiam velamen, cautius consideremus. Qui fiduciam habet, et vere vir est, velamen non habet super caput suum, sed intecto capite orat Dominum, intecto capite prophetat: per signum corporalis rei etiam spiritalem latenter ostendens, ut quomodo non habet velamen super caput carnis suae, ita non habeat velamen super principale cordis sui. Si quis vero confusionis velamen gerit, et peccati, iste quasi muliebria velamina habet super caput suum. Itaque cum aliquis docuerit ea, quae aurem populi mulceant, et strepitum potius laudatorum, quam gemitum moveant, si blandus inimicus palpaverit potius quam secuerit vulnera, talis homo amictus contexit in capite. Cum autem in luxuriosam orationem dicentis se sermo fuderit, et in lascivum persultaverit eloquium, contexit velamen super caput omnis aetatis; non modo puerorum et juvenum, verum et senum. Quomodo enim faciat signa et portenta ad decipiendos, si fieri potest, etiam electos falsus Christus, et falsus propheta: similiter et hi, qui ad voluptatem meditata deportant, et ista semper inquirunt, quae delectent potius audientes, quam convertant a vitiis, faciunt velamina super caput non modo puerorum et juvenum, sed, si fieri potest, senum quoque et patrum, intantum ut etiam eos decipiant, qui juxta laborem animae in spiritali aetate et senio processerunt Origenes, Homila Tertia Ezekial, Interprete Hieronymo Source Migne PG 13.687c-690a

Make firm your face over the daughters of your people who prophesy from their own hearts... 1 First we shall look into that which is said, 'Make firm your face,' and then, if the Lord allows, we shall investigate the daughters of the people who prophesy from their own hearts, and do things for which the word of the Lord corrects them. Now what the other faces might be apart for this bodily face we possess has been made manifest in many places, but from these, let what the Apostle mentions be declared: 'But we all with uncovered face looking on the glory of the Lord, being transformed into that image, from glory to glory, as by the spirit of the Lord.' 2 This bodily face which all of us men have is uncovered, unless perhaps because of calamity and distress we hide it away, but the face of which the Apostle speaks is hidden in many ways and is rarely revealed. For he who has confidence in the immaculate way, in good sense, in true faith, he alone does not wear the veil of guilt and deceit and sin, but because of a pure conscience he contemplates the glory of the Lord with the face uncovered. May it be far from us that we should have this face covered. And with these things briefly said about the face, so we may understand what follows: 'Make firm your face over the daughters of your people.' The face, then, that is the ruling part of the heart, which unless it has been been made firm about what should be understood, it does not appear how it may see what it should that it might announce it to the people. For it is impossible that someone who does not have a firm face, but a wandering one that shifts about, and is tossed about by the winds of teaching, 3 shall see what he should and shall see as he should. It is necessary to understand the will as the face, which is made firm by the struggle to understand, because of which, for the cause of prophesying, it is always first commanded that the face be made firm. And so even we can make our face firm, in the Gospel and the Law and the Prophets and in the Apostles, making it firm concerning Christ, and not about worldly affairs. For when our soul is turned to worldly cares, when it is always burning with a hunger for things there, we do not make our face firm in what God has commanded, but for those things which are inimical to His teaching. Do you not think that he who has been made unclean among us is he who strengthens his face over those things which are prohibited? And who is the man so intently concerned and prudent over those things which are commanded, so that day and night he makes firm the face of his heart concerning those things? Now also, if we are to understand this present passage of Scripture, how it was said to the prophet: 'Make firm your face over the daughters of your people,' we should make firm our understanding, so that it might look on the things which are to be said, having the intent of our heart fully taut about what this may be and what it means, so that with elevated reason, we pass beyond the letter. According to a certain sort of common understanding, these daughters of the people who prophesy appear to be those who have permitted sin. They embroider the cushions, and do not place them under the head but beneath the arm of the hearer, and they cover the head with a covering that endures. 4 These things, which the prophesying daughters of the people did, are reputed to be weighty sins. But who is able to speak a word about what they are? Because if someone embroiders a cushion, and places it beneath the arm of someone else, should they be corrected by God? And will insist that because someone makes a covering to cover the head for all time, he acts wickedly? Even to those who are unwilling among us, this Scripture imposes the necessity of withdrawing from the sense of the letter to seek its word and wisdom and will for the uncovering of sins which are hidden, and the illumination of what is obscure, so that we can remove ourselves from the exterior curse of every arm or hand. Those who have been seized by the conquest of the body, and in a dream do not look on spiritual joys, which the Divine word wishes us to have, saying, 'Delight in the Lord, and He shall give to you the petition of your heart,' they who do not know the wish of those who are blessed, when it is written: 'A torrent of your joy you shall give them to drink,' 5 they seek as lovers of luxury, and not lovers of God, since they always have their pleasures in the body. Now to place the cushion beneath the arm seems to me to be a sign of carnal pleasure. For when for a time we recline for the sake of corporeal goods, we appear as having something embroidered and decorated with the needle beneath the arm, so perhaps the Divine word by the manner of this figure and argument reproves those teachers who through vain eloquence and certain pleasing promises, permit a multitude of lusts and vices and pleasures to those who listen to them. For it is of the word of God and the God man to offer those things which save to those who hear, which exhort them to continence and to their conversation to a sound life, and to everything which belongs to a studious man of labour, and not of lust, whence the things that are required are those that lead to what has been promised by God. When, then, someone is aware of the ways of people, and so that he might gratify them who have vile ears he speaks what may please them, that is, he speaks of things which lead to pleasure, such a teacher embroiders the cushion to be placed under the arm. It then says that with this sin there is also made a covering that veils the head forever. Let us carefully consider what this veil could be a figure of. He who has faith, and truly is a man, he has no veil upon his head, but with his head uncovered he prays to the Lord, and with his head uncovered he makes prophecy. By the corporeal sign the hidden spiritual thing of the matter is revealed, so that he who does not have a veil upon the head is he who does not have a veil upon the principle part of his heart. If, however, someone bears the veil of confusion, and sin, he is as one who has a woman's veil upon his head. Thus when someone teaches things which softly caress the ears of the people, and he incites a clamour of praise rather than groans, and he strokes rather than cauterises wounds, such a man weaves a covering for the head. And when with luxurious rhetoric he pours out his speech and he makes his eloquence dance about in pleasure, he weaves an enduring veil for the head, and not only for boys and youths, but truly even for the old. For as the false Christ and the false prophet shall make signs and portents for deceiving, if it were possible, even the elect, 6 so likewise these have meditated to carry off with pleasure, and so always seeking what delights those who listen, rather than what turns them from evil, they make a veil for the head, and not only for boys and youths, but even, if it is possible, for the old, even for fathers, inasmuch as they can deceive those who because of the labour of the soul have advanced in spiritual age and seniority. Origen, from the Third Homily on Ezekiel, translated by Jerome 1 Ezek 13.17 2 2 Cor 3.18 3 Ephes 4.14 4 Ezek 3.18 5 Ps 36.4, Ps 35.9 6 Mt 24.24

