The Persecutors

Subito, ait Lucas, circumfulsit eum lux de coelo. O vere inaestimabilis divinae dignatio pietatis! Illustrat coelesti fulgore vel a foris, intus adhuc luminis incapacem: qui necdum infundi poterat, divina saltem circumfunditur claritate. Et vox facta est. Lucis et vocis testimonia credibilia facta sunt nimis, nec dubitare est de veritate, quae sese ingerit per utrasque, oculorum scilicet auriumque fenestras. Sic nimirum, sic in Jordane quoque supra caput Domini et columba apparuit, et vox sonuit: sic et in monte, quando transfiguratus est coram discipulis, et claritas visa est, et vox nihilominus Patris audita: Saule, Saule, quid me persequeris? Vere deprehensus est Saulus: non est dissimulandi locus, non est facultas ulla negandi. In manibus sunt epistolae crudelissimae legationis, auctoritatis exsecrandae, potestatis iniquae. Quid me persequeris? inquit. Annon persequebatur Christum, qui Christi membra trucidabat in terris? An vero persecuti sunt Christum, qui sacratissimum illud corpus crucis affixere patibulo, et non persequebatur eum qui adversus corpus ejus, quod est Ecclesia, est enim corpus ejus etiam ipsa, odio furebat iniquo? Denique si proprium sanguinem dedit in pretium redemptionis animarum, non tibi videtur graviorem ab eo sustinere persecutionem, qui suggestione maligna, exemplo pernicioso, scandali occasione, avertit ab eo animas quas redemit, quam a Judaeo qui sanguinem illum fudit? Agnoscite, dilectissimi, et expavescite consortia eorum qui salutem impediunt animarum. Horrendum penitus sacrilegium, quod et ipsorum videtur excedere facinus, qui Domino majestatis manus sacrilegas injecerunt. Videbatur jam cessasse persecutionis 956 tempus; sed, ut palam factum est, nunquam deest persecutio Christiano, sed neque Christo. Et nunc, quod gravius est, ipsi Christum persequuntur, qui ab eo utique Christiani dicuntur. Amici tui, Deus, et proximi adversum te appropinquaverunt et steterunt. Conjurasse videtur contra ae? universitas populi Christiani a minimo usque ad maximum: a planta pedis usque ad verticem non est sanitas ulla: egressa est iniquitas a senioribus judicibus, vicariis tuis, qui videntur regere populum tuum. Non est jam dicere, Ut populus, sic sacerdos; quia nec si populus, ut sacerdos. Heu, heu! Domine Deus, quia ipsi sunt in persecutione tua primi, qui videntur in Ecclesia tua primatum diligere, gerere principatum! Arcem Sion occupaverunt, apprehenderunt munitiones, et universam deinceps libere et potestative tradunt incendio civitatem. Misera eorum conversatio, plebis tuae miserabilis subversio est. Atque utinam sola hac parte nocerent! Esset forte qui Dominica praemonitus et praemunitus exhortatione, daret operam ipsorum non exempla imitari, sed observare praecepta, juxta illud: Quae dicunt facite, et ad opera eorum nolite respicere. Nunc autem dati sunt sacri gradus in occasionem turpis lucri, et quaestum aestimant pietatem. Copiosissimae siquidem pietatis inveniuntur in suscipienda, imo accipienda magis animarum cura: sed haec apud eos cura minor, et de animarum salute novissima cogitatio est. An vero Salvatori animarum gravior ulla esse poterat persecutio? Inique agunt et caeteri contra Christum, multique sunt nostris temporibus antichristi. Merito tamen et crudeliorem eam censet persecutionem pro acceptis beneficiis, et graviorem sentit pro potestate, quam propriis sustinet a ministris; licet alii quoque multi contra proximorum salutem multifarie, multisque modis et variis occasionibus agere videantur. Haec videt Christus, et silet; haec Salvator patitur, et dissimulat. Propterea dissimulemus et nos quoque necesse est, et sileamus interim, maximeque de praelatis nostris, magistris ecclesiarum. Sic nimirum, sic placet et ipsis, ut evadant nunc humana judicia, veniatque semel judicium grave his qui praesunt, et potentes patiantur tormenta potenter. Vereor, dilectissimi, ne quis forte sit et in nobis Domini persecutor, quia manifesta docuit ratio, impedire salutem, esse persequi Salvatorem. Quas ego de salute animae meae fratri illi gratias agere possum, qui mihi propinat detractionis fraternae venenum? Merito detractores Deo odibiles describuntur, tanquam persecutores. Quid et is qui exemplo suo ad remissius agendum caeteros provocat, aut singularitate turbat, aut inquietat curiositate, aut impatientia sua et murmuratione molestat; aut quocunque modo contristat Spiritum Dei qui in eis est, scandalizans unum de minimis istis credentibus in eum? nonne et hic manifeste persequitur Christum? Ut ergo persecutorum et nomen, et crimen longe sit semper a nobis, obsecro vos, dilectissimi, benignos semper et mites exhibeamus nos, invicem supportantes in omni patientia, et ad id quod melius et perfectius est, alterutrum provocantes. Quis enim servus sufficere sibi putat non persequi Dominum, sed nec obsequi Domino? Quam habiturus est gratiam, si ut non resistit, sic nec assistit quidem? Denique si quis adeo pusillanimis est, ut satis sibi reputet nec persecutorem esse, nec coadjutorem Dei, audiat quid ipse loquatur: Qui non est mecum, contra me est; et qui non colligit mecum, dispergit. Sanctus Bernardus Clarae Vallensis, Sermones De Sanctis, In Conversione Sancti Pauli, Sermo I, Quomodo ad exemplum ejus converti debemus Source: Migne PL 183.361a-362d

Suddenly a light from heaven shone around him. 1 O truly inestimable regard of Divine piety. With heavenly light it illuminates the exterior while the interior is yet incapable. He who is not yet able to be infused, the Divine brightness yet surrounds. And there was a voice. And the witness of Luke to the voice is certainly credible, the truth of it should not be doubted, when it pours itself on both the windows of the eyes and the ears, for certainly the dove appeared over the head of the Lord in the Jordan and a voice resounded, and likewise on the mount when He was transfigured before His disciples and light was seen and the voice of the Father was heard. 'Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?' 1 Paul is caught, there is no room for deception, there is no way of denial. In his hand are the most cruel letters of his commission, of execrable authority and wicked power. 'Why do you persecute me?' He says. Was he not persecuting Christ, who murdered His members on the earth? Were they not persecuting Christ who nailed his body to the gibbet of the cross. Was he not persecuting who raged with wicked hatred against His body which is the Church, for indeed that is His body? Finally if He poured out His blood as the price of the redemption of souls, does it not seem that he who continues the persecution with wicked suggestion, and vile example, and scandalous acts, in order to turn from Him the souls that He has redeemed, is more criminal than those Jews who shed His blood? Know it, most beloved ones, and deplore the association of those who impede the salvation of souls. It is truly such a horrendous sacrilege, that it seems to exceed the wrong of those who laid sacrilegious hands on the glory of the Lord. At present the time of persecution seems to have ended, but the truth of it is that the persecution of Christians and of Christ has never stopped. And now, what is more wretched, is that those who persecute Christ are those who are called Christians. Your friends and neighbours, O Lord, have drawn near and set themselves against you. 2 It seems that all the Christian people, from the highest to the lowest, have been bound against you, and there is no health in them from sole of the foot to the top of the head. Wickedness goes forth from aged judges, and from your representatives who seem to rule the people. One can not say now, 'As the people, so the priest. 3 Alas, O Lord God, to those first ones in rank, who in your church seem to love the first places and to achieve eminence. They have occupied the ark of Sion, that have seized the walls, and then gladly and with exertions of power they have given the city over to the flames. Their conduct is wretched and wretched is the corruption of your people. And that they harmed in this way alone! Perhaps there shall be someone who has been warned and forearmed by the Lord's exhortation, that their works are not to be imitated as an example, but that their teaching should be observed, according to which, 'Do what they say, but do not look to their works.' 4 Now they are given to the sacred way and make it an occasion of filthy wealth, and they judge that to be admirable piety. Certainly they will find abundant riches in what they take up, but only in the taking up of the care of souls, and yet they have little care for that, so that even the salvation of souls is a most uncommon thought. Could there be any heavier persecution of the Saviour of souls? They act wickedly and do everything against Christ, and in our time there are many antichrists. Rightly, however, that persecution is judged to be more cruel for the sake of profit, and thought more grave for the sake of power, than that sustained by his own servants, for it is also true that many others seem to act in many ways and on various occasions against their neighbour. Christ sees this and is silent. The Saviour suffers and does not react. On account on which it is necessary even for us not to react, and meanwhile be silent, especially concerning our prelates and the teachers of the Church. So it certainly pleases them, that they presently avoid human judgement, yet heavier judgement shall fall on those who now excel, and they shall suffer more terrible torments. I fear, most beloved, that there may be a persecutor of the Lord among us, because reason openly teaches that to  persecute Christ is to impede salvation. Can I to give thanks for the salvation of my soul to those brothers who drink for me the poison of fraternal detraction? The detractors of God are rightly called hateful, 5 just like persecutors. What is this man who with his own example provokes others to be careless in acting for others, or who is discontent when alone, who disturbs because of curiosity, or disquiets with his impatience and murmuring, or with whatever grieves the Spirit of God which is in them, scandalising one of the least of the believers in Him? Is it not obvious that this man persecutes Christ? Therefore let the name of persecutors and their crimes always be far from us, I beg you, most beloved, but let us exhibit ourselves as kind and meek, supporting one another in all patience, calling one another to what is better and more perfect. What servant can think he does not persecute the Lord who does not obey Him? Who shall have thanks if he neither resists nor aids? Finally if someone is so weak that he cannot think of himself as a persecutor or a helper of God, let him hear what is said, 'Who is not with me, is against me , and he who does not gather with me, scatters.' 6 Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, On The Conversation of Saint Paul, from Sermon 1, How we should be converted by his example 1 Acts 9.4, Mt 3.16-17, Mt 17.2-5 2 Ps 37.12 3 Isaiah 1.6, 24.2 4 Mt. 23.3 5 Rom 1.30 6 Mt 12.30

Suffering And Blessings

Mακάριοι οἱ δεδιωγμένοι ἕνεκεν δικαιοσύνης, ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν Τίς οὐκ οἶδεν, ὅσῳ τοῦ ἀγαπᾶσθαι τὸ ἐπιβουλεύεσθαι χαλεπώτερον κέκριται; Τοῦτο µέν τοι πολλάκις τὸ δοκοῦν χαλεπὸν, καὶ τῆς κατὰ τὸν βίον τοῦτον εὐκληρίας πολλοῖς αἴτιον γίνεται, οἷον περὶ τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ ὁ λόγος ἐνδείκνυται· ὃς ἐπιβουλευθεὶς παρὰ τῶν ἀδελφῶν, καὶ τῆς µετ' αὐτῶν συν διαγωγῆς ἀπελαθεὶς, διὰ τῆς πράσεως βασιλεὺς ἀν εδείχθη τῶν ἐπιβεβουλευκότων, οὐκ ἂν ἴσως προελθὼν ἐπὶ τὸ τηλικοῦτον ἀξίωµα, µὴ τοῦ φθόνου διὰ τῆς ἐπιβουλῆς ἐκείνης τὴν βασιλείαν ὁδοποιήσαντος. Ὥσπερ τοίνυν εἴ τις τοῦ µέλλοντος τὴν γνῶσιν ἔχων, προεῖπε τῷ Ἰωσὴφ, ὅτι Ἐπιβουλευθεὶς µακάριος ἔσῃ, οὐκ ἂν ἐκ τοῦ προχείρου πιθανὸς ἔδοξε τῷ ἀκούοντι, πρὸς τὸ παραχρῆµα λυπηρὸν ὁρῶντι· οὐ γὰρ ἂν ᾠήθη δυνατὸν εἶναι κακῆς προαιρέσεως ἀγαθὸν ἀνα δειχθῆναι τὸ πέρας· οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἐνταῦθα ὁ τῶν τυράννων τοῖς πιστοῖς ἐπαγόµενος διωγµὸς, πολὺ κατὰ τὴν αἴσθησιν τὸ ἀλγεινὸν ἔχων, δυσπαράδεκτον ποιεῖ τοῖς σαρκωδεστέροις τὴν διὰ τῶν ἀλγεινῶν αὐτοῖς προκειµένην τῆς βασιλείας ἐλπίδα· ἀλλ' ὁ Κύριος τὸ σαθρὸν ὑπεριδὼν τῆς φύσεως, προαναφωνεῖ τοῖς ἀσθενεστέροις, οἷόν ἐστι τῆς ἀγωνίας τὸ πέρας, ἵνα τῇ τῆς βασιλείας ἐλπίδι τὴν πρόσκαιρον τῶν ἀλγεινῶν αἴσθησιν εὐκόλως καταπαλαίσωσιν. Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος Νύσσης, Εἰς Τους Μακαρισμους, Λόγος Ηʹ Source: Migne PG 44.1296a-b