Correction From On High

Ὁ Θρόνος σου, ὁ Θεὸς, εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα τοῦ αἰῶνος· ῥάβδος εὐθύτητος, ἡ ῥάβδος τῆς βασιλείας σου.  Ἐπειδὴ πολλὰ πρὸς τὸ ἀνθρώπινον ἀνατεινόμενος διελέχθη, ἐπανάγει νῦν ἐπὶ τὰ ὕψη τῆς περὶ τοῦ Μονογενοῦς δόξης τὸν λόγον. Ὁ Θρόνος σου, φησὶν, ὁ Θεὸς, εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα τοῦ αἰῶνος· τουτέστιν, ἡ βασιλεία σου ἐπέκεινα τῶν αἰώνων, καὶ ἐννοίας πάσης ἐστὶ πρεσβυτέρα. Καὶ καλῶς μετὰ τὴν τῶν λαῶν ὑποταγὴν τὸ μεγαλοπρεπὲς τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀνυμνεῖ. Ῥάβδος εὐθύτητος, ἡ ῥάβδος τῆς βασιλείας σου. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἀπέδωκεν αὐτῷ τὴν ἰδίαν προσηγορίαν, σαφῶς αὐτὸν ἀναγορεύσας Θεόν· Ὁ Θρόνος σου, ὁ Θεὸς. Παιδευτική τίς ἐστιν ἡ ῥάβδος τοῦ Θεοῦ· παιδεύουσα δὲ, εὐθείας καὶ οὐ παρατετραμμένας ἐπάγει τὰς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ προσηγόρευται. Ἐὰν γὰρ ἐγκαταλίπωσιν οἱ υἱοὶ αύτοῦ τὸν νόμον μου, καὶ τοῖς κρίμασι μου μὴ πορευθῶσιν, ἐπισκέψομαι ἐν ῥάβδῳ τὰς ἀνομίας αὐτῶν. Ὁρᾷς τὴν δικαίαν κρίσιν τοῦ Θεοῦ; Οὐκ ἐπὶ τῶν τυχόντων χρῆται, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τῶν ἁμαρτανόντων. Αὔτη δὲ καὶ παρακλήσεως λέγεται ῥάβδος· Ἡ ῥάβδος γάρ σου, φησὶ, καὶ ἡ βακτηρία σου, αὖταί με παρεκάλεσαν. Αὔτη καὶ συντριμμοῦ ἐστι ῥάβδος. Ποιμανεῖς γὰρ αὐτοὺς ἐν ῥάβδῳ σιδηρᾷ ὡς σκεῦος κεραμέως συντρίψεις αὐτούς. Συντρίβεται δὲ τὰ χοῖὰ καὶ πήλινα ἐπ' εὐεργεσίᾳ τῶν ποιμαινομένων· καθὸ καὶ παραδίδοται Εἰς ὅλεθρον τῆς σαρκὸς, ἵνα τὸ πνεῦμα σωθῇ. Ἅγιος Βασίλειος ὁ Μέγας, Ὁμιλία Ἐις Τους Ψαλμούς, Εἰς Τον ΜΔ' Ψαλμον Source: Migne PG 29.404b-d

'Your throne, O God, is forever, the rod of correction is the rod of your kingdom.' 1 After concerning itself with human nature and having expended many words about it, now the prayer returns to the glorious height of the Only Begotten. 'Your throne, O God is forever,' it says. That is, your kingdom is established beyond the ages and is most ancient in every understanding. And wondrously, when your people have become obedient, they shall celebrate the magnificence of your kingdom. 'A rod of correction is the rod of your kingdom.' Whatever is the title given to Him, it is clearly calling Him God. 'Your throne, O God.' The rod is that which corrects and while it corrects it improves, and since it does not bring about perverse judgement, it is proclaimed to be of His kingdom. 'For if his sons forsake my law and do not walk in my judgements, I shall requite their iniquities with a rod.' 2 You see the just judgement of God? He does not act against just anyone but against sinners. And this same rod is  said to be one of consolation, 'For your rod and staff,' he says,'are my consolation.' 3 'You shall rule them with a rod of iron, as an earthen vessel you will shatter them.' 4 For earth and mud will be shattered because of the pleasures which rule over them, whoever is given over 'to the dissolutions of the flesh,' and 'that they might be saved.' 5 Saint Basil of Caesarea, Homilies on the Psalms, from Psalm 44 1 Ps 44.7 2 Ps 88.31,33 3 Ps 22.4 4 Ps 2.9 5 1 Cor 5.5

Trap And Scandal

Custodi me a laqueo quem statuerunt mihi, et ab scandalis operantibus iniquitatem. Per laqueos et scandala, totius mundi mala breviter propheta complexus est, a quibus se supplicat custodiri, ne per insidias eorum possit intercipi. Laquei sunt diversa carnis desideria, quibus mentes humanae blandis nexibus illigantur. Scandala, quae per fratres proveniunt inquietos, qui lite, superbia sanctam refugiunt charitatem. Quid habituri sunt simile, si eos tam praecipuum munus contigat amittere? Et respice quia post laqueos scandala: quoniam inveterator ille pessimus, quando per laqueos non potuerit decipere, scandalis nititur gratiam nobis Divinitatis auferre. Cassiodorus, Expositio In Psalterium, Psalmus CXL Source: Migne PL 70.1003c-d

Protect me from the trap that they have laid for me, and from the scandals of those who act wickedly. 1 With traps and scandals the prophet briefly encompasses the evils of the whole world, from which he entreats that he might be protected, lest he be seized by their plots. The traps are the various desires of the flesh, by which human minds are embroiled in pleasing servitude. Scandals are brought forth from disconsolate brothers, who with quarrels flee holy charity in pride. In what way shall they live, if so preeminent a gift is lost to them? And observe that scandals are placed after the traps, because that worst one of old, when he is not able to deceive with traps, strives to strip us of Divine grace with scandals. Cassiodorus, Commentary On The Psalms, from Psalm 140 1 Ps 140.9

Invitations And Refusals

Ἤρξαντο ἀπὸ μιᾶς παραιτεῖσθαι πάντες... Ἐπὶ τὸ λογικὸν συμπόσιον οὐκ ἀπήντησαν, φιλήδονοι μᾶλλον ὄντες ἢ φιλόθεοι, καὶ τῆς ὕλης ἢ τοῦ Θεοῦ· φιληδονίας μὲν γὰρ δεῖγμα γυνή· ἀγρὸς δὲ καὶ ζεύγη τῆς φιλοχρημοσύνης. Πολλοὺς μὲν οὖν κεκλῆσθαί φησι ἐπὶ τὸ μέγα δεῖπνον καὶ τὸ καθ' ὅλης τῆς οἰκουμένης λογικὸν συμπόσιον τῶν ἱερῶν καὶ θείων Γραφῶν, μὴ μὴν τοὺς πάντας τῆς χάριτος ἐπιτυγχάνειν· ἀποστερεῖσθαι γὰρ αὐτῆς τῶν κεκλημένων τοὺς περὶ ἕτερα ἠσχολημένους. Περισπᾷν γὰρ καὶ ἀφέλκειν τῆς κλήσεως τὰς τοῦ βίου φροντίδας διδάσκει· ταύτας δ' εἶναι διαφόρους ἢ γὰρ περὶ τὰ κτήματα καὶ ἀγροὺς ἀσχολούμενοι, ταῦτα τῆς κλήσεως προτετιμήκασιν, ὡς παραιτήσασθαι τολμῆσαι διὰ ταῦτα τὴν κλῆσιν· ἢ περὶ τὰς τοῦ βίου πραγματείας κατατριβόμενοι· ἢ δεσμῷ γάμων καὶ παίδων ἐμπεπλεγμένοι· ἤ τισιν ἄλλοις τοιούτοις φροντίσμασιν ἠσχολημένοι. Ταῦτα γὰρ καὶ τοιαῦτα ἐπάγειν καὶ περιέλκειν εἴωθε τοὺς διὰ ταῦτα τὴν χάριν παραιτεῖσθαι τολμῶντας, καὶ τὸν κλήτορα, καὶ τὸ τῆς καινῆς διαθήκης συμπόσιον, καὶ τὴν λογικὴν τροφήν· ὧν ἁπάντων ἐστέρησαν ἑαυτοὺς, κατὰ μὲν τὴν ἀποδοθεῖσαν ἑρμηνείαν, οἱ προτιμήσαντες τῆς οὐρανίου κλήσεως τὰ ἡδέα τοῦ παρόντος βίου, πλοῦτον δηλαδὴ καὶ πραγματείας καὶ γάμον, καὶ διὰ ταῦτα τὴν χάριν παραιτησάμενοι· κατὰ δ' ἑτέραν ἐκδοχὴν οἱ πρῶτοι τῆς κλήσεως ἠξιωμένοι, οὗτοι δ' ἦσαν οἱ ἐκ περιτομῆς, οἳ δὴ προφάσει τῆς περὶ τὸ κρεῖττον ἀσχολίας τὴν κλῆσιν ὕβρισαν. Ὡς γὰρ ἔχοντες ἀγροὺς τὰ παρ' αὐτοῖς ἀμφιλαφῆ ἀναγνώσματα, καὶ ὡς βόας ἀροτῆρας κεκτημένοι τοὺς παρ' αὐτοῖς προφήτας, καὶ ὡς ἂν σοφίᾳ τινὶ οἷα δὴ γυναικὶ συμβιοῦντες, τὴν εὐαγγελικὴν ἐξευτέλισαν χάριν. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἦσαν οὕτω παχεῖς τὴν καρδίαν, ἐξυφαίνει παραβολὴν ἀποχρώντως ἔχουσαν εἰς παράδειξιν τῆς ἐπ' αὐτοῖς ἐσομένης οἰκονομίας· πρὸς γὰρ τὸ μακάριος ἔσῃ ἀποβλέπων, καὶ πρὸς τὸ ἀνταποδοθήσεταί σοι ἐν τῇ ἀναστάσει τῶν δικαίων, ὁ συνανακείμενος μακαρίζει τὸν μέλλοντα καταξιοῦσθαι τοῦ ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ ἄρτου. Οὗτος δὲ ἦν ὁ κατ' ἀνταπόδοσιν τῆς εἰς τοὺς πτωχοὺς φιλανθρωπίας, ἐν τῇ ἀναστάσει τῶν δικαίων ἀποδοθησόμενος τῷ μακαριζομένῳ, τῆς ἀναστάσεως καὶ τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ βασιλείας μιᾶς καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς νοουμένης. Πρὸς οὖν τὸν εἰρηκότα, Μακάριος ὅστις φάγεται ἄρτον ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τοῦ Θεοῦ, τίς ἂν γένοιτο οὗτος ὁ μακάριος, διὰ τῆς παραβολῆς ὁ Σωτὴρ παρίστησιν. Εὐσέβιος ὁ Καισάρειος, Τὸ Κατὰ Λουκαν Ἐπαγγελιον, Ἐκλογή Source: Migne PG 24.577a-d