Blessed are those who suffer persecution for the sake of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. 1 Who does not know how more difficult it is to bear if instead of being loved we are schemed against? Yet often what seems hard becomes a cause of happiness for many even in this life, which is shown in the story of Joseph, he who was plotted against by his brothers and they expelled him from their company, but because of this he became the king of those who had plotted, 1 and perhaps he would not have attained to such great dignity had not the envy of the plotters made a way for that kingdom. If, then, someone who had knowledge of the future had told Joseph, 'You are being plotted against, you will be blessed,' it would not have appeared immediately believable to him who heard, for looking only to present distress, he would not have thought it possible that evil purpose could reach a good end. So here the persecution of the faithful by tyrants, in which there is much material pain, makes it difficult for those who are more worldly minded to admit the hope of the kingdom that is to be brought forth by these pains, but the Lord, looking down on the infirmity of our nature, foretells to the weak what the goal of the struggle is, so that with hope of the kingdom they more easily triumph over the transient feelings of pain. Saint Gregory of Nyssa, On The Beatitudes, from the Eighth Oration 1 Mt 5.10 2 Gen 37-45

Darkness And Fairness

Nigra sum, sed formosa, filiae Jerusalem, sicut tabernacula Cedar, sicut pelles Salomonis. Merito nigredinem non contemnit in pellibus, decorem qui sub pellibus est advertens. Et ideo quidam illam contempserunt, quia hunc minime cognoverunt: si enim cognovissent, nunquam Dominum gloriae crucifixissent. Non cognovit Herodes, et idcirco despexit; non cognovit Synagoga, quae nigredinem illi passionis et infirmitatis improperans, Alios, ait, salvos fecit, seipsum non potest salvum facere. Christus rex Israel descendat nunc de cruce, et credimus ei. Sed cognovit latro de cruce, licet in cruce, qui et innocentiae puritatem confessus est. Hic autem, inquiens, quid mali fecit? et gloriam regiae maiestatis simul est protestatus: Memento mei, dicens, dum veneris in regnum tuum. Cognovit centurio, qui Filium Dei clamat; cognoscit Ecclesia, quae et aemulatur nigredinem, ut decorem participet. Non confunditur nigra videri, nigra dici, ut dilecto dicat: Opprobria exprobrantium tibi ceciderunt super me. At sane nigra instar pellium Salomonis, foris scilicet, et non intus: neque enim intus nigredinem meus Salomon habet. Denique non ait: Nigra sum sicut Salomon; sed, sicut pelles Salomonis: quod in superficie tantum sit veri nigredo pacifici. Peccati nigredo intus est; et prius interiora culpa commaculat, quam ad oculos prodeat. Denique de corde exeunt cogitationes malae, furta, homicidia, adulteria, blasphemiae: et haec sunt quae coinquinant hominem; sed absit ut Salomonem! Minime prorsus apud verum pacificum istiusmodi inquinamenta reperies. Oportet namque esse sine peccato eum qui tollit peccata mundi, quo ad reconciliandos peccatores inventus idoneus, iure sibi nomen vindicet Salomonis. Sed est nigredo affligentis poenitentiae, cum assumitur lamentatio pro delictis. Hanc fortassis non abhorreat in me Salomon, si sponte tamen induam mihi pro peccatis meis; quia cor contritum et humiliatum Deus non despiciet. Est et afficientis compassionis, si afflicto condoleas; et fraternum te decoloret incommodum. Nec hanc profecto reiiciendam putat noster pacificus, quippe quam et sibi ipse pro nobis dignanter induit, qui peccata nostra tulit in corpore suo super lignum. Est et persecutionis: quae etiam pro summo ornamento habetur, si quidem suscipiatur pro iustitia et veritate. Unde est illud: Ibant gaudentes discipuli a conspectu concilii, quoniam digni habiti sunt pro nomine Iesu contumeliam pati; denique: Beati qui persecutionem patiuntur propter iustitiam. Hac potissimum gloriari Ecclesiam arbitror, hanc libentius imitari de pellibus sponsi. Denique et habet in promissione: Si me persecuti sunt, et vos persequentur. Sanctus Bernardus Clarae Vallensis, In Cantica Canticorum, Sermo XXIX, De Nigredine et Formositute Sponsi Source: Migne PL 183.926d-927d

I am dark, but fair, O daughters of Jerusalem, like the tents of Kedar, like the curtains of Solomon. 1 Rightly she did not scorn the darkness of the curtains, looking to the beauty beneath them. And therefore some were scornful because they did not know the beauty at all. 'For if they had known, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory.' 2 Herod did not know and therefore he despised Him. The Synagogue did not know, which mocked the darkness of the Passion and weakness, saying, 'He saved others, He cannot save himself. Let Christ the king of Israel come down now from the cross, and we will believe in Him.' But the thief on the cross knew Him and on the cross he proclaimed the spotlessness of His innocence, saying 'What evil has this man done?' And at the same time he bore witness to His kingly majesty, saying 'Remember me when you come into your kingdom.' The centurion knew Him, calling Him the Son of God. 3 The Church knows Him and strives to imitate His darkness that she may participate in His beauty. She is not ashamed to appear dark, to be called dark, for she can then say to her beloved, 'The insults of those who insult you have fallen on me.' 4 But let the darkness be as Solomon's curtains, that is, on the outside and not within, for my Solomon has no darkness within. Here she does not say, 'I am dark like Solomon,' but 'like the curtains of Solomon,' for the darkness of the true Peaceful One is only on the outside. The darkness of sin is within. Sin stains the interior rather than showing itself to the eyes. 'Out of the heart come evil thoughts, theft, murder, adultery, fornication, blasphemy, and these are what defile a man.' 5 But far be it from Solomon! You will not find these sorts of defilements in the true Peaceful One. For He must be without sin who takes away the sins of the world. 6 So that he is found fit to reconcile sinners he must duly vindicate for himself the name of Solomon. But there is a darkness of the endurance of penance, when sorrow is taken up for sins. Solomon will not be repulsed if I willingly adopt it because of my sins, since 'God will not scorn a contrite and humble heart.' 7 And there is a darkness of compassion, when you comfort a brother in his affliction and his trouble makes you gloomy. Nor does our Peaceful One think of rejecting this, since He Himself graciously underwent it for us, 'He who bore our sins in his body on the tree.' 8 And there is a darkness of persecution, which is a the greatest adornment when endured for righteousness and truth. Thus it is said, 'The Apostles went out from the council rejoicing that they had been found worthy to suffer abuse for the name of Jesus.' And 'Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness.' 9 I think that the Church glories especially in freely imitating this darkness of the curtains of her Bridegroom. She has the promise, 'If they have persecuted me, they will also persecute you.' 10 Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, Commentary On The Song of Songs, from Sermon 29, On The Darkness And Fairness of the Bridegroom 1 Song 1.5 2 1 Cor. 2.8 3 Mt 27.42, Lk 23.41-42, Mt 27.54 4 Ps 68.10 5 Mt 15.19-20 6 Jn 1.29 7 Ps 50.19 8 1 Pet 2.24 9 Acts 5.41, Mt 5.10 10 Jn 15.20

Labour And Chains

Memor esto Christum Jesum resurrexisse a mortuis ex semine David secundum Evangelium meum, in quo laboro usque ad vincula, quasi latro, sed verbum Dei non alligatum. Quoniam multi futuri erant filii diaboli, qui Filium Dei incarnatum negarent; idcirco hoc memorat, quoniam fallaciter sub nomine apostolorum hoc asseverate nituntur. Subjecit, secundum Evangelium meum, ut excluderet malae mentis falsa colloquia; non enim plus haereticis credendum est de apostolis, quam his ipsis de praedicatione sua testantibus, quam praedictionem cum labore se agere queritur. Pressuris enim tribulabatur et carceribus, eo quod tam Judaeos quam gentiles offenderet, sicut illis videbatur, incredibilia praedicando; iratos enim habebat Judaeos propter Legem, quam cessare docebat: gentiles autem inimicos sibi faciebat, quia unum Deum praedicabat in Christo. Unde quasi latronem hunc tractabant, alligantes, claudentes si posset tacere, nescientes quia verbum Dei alligari non poterat. Denique saepe clausus non dispendium fecit, sed lucrum; neque enim defuit, cui praedicaret in carcere, ut quos libere invitare ad fidem non posset, in vinculis positus pasceret Dei verbo. Ambrosiaster, Commentaria in Epistolam ad Timotheum Secundam, Caput II Source: Migne PL 17.489b

Remember Jesus Christ, resurrected from the dead, from the seed of David, according to my Gospel at which I labour, even to the wearing of chains like a criminal, but the word of God has not been bound. 1 Because there shall be many sons of the devil who deny the incarnation of the Son of God, therefore he reminds him of this which they deceitfully struggle to assert under the name of Apostles. He adds 'according to my Gospel' to exclude the false speech of wicked minds, for heretic apostles should not be trusted more than the testimony of his own preaching, by which preaching with labour he seeks to prove himself. Indeed he suffered persecution and imprisonment because just as he offended Jews, so he offended Gentiles, by preaching, as it seemed to them, unbelievable things. He angered Jews because of the Law which he taught was ended, and he made enemies of Gentiles because he preached one God in Christ. Whence they treated him as a criminal, putting him in chains, as if by shutting him up they might silence him, not knowing that the word of God cannot be fettered. Finally by his frequent imprisonment, he did not suffer loss, but profited, for in prison there was no lack of men to preach to, so that those he was not able to call to faith when free, he fed with the word of God when placed in chains. Ambrosiaster, Commentary On The Second Letter of Saint Paul To Timothy, Chapter 2 1 2 Tim 2.8-9

Apostles and Prisoners

Paulus vinctus Jesu Christi... In nulla Epistola hoc cognomine usus est, licet in corpore epistolorum, ad Ephesios vidlicet et Philippenses, et Colossense, esse se in vinculis pro confessione testetur. Majoris autem mihi videtur supercilii, vinctum se Jesu Christi dicere, quam Apostolum. Gloriabantur quippe apostoli, quod digni fuerant pro nomine Jesu Christi contumeliam pati; sed necessaria auctoritas vinculorum. Sanctus Hieronymus, Commentariorum In Epistolam Beati Pauli Ad Philemonem Source: Migne PL 26.605a

Paul, a prisoner for Jesus Christ... 1 Paul does not name himself in this way in any other letter, though among the collection of his letters, that is, in Ephesians and in Philippians and Colossians he bears witness that he is in chains because of his confession. But it seems to me it is of more importance to say he is a prisoner of Jesus Christ than an Apostle. Since the Apostles gloried that they were worthy to suffer abuse for the name of Jesus Christ, 2 the prestige of chains is unavoidable. Saint Jerome, Commentary on the Epistle to Philemon 1 Philemon 1 2 Acts 5.41

The First And Eighth Beatitude

Octava nihil est, nisi prima repetita. Unde et eamdem remunerationem habet cum prima. Sed agamus nunc de remunerationibus. Pauperibus promittitur regnum coelorum, quia majus non potest haberi quam illud, quod est commune et generale praemium. Sed quum in octava eadem retributio repetatur, differre tamen intelligendum est. Sic enim intelligitur: Beati pauperes spiritu, quoniam ipsorum est regnum coelorum. Qui abdicant terrena, eorum est jam regnum coelorum in spe, et si in purgatorio igne quidam horum ad horam purgantur, tamen non ambigunt se recepturos regnum coelorum. Qui autem patiuntur persecutionem, habent regnum coelorum, non tantum in spe, sed etiam in re. Qui enim moriuntur pro Christo, statim ascendunt in coelum. Hoc ideo ita legitur, non quod utrique non recipiant in re regnum coelorum, sed ut designetur quanta differentia est inter illum, quia habet in spe, et illum qui habet in re, tanta differentia est retributionis illius qui non patitur, et illius qui patitur. Anselmus Laudunensis, Enarrationes In Matthaeum, Caput V Source: Migne PL 162.1289a-b

The eighth beatitude 1 is nothing but a repetition of the first, whence it has the same reward as the first. But let us now look into the rewards. The kingdom of heaven is promised to the poor, because it is not possible to have anything greater than it, which is the common and general reward. But the same reward repeated in the eighth beatitude must be understood to differ. For with 'Blessed are the poor of spirit, because theirs is the kingdom of heaven,' is understood those who forsake worldly things, and theirs is the kingdom of heaven in hope, and even if they must be purified in the fire of purgatory for a time, they do not doubt they shall be received into the kingdom of heaven. But those who suffer persecution, they have the kingdom of heaven in that, and not only in hope, for those who die for Christ instantly ascend to heaven. It should be read, then, in this way: that it is not that both receive the kingdom of heaven immediately truth, but there is much difference between the one who possesses in hope, and the one who possesses in truth, so great is the difference between the reward of the one who does not suffer, and the one who does. Anselm of Laon, Commentary On The Gospel of Saint Matthew, Chapter 5 1 Mt 5.10