And all alike they began to excuse themselves...1 They did not come to the rational feast, because they were lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God. For the wife is a figure for the love of pleasure and the field and the cattle of avarice. Thus He says that many are called to the great feast which is the rational feast of the Divine Scriptures throughout the whole world, but not all are touched by grace, for they turn away from it when they are called and concern themselves with other things. Indeed He teaches that care for the things of the world draws off and drags one away from the calling, and these things are various, for busied with possessions and fields, these things are preferred to the invitation, and so they dare excuse themselves from being called. Or they are worn out by the affairs of life, or wrapped up in the chains of marriage and children, or bound by other similar cares. These things and things like them are accustomed to lead off and drag away and make them venture to turn down grace, and so the invitation, and the feast of the New Testament and the food of reason. All of which they lose, who according to this understanding, prefer the delights of this present life to the Divine calling, certainly wealth and business and marriage, the cause being the rejection of grace. But according to another interpretation those worthy to be the first ones to be invited, that is the people of the circumcison, were those who about their affairs scorned the call to a better seat. For having as fields the wealth of their Scriptures, and as oxen at the plough the prophets, and living with their wisdom as a wife, they scorn the grace of the Gospel. And since they were so dull of heart, they contrive to have this parable as pointing to the future arrangement of rational things. For with those words previously said, 'You shall be blessed,' and 'it shall be returned to you in the resurrection of the righteous,' 2 they see the feaster and name him blessed who shall be worthy to eat bread in the kingdom. But this was about the reward of those who love the poor, who in the resurrection of the righteous shall be given to be so blessed, for the resurrection is understood to be the kingdom of God. Therefore, to the one who had said, 'Blessed is he who eats bread in the kingdom of God,' who this blessed man may be, the Saviour suggests through the parable. 2 and the riches in God, which are a treasure of every good. Eusebius of Caesarea, Commentary On the Gospel of Saint Luke, Fragment 1 Lk 14.18 2 Lk 14.14

Testing Pleasure

Dixi ego in corde meo: Vadam, et affluam deliciis, et fruar bonis; et vidi quod hoc quoque esset vanitas. Risum reputavi errorem, et gaudio dixi: Quid frustra deciperis? Tangitur hic tertium, scilicet propter considerationis taedium conversio ad delectationem. Quia enim in considerando erat labor et afflictio, ideo cogitavit hoc relinquere et convertere se ad delicias, in quibus est delectatio. Propter quod dicit: Dixi ego in corde meo, id est, in hanc considerationem deveni propter spiritualem in considerando afflictionem. Unde verbum est et consideratio non sapientiae, sed accidiae, quae, non inveniens quietem interius, quaerit exterius. Dixi igitur: Vadam et affluam deliciis et fruar bonis. Vadam, a bono vero recedendo; Psalmus: Homo factus est. spiritus vadens et non rediens. Affluam deliciis, quantum ad mullitudinem deliciarum, scilicet carnalibus contra spirituales; Cantici septimo: Quam pulcra es, carissima, in deliciis. Ab his recessit ad carnales; Isaiae vigesimo secundo: Vocavit Dominus ad fletum et planctum etc, et post: Ecce gaudium et laetitia iugulare arietes, etc. Et fruar bonis, quantum ad quietem; eo enim fruitur quis, in quo quiescit appetitus; Sapientiae secundo: Venite , fruamur bonis, quae sunt, et utamur creatura tanquam in iuveritute celeriter; et Proverbiorum septimo: Veni fruamur cupitis amplexibus. Sed quia haec consideratio erat culpabilis et reprehensibilis, ideo semetipsum redarguit, quia delectatio praesens non est vera delectatio, sed deceptio; ideo subdit: Et vidi, quod hoc quoque esset vanitas; eo quod non permanet neque reficit, sed deficit et decipit. Propter quod dicit: Risum reputavi errorem, eo quod hominem seducat; et gaudio dixi: quid frustra deciperis? quia scilicet eo gaudens decipitur. Risus est exterius, et gaudium interius. Risus decipit, quia offert bonum et in fine malum; Proverbiorum decimo quarto: Risus dolore miscebitur,et extrema gaudii luctus occupat; et lacobi quarto: Risus vester in luctum convertatur, quia Lucae sexto: Vae vobis, qui ridetis, quia flebitis. Iste risus est risus phreneticorum, quia erroneus et momentaneus. Similiter etiam gaudium interius decipit; lob vigesimo primo: Gaudent ad vocem organi; ducunt in bonis dies suos et in puncto ad inferna descendunt ; et lob vigesimo: Gaudium hypocritae ad instar puncti. Sanctus Bonaventura, Commentarius In Ecclesiasten, Caput II Source: Here, p 20

I said in my heart, 'I shall go off and I shall abound in pleasures and enjoy good things.' And I saw this was also a vanity. I reckoned laughter an error, and I said to joy: 'Why are you vainly deceived?' 1 This touches on the third matter, that is, the weariness of thought in turning to pleasure. Because there is labour and affliction in contemplation, he thinks to abandon it and turn to pleasures, in which there is delight. On account of which he says: 'I said in my heart,' that is, I have come to this thought because of spiritual affliction in contemplation. Hence this thought is not a matter of wisdom but of acedia, which because it does not find interior rest seeks it outside. Therefore he said: 'I shall go off and I shall abound in pleasures and enjoy good things.' 'I shall go off,' by withdrawing from the true good. The Psalm says that He made man, 'A spirit going out and not returning.' 2 'I shall abound in pleasures,' a great multitude of them, that is, carnal ones opposed to spiritual ones. In the seventh chapter of the Song of Songs: 'How beautiful you are, most dearest, in pleasures.' 3 From these he withdraws to the flesh. In the twenty second chapter of Isaiah chapter: 'The Lord called to tears and groaning.' and after, 'And behold there is joy and delight in the slaughter of rams.' 4 'And enjoy good things,' as much as they tend to rest, for the appetite finds rest in that which someone has enjoyment. In the second chapter of Wisdom: 'Come, let us enjoy the good things which are, and let us use the things of the world as is done in the time of swiftly passing youth.' 5 In the seventh chapter of Proverbs; 'Come, let us enjoy longed for embraces.' 6 But because this thought was defective and reprehensible, then he refutes himself, since present delight is not true delight, but delusion. Therefore he adds: 'And I saw that this was also vanity.' Because it is transient and it does not restore one but rather it wearies and deceives. On account of which he adds: 'I reckoned laughter an error,' because it seduces a man, 'and I said to joy, 'Why are you vainly deceived?' Since he who rejoices in it is deceived. Laughter is exterior, joy is interior. Laughter deceives because it promises goodness and in the end it is evil. In the fourteenth chapter of Proverbs: 'Laughter is mixed with sorrow, and the end of joy is occupied by grief.' 7 And in the fourth chapter of James: 'Turn your laughter into sadness,' 8 because in the sixth chapter of Luke: 'Woe to you who laugh, because you will weep.' 9 This laughter is the laughter of madmen because it is erroneous and passes away in a moment. Likewise even interior joy may deceive. In the twenty first chapter of Job: 'They rejoice at the voice of the organ and they spend their days amid good things, and in a moment they fall into hell.' And in the twentieth chapter of Job. 'The joy of the hypocrite is only for a brief moment.' 10 Saint Bonaventura, Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Chapter 2 1 Eccles 2.1-2 2 Ps 77.39 3 Song 6.6 4 Isaiah 22.12-13 5 Wisdom 2.6 6 Prov 7.18 7 Prov 14.13 8 James 4.9 9 Lk 6.25 10 Job 21.12-13, 20.5

Philosophy And Happiness

Quidam autem Epicurei et Stoici philosophi, disserebant cum eo... Epicurei praeceptoris sui tarditatem secuti, felicitatem hominis in sola corporis voluptate, Stoici vero in sola animi virtute posuerunt. Qui inter se quidem dissidentes, Apostolum tamen unanimiter impugnant, eo quod hominem sicut ex anima et corpore subsistere, ita in utroque doceret beatum esse debere; sed hoc nec tempore praesenti, nec virtute humana, sed gratia Dei per Jesum Christum in resurrectionis gloria perficiendum. Sanctus Beda,Super acta Apostolorum Expositio, Caput XVII Source: Migne PL 92.979c

Certain Epicurean and Stoic philosophers entered into discussion with him... 1 The Epicureans, following the dullness of their teacher, placed the happiness of man in the pleasures of the body alone, but the Stoics only in the virtue of the soul, and because of this they disagreed among themselves. However the Apostle fought against both, for since man is constituted of soul and body, so he taught he should be blessed in both, and not in the present time, nor by human virtue, but by being perfected by the grace of God through Jesus Christ in the glory of the resurrection. Saint Bede, from the Commentary on the Acts of The Apostles, Chapter 17 1 Acts 17.18