Heat and Blows

Διεσώθη ἀπὸ καύματος υἱὸς νοήμων ἀνεμόφθορος δὲ γίνεται ἐν ἀμήτῳ υἱὸς παράνομος. Ἀκούει ὁ φυσικὸς νοήμων, Ἡμέρας ὁ ἥλιος οὐ συγκαύσει σε, οὐδὲ ἡ σελήνη τὴν νύκτα. Τὰς βιωτικὰς φροντίδας καῦμα καλεῖ· τοὺς ὑπ' αὐτοῦ δὲ ξηραινομένους καλεῖ χόρτον· ὁ δὲ Σωτὴρ διὰ τῆς παραβολῆς τὰς θλίψεις δηλοῖ· τὰς κατὰ τοῦ λόγου δὲ καὶ τοὺς διωγμοὺς ἐκάλεσε καῦμα. Ὃς ἐκ χειλέων προφέρει σοφίαν ῥάβδῳ τύπτει ἄνδρα ἀκάρδιον Ὁ σοφὸς ἐπιτιμητικῷ λόγῳ εἰς αἴσθησιν ἄγει τὸν βαρυκάρδιον. Δίδυμος Αλεξανδρεύς, Εἰς Παροιμιας, Κεφ' I’ Source: Migne PG 39.1633b

It is a son of ruinous thoughts who keeps himself from the heat, and in the harvest he is worthless. 1 Hear what the physician of the soul says, 'During the day the sun shall not scorch you, nor shall the moon at night.' 2 He calls worldly cares 'heat', and he who burns up in them 'grass'. And the Saviour in the parable speaks of tribulations, and He calls 'heat' those who are persecutors opposed to the sacred teaching. 3 He who sends forth wisdom from his lips strikes the thoughtless man with a rod. 4 With a word of rebuke the wise man drives a dull hearted man to sense. Didymus the Blind, Commentary On Proverbs, Chapter 10 1 Prov 10.5 LXX 2 Ps 120.6 3 Mt 13.5-6, 20-21 4 Prov 10.13 LXX

Death And Susanna

Ingemuit Susanna, et ait: Angustiae mihi sunt undique. Undique enim mors; hinc quidem corporea, inde spiritualis. Si hoc, inquit, egero, mors mihi est; si autem non egero, non effugiam manus vestras. Vestras, o Pharisaei, manus nec adultera effugit, nec pudica: vestras accusationes nec sanctus, nec peccator evadit. Dissimulatis peccata vestra, ubi inveneritis aliena: alioquin si quis forte suum non habet, vestrum ei impingitis crimen. Quid tamen Susanna facit, inter mortem et mortem, animae scilicet et corporis, undique angustata? Melius est mihi, inquit, absque opere incidere in manus hominum, quam derelinquere legem Dei mei. Nimirum sciebat ista, quam horrendum sit incidere in manus Dei viventis. Nam homines quidem, cum occiderint corpus, animae non habent ultra quid faciant: ille autem timendus est, qui potestatem habet et corpus et animam mittere in gehennam. Quid familia Joachim tardat? Irruat per posticum, nam in pomerio clamor auditur; clamor autem luporum gravium, et balantis oviculae inter eos. Sed non patitur ab eis innoxiam devorari, qui ab ipsis eorum faucibus tam dignanter eripuit etiam eripi non merentem. Merito proinde cum duceretur ad mortem, erat cor ejus fiduciam habens in Domino, quem usque adeo timuisset, ut timorem omnem postposuisset humanum, et ipsius legem et simul vitae praeposuisset, et famae. Non enim dictus fuerat sermo hujuscemodi aliquando de Susanna. Sed et parentes ejus justi erant, et vir ejus honoratior omnium Judaeorum. Merito igitur a justo Judice justam de injustis obtinuit ultionem, quae tam vehementer justitiam esurivit, ut propter eam contemneret mortem corporis, opprobrium generis, luctum inconsolabilem amicorum. Et nos, fratres, si a Christo audivimus: Nec ego te condemnabo, si peccare jam nolumus contra ipsum, si in Christo volumus pie vivere; necesse est sustineamus persecutionem, ne malum pro malo, aut maledictum pro maledicto reddamus. Alioquin qui patientiam non servaverit, perdet justitiam; hoc est, vitam perdet; hoc est, perdet animam suam. Mihi vindictam, et ego retribuam, dicit Dominus. Ita prorsus est. Ipse retribuet, sed si ei vindictam serves, si non tollas ab eo judicium, si non reddas retribuentibus tibi mala. Faciet judicium, sed injuriam patienti; in aequitate judicabit, sed pro mansuetis terrae. Sanctus Bernardus Clarae Vallensis, Sermones De Sanctis, In Festo Annuntiationis Beatae Mariae Virginis, Sermo III Source: Migne PL 183.395a-396a

Susanna groaned and said, 'There is anguish for me on all sides...' 1 For death is on all sides, here of the body, there of the spirit. 'If I shall do this it is death for me,' she says, 'but if I do not, I shall not escape your hands.' Your hands, O Pharisees, that do not turn away from an adulteress, 2 nor a modest woman. Neither a holy woman, nor a sinful one escaped your accusations. You disregard your sins where you come on those of another. Perhaps only if someone did not have yours, would you impute your crime to them. But what does Susanna do between death and death, the death of the body and the death of the soul, with anguish on all sides? 'Better it is for me,' she says, 'to fall into the hands of men, than to abandon the law of my God.' Certainly she knew that it is a terrible thing to fall into hands of the living God. For when men kill the body, beyond what they do, they do not take hold of the soul, but He is fearful who has the power to send both the body and the soul to hell. 3 Why did the family of Joachim delay? They slipped in through a side door. In the orchard a cry was heard, a cry of great wolves and the bleating of a little sheep among them. But it was not permitted they she who was harmless be devoured by them, she who was worthy to be seized from their throats did not deserve to be seized by them. With merit, then, when she was lead to death her heart had confidence in the Lord, who even then she feared, so that she set Him above every human fear, and at the same time set His law above her life and honour. For though not a word was said anywhere about this regarding Susanna, yet it was said that her parents were righteous, and her husband was a man who was most honoured among the Jews. With merit therefore, vengeance was obtained from the righteous judge against unjust men, since she so vehemently hungered for justice, and because of that cared not for this body of death, 5 and the opprobrium of the people, and the inconsolable grief of friends. And so it is with us, brothers, if we have been heard by Christ. I shall not condemn you if you have no wish to sin against Him, if you wish to live piously in Christ. It is necessary that we should endure persecution and not return evil for evil, nor a curse for a curse. 4 For he who does not cleave to patience ruins righteousness, and he ruins his life, that is, he ruins his soul. 'Vengeance is mine and I shall repay,' says the Lord. 6 So it will be. He shall repay if you guard His vengeance, if you do not take judgement away from Him, if you do not return evil to those who have given it to you. He shall give judgement, but for the one who endures wrongdoing. He shall judge fairly, but for the meek of the earth. 7 Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, Sermons On The Saints, On The Feast Of The Annunciation, from Sermon 3 1 Dan 13.22 2 Jn 8.3-11 3 Heb 10.31, Mt 10.28 4 Mt 5.6, Rom 7.24 5 1 Pet 3.9 6 Rom 12.19 7 Isaiah 11.4

Servant And Master

Non est discipulus super magistrum... Seipsum proponit exemplum patientiae, ut quod Dominus patitur, non sit grave servis tolerare, quasi dicat: Nolite mirari, si ita vos persequuntur, me enim Dominum tractabunt similiter. Non sit ergo turpe pati quod ego patior, quia non est discipulus supra magistrum, id est non est majoris meriti meus discipulus, quam ego magister. Sufficit ergo discipulo meo, id est sufficere debet, ut sit sicut magister ejus, id est ut eum imitetur, et in quo imitetur supponit. Si patrem familias, id est me, avocaverunt Beelzebub, id est principem daemoniorum, quanto magis vos? Hoc est: Si me conviciis aggressi sunt, qui sum Deus, multo magis vos, qui puri homines estis. Anselmus Laudunensis, Enarrationes In Matthaeum, Caput X Source: Migne PL 162.1345a-b

The disciple is not greater than the master... 1 He proposes himself as an example of patience, so that as the Lord suffers, it may not be unbearable for the servants to suffer, as if He said, 'Do not wonder if they persecute you, for they treated me similarly. Therefore let it not be deplorable to suffer what I suffer, because the disciple is not greater than the master, that is, my disciple does not have greater merit than I, the master. 'Thus let it be enough for my disciple,' that is, it should be enough, 'that he be like his master,' that is, that he imitate Him, and in what he imitates be subordinate. 'If the father of the family,' that is, me, 'they have named Beelzebub,' that is, the prince of demons, 'how much more you?' That is, if they have come near to convict me, who am God, so much more you, who are mere men. Anselm of Laon, Commentary On The Gospel of Saint Matthew, Chapter 10 1 Mt 10.24

Encouraging Confessors

Cyprianus Rogatiano presbytero et caeteris confessoribus fratribus salutem. Et jampridem vobis, fratres charissimi ac fortissimi, litteras miseram, quibus fidei et virtuti vestrae verbis exultantibus gratularer, et nunc non aliud in primis vox nostra complectitur quam ut laeto animo frequenter ac semper gloriam vestri nominis praedicemus. Quid enim vel majus in votis meis potest esse vel melius quam cum video confessionis vestrae honore luminatum gregem Christi? Nam, cum gaudere in hoc omnes fratres oporteat, tum in gaudio communi major est episcopi portio: Ecclesiae enim gloria praepositi gloria est. Quantum dolemus ex illis quos tempestas inimica prostravit, tantum laetamur ex vobis, quos diabolus superare non potuit. Hortamur tamen per communem fidem, per pectoris nostri veram circa vos et simplicem charitatem, ut, qui adversarium prima hac congressione vicistis, gloriam vestram forti et perseveranti virtute teneatis. Adhuc in saeculo sumus, adhuc in acie constituti, de vita nostra quotidie dimicamus. Danda opera est ut post haec initia ad incrementa quoque veniatur, et consummetur in vobis quod jam rudimentis felicibus esse coepistis. Parum est adipisci aliquid potuisse; plus est quod adeptus es posse servare; sicut et fides ipsa et nativitas salutaris, non accepta, sed custodia, vivificat. Nec statim consecutio, sed consummatio hominem Deo servat. Dominus hoc magisterio suo docuit dicens: Ecce sanus factus es, jam noli peccare, ne quid tibi deterius fiat. Puta hoc illum et confessori suo dicere: Ecce confessor factus es, jam noli peccare, ne quid tibi deterius fiat. Salomon denique et Saul et caeteri multi, quamdiu in viis Domini ambulaverunt, datam sibi gratiam tenere potuerunt. Recedente ab iis disciplina Dominica, recessit et gratia. Sanctus Cyprianus, Epistula VI, Ad Rogantium Presbyterum Et Caeteros Confessors Source: Migne PL 3.235a-236b

Cyprian to the presbyter Rogatianus, and to the other confessors, his brethren, greetings. I had before, most beloved and bravest brethren, sent you a letter in which I congratulated your faith and virtue with words of exultation, and now, first of all, our voice has no other care than to announce the glory of your name repeatedly and always with a joyful mind. For what can I wish for in my prayers that would be greater or better than I might see the flock of Christ enlightened by the honour of your confession? For though all the brethren should rejoice in this, yet the share of the bishop is the greatest in the common gladness. For the glory of the Church is the glory of him who who presides. As much as we lament over those who have been thrown down by a hostile storm, to the same degree we rejoice over you whom the devil has not been able to overcome. However we exhort you by our common faith, by the true and simple love in our heart for you, that having overcome the adversary in this first encounter, you should cling to your glory with a brave and persevering virtue. We are still in the world, we are yet placed in the battleline, we fight daily for our lives. We should give ourselves to the task so that after such a beginning there should also come about an increase, and thus that what you have begun to be with such a blessed commencement should be perfected in you. It is a little thing to have been able to obtain something, it is much more that you are able to keep what you have obtained, even as faith itself and saving birth gives life not simply by being received, but by being preserved. It is not the instant of attainment, but the perfecting, that guards a man for God. The Lord taught this in His instruction when He said, 'Behold, you are made well. Sin no more, lest something worse befall you.' 1 Think of Him as saying something like this to His confessor, 'Behold, you are made a confessor. Sin no more, lest something worse come upon you.' So Solomon, and Saul, and many others, as long as they walked in the Lord's ways, were able to keep the grace given to them. When they abandoned the discipline of the Lord, grace abandoned them. Saint Cyprian of Carthage, from Letter 6, to Rogantius the Priest and other Confessors 1 Jn 5.14