Tears Of Men, Pleasures of Beasts

Εἰ δέ τις καὶ τὰς περὶ τὸ σῶμα συμφορὰς ἀναλογίζοιτο, τὰς τῇ φύσει ἡμῶν συμπεπλεγμένας τε καὶ συστρεφομένας, τὰς ποικίλας λέγω καὶ πολυτρόπους τῶν νοσημάτων ἰδέας, ὧν πάντων τὸ κατ' ἀρχὰς ἀπείρατον ἦν τὸ ἀνθρώπινον, πολὺ μᾶλλον πλεονάσει τὸ δάκρυον, ἐκ παραλλήλου θεωρῶν ἀντὶ τῶν ἀγαθῶν τὰ λυπηρὰ, καὶ ἀντιπαρατιθεὶς τὰ κακὰ τοῖς βελτίοσιν.Τοῦτο οὖν ἔοικεν ἐν ἀποῤῥήτῳ διδάσκειν ὁ μακαρίζων τὸ πένθος, τὸ πρὸς τὸ ἀληθινὸν ἀγαθὸν τὴν ψυχὴν βλέπειν, μηδὲ τῇ παρούσῃ ἀπάτῃ τοῦ βίου καταβαπτίζεσθαι· οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν οὔτε ἀδακρυτὶ ζῇν τὸν ἐπεσκεμμένον δι' ἀκριβείας τὰ πράγματα, οὔτε ἐν λυπηροῖς εἶναι νομίζειν τὸν ταῖς βιωτικαῖς ἡδοναῖς ἐμβαθύνοντα· καθάπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀλόγων τὸ τοιοῦτον ἔστιν ἰδεῖν· οἷς ἐλεεινὴ μὲν ἡ τῆς φύσεώς ἐστι κατασκευή· (τί γὰρ ἐλεεινότερον τῆς τοῦ λόγου στερήσεως;) αἴσθησις δὲ τῆς συμφορᾶς αὐτοῖς οὐδε μία, ἀλλὰ κατά τινα ἡδονὴν κἀκείνοις ἡ ζωὴ διεξάγεται· καὶ ὁ ἵππος γαυριᾷ, καὶ ὁ ταῦρος κονίζεται· καὶ ὁ σὺς φρίσσει τὴν λοφιάν· καὶ οἱ σκύλακες παίζουσι, καὶ διασκιρτῶσιν οἱ μόσχοι, καὶ ἕκαστον τῶν ζώων ἔστιν ἰδεῖν διά τινων τεκμηρίων τὴν ἡδονὴν ἐνδεικνύμενον, οἷς εἴ τις κατανόησις ἦν τῆς τοῦ λόγου χάριτος, οὐκ ἂν τὸν κωφὸν αὐτῶν καὶ ταλαίπωρον βίον ἐν ἡδονῇ διετίθεντο. Οὕτως καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, οἷς οὐδεμία τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἐστι γνῶσις, ὧν ἡ φύσις ἡμῶν ἀπεστέρηται, τούτοις καθ' ἡδονὴν ἡ τῆς παρούσης ζωῆς διαγωγή. Ἀκολουθεῖ δὲ τῷ τοῖς παροῦσιν ἥδεσθαι, τὸ μὴ ζητεῖν τὰ βελτίω. Ὁ δὲ μὴ ζητῶν, οὐκ ἂν εὕροι τὸ μόνοις ζητοῦσι παραγενόμενον. Οὐκοῦν διὰ τοῦτο ὁ Λόγος μακαρίζει τὸ πένθος, οὐ δι' ἑαυτὸ κρίνων εἶναι μακάριον, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ ἐξ ἐκείνου παραγενόμενον. Δείκνυσι δὲ τοῦ λόγου ἡ συζυγία, ὅτι τῆς πρὸς τὴν παράκλη σινἀναφορᾶς τὸ πενθεῖν αὐτοῖς ἐστι μακάριον. Μακάριοι γὰρ, φησὶν, οἱ πενθοῦντες καὶ οὐκ ἔστησεν ἐν τούτῳ τὸν λόγον, ἀλλὰ προσέθηκεν, Ὅτι αὐτοὶ παρακληθήσονται. Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος Νύσσης, Εἰς Τους Μακαρισμους, Logos Γ', Μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες, ὅτι αὐτοὶ παρακληθήσονται Source: Migne PG 44.1228c-1229a

If someone were to consider the state of the flesh, the things which buffet and bind our nature, the various, I say, and manifold types of sickness, concerning which all, man had no experience of at the beginning, he would pour forth abundant tears, while instead of goods he thought on such grieveous things, setting evils against things which are better. This then seems difficult to teach, that he who weeps is blessed, which is the soul looking on the true good, and not sunk in the delusion of present life, for it is not possible that one might live without tears, if one carefully considers the matter, or not think him wrapped up in griefs and bitterness who plunges into the pleasures of this life, which one can see in beasts and animals that lack reason, who because of the miserable constitution of their nature -for what is more wretched that to be deprived of reason?- have no awareness of their state, but in a certain pleasure pass their lives. The horse exults, the bull stamps up the dust, the boar raises up its bristles, pups play, cattle cavort, and in each animal it is possible to see certain signs of pleasure, in which pleasure, if they had in some way the gift of knowing by reason, they would not pass a foolish and wretched life. Which is the state of men who have no knowledge of their goods, of those which our nature has been deprived, and so because of this they pass the present life in pleasure. It follows, then, that those who enjoy present things are not able to desire and seek what is better. For he who does not seek, does not find that which is obtained only by those who do seek. This, then, is the reason why the Word says that he who weeps is blessed, not that he judges that weeping blessed in itself, but because of that which comes from it. The arrangement of the speech shows, by its relation to consolation, how weeping may be a blessing to men. 'Blessed,' he says, ' those who weep,' and He does not stop and end the statement there, but He adds, 'because they shall be consoled.' Saint Gregory of Nyssa, On The Beatitudes, from the Third Oration, on 'Blessed are they who weep for they shall be comforted.'

The Trials Of Pleasure

Ὡς ἐπὶ ζυγοῦ ἀστατεῖ τοῦ ἡδυπαθοὺντος ὁ λογισμὸς, καὶ ποτὲ μὲν κλαίει καὶ ἀποδύρεται δι' ἁμαρτίας· ποτὲ δὲ πολεμεῖ καὶ ἀντιλέγει τῷ πλησίον, ἐκδικῶν τὰς ἡδονᾶς. Ὁ πάντα δοκιμάζων καὶ τὸ καλὸν κατέχων, ἀκολούθως ἀπὸ παντὸς πονηροῦ ἀφέξεται. Ἅγιος Μάρκος ὁ Ἐρημίτης, Περὶ Νόμου Πνευματικοῦ Source: Migne PG 65.924a-b

As a balance wavering is a mind beset by pleasure. Sometimes it bewails and laments its sins and other times it fights and denounces a neighbour, avenging itself for the sake of pleasure. Testing everything and holding to what is good, 1 so it follows that you will withdraw from every evil. Saint Mark The Ascetic, On The Spiritual Law. 1 1 Thes 5.21