Suffering And Understanding

Propter quod non sustinentes amplius, placuit nobis remanere Athenis, solis: et misimus Timotheum fratrem nostrum, et ministrum Dei in Evangelio Christi, ad confirmandos vos, et exhortandos pro fide vestra: ut nemo moveatur in tribulationibus istis : ipsi enim scitis quod in hoc positi sumus. Nam et cum apud vos essemus, praedicebamus vobis passuros nos tribulationes, sicut et factum est, et scitis. Desiderii supra memorati causas expressit. Idcirco enim praesentes esse apud eos volebant, ita animas eorum firmarent; ne quis ex his scandalum pateretur de pressuris apostolorum, ut qui tanta signa facerent, aliquando infirmarentur; ita humiliati, ut verberibus et vinculis subjicerentur. Ad quam rem excusandam Timotheum missum testatur idoneum doctorem, qui ostenderet hinc merita crescere christianis, si pro nomine Domini passi gratias agant, a quo hujus rei mercedem exspectant, simulque preces Deo funderunt, ut stabiles essent. Quam persecutionem idcirco se passuos praedicaverant; ut per id quod praescientiam hujus rei habere se protestarentur, posses se effuere et declinare has injurias approbarent: sed quia spes magna in his est, ideo dicit illatas sufferre quidem libenter Ambrosiaster, In Epistolam ad Thessalonicenses Primam Caput III Source: Migne PL 17.447a-b

For which reason, when we could bear it no longer, we thought it good to remain at Athens alone, and we sent Timothy, our brother and servant of God in the Gospel of Christ, to strengthen you and exhort you concerning your faith, that no one should be moved by these tribulations, for yourselves know that this is our lot, for even when we were with you we preached that we would suffer afflictions, just as it has come to pass, and you know. 1 He speaks of the reasons for the desire mentioned. For they wished to be present with them that they might strengthen their souls, lest some scandal be suffered because of the affliction of the Apostles, that they who made such great signs, at another time were weak, and humiliated, so that they were subject to blows and chains. To which he bears witness he sent the capable teacher Timothy to explain the matter, he who was to show how merit increases for Christians if suffering for the name of the Lord they give thanks, by which they may hope for a reward for these things, and at the same time pour forth prayers, that they might remain firm. And this perseuction which they were to suffer they had preached about, so that because of this prescience of the things which they had declared they would have, it were possible they might have approved flight and refusal of these injuries, but because there is great hope in these things, therefore he says that they willingly suffered what came upon them. Ambrosiaster, Commentary On The First Letter of Saint Paul To The Thessalonians, Chapter 3 1 1 Thes 3.1-4

Trials And Endurance

Εἴτε οὖν βαρὺς ὁ πειρασμός, ἀδελφοί, ὑπομείνωμεν τὰ ἐπίπονα: οὐδεὶς γὰρ μὴ πληγεὶς ἐν ἀγῶσι, μηδὲ κονισάμενος, στεφανοῦται. Eἴτε κοῦφα ταῦτα τοῦ διαβόλου τὰ παίγνια, καὶ οἱ ἐπιπεμφθέντες ἡμῖν, ὀχληροὶ μέν, διότι τούτου εἰσὶν ὑπηρέται, εὐκαταφρόνητοι δέ, ὅτι τῇ πονηρίᾳ αὐτῶν ὁ Θεὸς ἀδυναμίαν συνῆψε, φυλαξώμεθα τὴν κατάγνωσιν, ὡς ἐπὶ μικροῖς παθήμασι μεγάλα ὀδυρόμενοι. Ἓν γάρ ἐστιν ὀδύνης ἄξιον, ἡ αὐτοῦ ἐκείνου ἀπώλεια, τοῦ τῆς προσκαίρου ἕνεκεν δόξης, ῾εἴπερ οὖν δόξαν χρὴ λέγειν τὸ δημοσίᾳ ἀσχημονεῖν̓ τῆς αἰωνίας τῶν δικαίων τιμῆς ἑαυτὸν ἀποστερήσαντος. Tέκνα ὁμολογητῶν, καὶ τέκνα μαρτύρων ἐστέ, τῶν μέχρις αἵματος ἀντικαταστάντων πρὸς τὴν ἁμαρτίαν. Tοῖς οἰκείοις ἕκαστος χρησάσθω ὑποδείγμασι πρὸς τὴν ὑπὲρ τῆς εὐσεβείας ἔνστασιν. Oὐδεὶς ἡμῶν πληγαῖς κατεξάνθη, οὐδενὸς οἶκος ἐδημεύθη, οὐ τὴν ὑπερορίαν ᾠκήσαμεν, οὐ δεσμωτήριον ἐγνωρίσαμεν. τί πεπόνθαμεν δεινόν; εἰ μὴ τάχα τοῦτο λυπηρόν, ὅτι μηδὲν πεπόνθαμεν, μηδὲ ἐνομίσθημεν ἄξιοι τῶν ὑπὲρ Χριστοῦ παθημάτων. Eἰ δὲ ὅτι ὁ δεῖνα τὸν οἶκον κατέχει τῆς προσευχῆς, ὑμεῖς δὲ ἐν τῷ ὑπαίθρῳ προσκυνεῖτε τὸν οὐρανοῦ καὶ γῆς Δεσπότην, τοῦτο ὑμᾶς ἀνιᾷ, ἐνθυμήθητε, ὅτι οἱ μὲν ἕνδεκα μαθηταὶ ἐν τῷ ὑπερῴῳ ἦσαν ἀποκεκλεισμένοι, οἱ δὲ σταυρώσαντες τὸν Κύριον ἐν τῷ περιβοήτῳ ναῷ τὴν Ἰουδαϊκὴν λατρείαν ἐπλήρουν. Ἰούδας γὰρ τὸν δἰ ἀγχόνης θάνατον τοῦ μετ̓ αἰσχύνης ζῇν προτιμήσας, ἔδειξε τάχα τῶν νῦν ἀπερυθριασάντων πρὸς πᾶσαν ἀνθρώπων κατάγνωσιν, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἀναιδῶς πρὸς τὰ αἰσχρὰ διακειμένων, ἑαυτὸν αἱρετώτερον. Ἅγιος Βασίλειος ὁ Μέγας, Ἐπιστολή ΣΜ’, Νικοπολίταις πρεσβυτέροις Source: Migne PG 32.896b-897a