Infirmity And Righteousness

Humanum dico propter infirmitatem vestram. Prudens verbi dispensator in prima eos forma doctrinae videns profecisse, humana sicut hominibus censet esse committenda, cum divina mallet, si supra hominem aliquantulum eos profecisse adverteret. Humanum, inquit, quod potestis portatre, dico. Quando exhibuistis membra vestra iniquitati ad flagita perpetranda, timor vos ducebat ad peccatura, an suavitas peccati? Respondebitis, suavitas. Ad peccatum ergo suavitas ducit; ad justitiam vero timor impingit? Hoc inhumanum est. Potius humanum est, ut sicut hoc, sic et illud. Sicut in vobis fuit haectenus libido voluptasque peccati; sic amodo delectatio sit, charitasque justitiae. Et haec quidem nondum videtur perfecta, sed quodammodo adulta justitia. Plus quippe servitutis debetur justitiae quam peccato solent homines exhibere. Nam poena corporis etsi non a voluntate, tamen revocat ab opere peccati; justitia vero sic amanda est, ut ejus operibus etiam poena corporis cohibere non debeat. Sicut ergo ille est iniquissimus, quem nec poenae corporales deterrent ab immundi operibus sordidae voluptatis; ita illo justissimus, qui nec poenarum corporalium terrore revocatur a sanctis operibus luminosae charitatis. Sed humana tibi dico, o homo: Ama justitiam, sicut amasti iniquitatem. In iniquitate secutus es voluptatem; pro justitia tolera persecutionem. Ventum est ad aspera, horrenda, truculenta, minantia; calca, frange et transi. O amare, o ire, o sibi perire, O ad Deum pervenire. Qui amat animam suam perdet eam, et qui perdiderit animam suam propter me, in vitam aeternam inveniet eam. Sic amandus est amator justitiae: sic amandus est amator invisibilis pulchritudinis. Guillelmus S Theodorici Abbas, Expositio In Epistolam Ad Romanos, Liber IV, Caput VI Source: Migne PG 180.610b-d

I speak in human terms on account of your infirmity... 1 The prudent dispensor of words seeing that they had advanced in the first manner of teaching, judges that human things must be committed to men, when he would prefer Divine things, if he had reckoned them to have advanced a little beyond the man. Human things, he says, which you are able to bear, I speak. When you exhibited your members to iniquity for the commission of crimes, did fear lead you to sin, or was it sweetness? You will answer, sweetness. Therefore sweetness leads to sin, fear drives to righteousness? This is inhuman. Rather it is human that they be reversed. As in you there was this desire and pleasure of sin, so may there be a delight in charity and righteousness. And yet this does not yet seem to be a perfect but merely a developed righteousness. Certainly it should be that men are more accustomed to exhibit the service of righteousness than sin. For the punishment of the body, even if it is not a matter of choice, yet withdraws one from the works of sin, righteousness, however, must be loved so much that even the punishment of the body does not restrain one from its works. So he is most iniquitous whom the punishments of the body do not deter from the filth of foul deeds, as he is most righteous who the terror of corporeal punishment does not call back from the holy work of illustrious charity. But I speak human things to you, O man. Love righteousness, as you have loved iniquity. In iniquity you followed pleasure; for righteousness endure persecution. When it comes to bitterness, to terror, hostility, threats, tread it under foot, crush it, and pass on. O to love, O to go on, O to lose oneself, O to come to God. He who loves his own soul shall lose it, and he who loses his own soul for me, he shall find it in eternal life. 2 So loveable is the lover of righteousness, so loveable is the the lover of beauty unseen. William of St Thierry, Commentary on Saint Paul's Letter to the Romans, Book 4 Chapter 6 1 Rom 6.19 2 Mt 10.39, Jn 12.25

A Guard Of Knowledge

Ὁ γνώσεως ἐφαψάμενος και τὴν ἀπ' αὐτης καρπούμενος ἡδονὴν οὐκέτι τῷ τῆς κενοδοξίας πεισθήσεται δαίμονι, πάσας αὐτῷ τὰς ἡδονὰς τοῦ κόσμου προσάγοντι· τί γὰρ ἂν καὶ ὑπόσχοιτο μεῖζον πνευματικῆς θεωρίας; Ἐν ὅσῳ δέ ἐσμεν γνώσεως ἄγευστοι, τὴν πρακτικὴν προθύμως κατεργαζώμεθα, τὸν σκοπὸν ἡμῶν δεικνύντες Θεῷ ὅτι πάντα πράττομεν τῆς αὐτοῦ γνώσεως ἕνεκεν. Εὐάγριος ὁ Ποντικός, Ὁ Πρακτικός Source: Migne PG 40.1228a

He who has seized on knowledge and harvested the delight it brings will no longer be persuaded by the demon of vainglory which sets before him all the pleasures of the world. For what could it offer to him which is greater than spiritual contemplation? But inasmuch as we have not tasted knowledge, we should eagerly attend to ascetic deeds, showing our intent to God, that everything we do is for the knowledge of Him. Evagrius Ponticus, The Praktikos

The Law And Sin

Occasione autem accepta, peccatum per mandatum operatum est in me omnem concupiscentiam. Erat enim et ante peccatum concupiscentia, sed non omnis erat. Fluvius per legem frenatus est, non siccatus. Quae te ducebat obicibus nullis, obruit te, obicibus ruptis. Minor erat, quando tuam movebat libidinem; omnis est, quando transcendit legem. Vis nosse quam magnus sit? Attende quid rupit. Praeceptum Dei dicentis, Non concupisces. Sine lege enim peccatum mortuum erat, id est latebat, non apparebat, omnino tanquam sepultum erat in quibusdam ignorantiae suae tenebris. Ego autem vivebam sine lege aliquando, id est nulla ex peccato morte terrebar, quia non apparebat, cum lex non esset. Vivebam, id est vivere mihi videbat. Sed cum venisset mandatum, peccatum revixit. Eminuit, apparuit; non tamen vixit, sed revixit. Vixerat enim aliquando in paradiso, quando contra datum praeceptum, satis apparebat admissum. Cum autem a nascentibus trahitur, tanquam mortuum sit, latet, donec repugnans justitiae malum ejus prohibitione sentiatur. Cum enim aliud jubetur atque probatur, aliud delectat atque dominatur; peccatum quodammodo in notitia nati homnis revixit, quod in notitia primi facti hominis aliquando vixerat. Revixit, hoc est sentiri coepit: coepit rebellare, coepit apparere. Ego autem mortuus sum, id est praevaricator factus sum, vel quia mortuum me cognovi, vel quia reatus praevaricationis certum mortis supplicium comminavatur: quae ignorabam, cum concupiscentias meas sequerer sine cognitione, quia sine cohibitione. Et inventum est mihi mandatum quod erat ad vitam, si obedieretur, esse ad mortem, dum fit contra mandatum; et non solus peccatum fit sicut prius, sed etiam sciente et praevaricante peccatur. Bene autem mandatum est ad vitam, non concupiscere. Sola enim vera vita est non concupiscere. O vita dulcis et dulcior quam voluptas concupiscentiae. Felix anima, quae hujusmodi delectationibus oblectatur, ubi turpitudine nulla inquinetur, et veritatis serenitate purgetur, scilicet quando delectat lex Dei, et sic delectat, ut omnes lascivae delectationes vincantur. Hoc autem non fit statim cum venit homo ad gratiam, sed concupiscentia tanto fit in proficiente lentior, quanto justitiae fit proficiendo propinquior. Guillelmus S Theodorici Abbas, Expositio In Epistolam Ad Romanos, Liber IV, Caput VII Source: Migne PG 180.615c-616b

Taking the opportunity, sin through the commandment worked in me all covetousness... 1 There was desire before sin, but it was not everything. The flow was bridled by the Law, not dried up, that which had carried you off without any check, rushing over you, bursting through all obstacles. It was little once when it stimulated your lust, it is everything when it passed over to the Law. You wish to know how it becomes great? Attend to how it burst forth. The law of the Lord said, 'You shall not covert.' 2 Without the law sin was dead, that is, it was hidden, it did not appear, indeed it was as if it were buried in a tomb in the darkness of ignorance 'But I was living for a time without the Law.' 3 That is, I was not distressed by mortal sin, because it did not appear when there was no Law. 'I was living,' that is, it seemed to me that I was living. But when the commandment came, sin revived. It became manifest, it appeared, but it did not live, it revived. For it lived once in paradise, when against the commandment given, it appeared overtly by offence. When it is acquired from birth, as death is, it is hidden, until by the opposition of the prohibition of justice the evil is known. For when there is something which is commanded and approved and another thing which desires and dictates, sin, which is as born by knowledge, is revived in a man, because in the knowledge of the first made man it once lived. It revived, that is, it began to be known, it began to revolt, it began to appear. 'And I died,' 3 that is, I became a sinner, or because I knew my death, or because the guilt of the sinner threatened the sure punishments of death, which I had been ignorant of, when I followed my desires without sense, without restraint. 'And there was found in me a commandment to life, ' if he had obeyed it, 'which was to death,' 4 while he acted in opposition to the commandment. And he did not only sin as he had done at first, but now he even sinned with knowledge of trespass. Good indeed is the commandment to life, that one not covert. The only true life is not to covert. O sweet life, even sweeter than the pleasure of desire. Happy soul, which takes joy when it is not defiled by any lust and it is purged for the serenity of truth, that is, what delights the law of God, delights it, so that it it may conquer every delight of lust. But this does not happen instantly to a man, but as much as he has been tardy to advance in lust, so he is nearer to advancing in righteousness. William of St Thierry, Commentary on Saint Paul's Letter to the Romans, Book 4 Chapter 7 1 Rom 7.8 2 Exod 20.17 3 Rom 7.9 4 Rom 7.10

Producing Goods And Evils

Ὥσπερ τὰς ἀρετὰς πόνοι καὶ ἀτιμία, οὕτω καὶ τὰς κακίας ἡδοναὶ καὶ δόξαι τίκτειν εἰώθασι. Ἅγιος Μάρκος ὁ Ἐρημίτης, Περὶ Τῶν Οἰομένων Ἐξ Ἔργων Δικαιοῦσθαι Source: MignePG 65.953a

As labours and dishonour are accustomed to bring forth virtues, so pleasures and glory evils Saint Mark The Ascetic, On Those Who Think Themselves Justified By Works

Universalism Denounced

Πρόσχωμεν πάντες, ἐπὶ πλείω δε οἱ πεπτωκότες, μὴ νοῆσαι ἐν καρδὶᾳ τὴν τοῦ Ὠριγένους τοῦ ἀθέου νόσον· τὴν γὰρ Θεοῦ φιλανθρωπίαν, ἡ μιαρὰ προβαλλομένη, εὐπαράδεκτος ἐν τοῖς φιληδόνως γίνεται. Ἅγιος Ἰωάννης τῆς Κλίμακος, ἡ Κλίμαξ, Λογος Ε' Source: Migne PG 88.780d

Let us be wary of all men, and above all those who have fallen, lest we are made sick to the heart by the disease of the godless Origen. For God's love of man, foully used, is eagely received by the lovers of pleasure. Saint John Climacus, The Ladder, from Step 5