If, then, the trial is heavy, brethren, let us endure the toil. No one is crowned who is untouched by blows and dust in battle. Are these mockeries of the devil and those sent against us insignificant? They are troublesome because they are his servants, but easy to despise because in them God has mixed wickedness with infirmity, so let us beware of condemnation because of grave laments over a little pain. For one thing alone is worthy of lamentation, the loss of one's self, for the sake of the credit of the moment, if one one may call becoming a public disgrace credit, for there one defrauds one's self of the everlasting reward of the righteous. You are children of confessors, you are children of martyrs, you have stood fast against sin unto blood. Let each one make use of the examples of his own household to gain strength for piety. Not one of us has been cut by lashes. Not one of us has been deprived of property. We have not been driven into exile. We have not endured imprisonment. What great suffering have we undergone? Unless perhaps this grieves, that we have not suffered, that we have not been thought worthy of the sufferings of Christ. But if you are distressed because a wretch occupies the house of prayer and you worship the Lord of heaven and earth in the open air, recall that the eleven disciples were shut up in the upper room and those who had crucified the Lord were worshipping in the far famed temple of the Jews. Perhaps Judas, who preferred death by hanging to a shameful life, showed himself a better man than those who now meet universal condemnation and disgracefully preferring themselves wallow in shame. Saint Basil of Caesarea, from Letter 240, To The Church Of Nicopolis

The Church And The Devil

Inimicitias ponam inter te et mulierem et semen tuum. Mulierem, hic Ecclesiam dicit, cui diabolus contrarius est. Semen vero mulieris bona opera sunt Ecclesiae, semen serpentis, opera omnis iniquitatis. Haec est enim mulier illa, de qua Joannes in Apocalipsi dicit, quod eam draco perseqeretur, volens eam devorare, postquam etiam fluvium ex ore euo emisit, quia persecutionem gentium contra Ecclesiam suscitavit. Ipsa conteret caput tuum. Id est, Ecclesia conteret caput tuum, id est, initium malae voluntatis, antequam ad opus prorumpat. Unde et in psalmo beatus dicitur qui parvulus Babylonis tenuerit, et ad petram alliserit. Parvuli Babylonis est initium peccati et orgio malae voluntatis. Hi sunt parvuli confusionis qui, antequam proficient, allidendi sunt ad petram, id est Christum. Remigius Antissiodorensis, Commentarius In Genesim, Caput III Source: Migne PL 131.66b-c

I shall set hostility between you and the woman and your seed. 1 'The woman,' he speaks of the Church, against which the devil is hostile. But the seed of the woman is the good works of the Church, and the seed of the serpent is every work of wickedness. Indeed this is the woman of whom John speaks in the Apocalypse, that the dragon shall persecute her, wishing to devour her, and later he pours forth a river from his mouth, because he stirs up the persecution of the Gentiles against the Church. 2 'She shall crush your head.' 1 That is, the Church 'shall crush your head,' that is, the beginning of evil desires, before they burst forth into deeds. Whence it is said in the Psalm: 'Blessed is he who takes hold of one of the little ones of Babylon, and smashes it against a rock.' 3 The little ones of Babylon are the beginning of sin and the source of evil desire. These are the little ones of confusion who before they come forth should be smashed against the rock which is Christ. Remigius of Auxerre, Commentary On Genesis, Chapter 3 1 Gen 3.15 2 Apoc 12.13 3 Ps 136.9

Deferred Martyrdom

Neque enim in tribus pueris minor fuit martyrii dignitas, quia mortem frustrata de camino ignis incolumes exierunt: aut non consummatus Daniel exstitit in suis laudibus, quia qui leonibus missus fuerat ad praedam, protectus a Domino, vixit ad gloriam. In confessoribus Christi dilata martyria non meritum confessionis minuunt, sed magnalia divinae protectionis ostendunt. Repraesentatum videmus in vobis, quod apud regem fortes atque illustres pueri praedicaverunt, ipsos quidem paratos esse ardere flammis, ne diis eius servirent, aut imaginem quam fecerat adorarent; Deum tamen quem colebant, quemque et nos colimus, potentem esse ut eos de camino illis eximeret, et de regis manibus ac de poenis praesentibus liberaret. Quod invenimus in confessionis vestrae fide, et in Domini circa vos protectione nunc gestum; ut cum vos parati fueritis et prompti omne subire supplicium, Dominus tamen vos poenae subtraheret, et Ecclesiae reservaret. Regredientibus vobis breviata non est in episcopo confessionis suae dignitas, sed magis crevit sacerdotalis auctoritas: ut altari Dei assistat antistes, qui ad confessionis arma sumenda et facienda martyria non verbis plebem, sed factis cohortetur; et imminente Antichristo paret ad praelium milites non solo sermonis et vocis incitamento, sed fidei et virtutis exemplo. Sanctus Cyprianus, Epistola LVIII, Ad Luciam Papam Source: Migne PL 3.973a-974a

The value of martyrdom was not the less for the three youths because their deaths were frustrated when they came forth unharmed from the fiery furnace, nor was Daniel unworthy of praise because when he was sent to the lions as prey, he was protected by the Lord and lived on to glory. 1 Among the confessors of Christ, martyrdoms which are deferred do not diminish the merits of confession, but they do show the greatness of Divine protection. We see represented in you what the brave and illustrious youths announced before the king, that they indeed were prepared to burn in the flames, so that they might not serve his gods, nor worship the image he had made, and that the God whom they worshipped, and whom we also worship, was able to free them from the furnace, and to deliver them from the hands of the king, and from imminent sufferings. Which we now find performed in the faith of your confession, and in the Lord's protection over you, so that while you were prepared and ready to suffer every punishment, yet the Lord delivered you and preserved you for the Church. There has been no reduction of the dignity of the confession of a bishop because of your return, but rather the priestly authority has grown, so that such a man who serves at the altar of God and exhorts the people to take up the arms of confession and to submit to martyrdom when the Antichrist is near, prepares the soldiers for battle not only by the exhortation of his words and voice but by the example of his faith and courage. Saint Cyprian of Carthage, from Epistle 58, To Pope Lucius 1 Dan 3-4

Hope For The Future

Et promissa ipsius exspectamus, in quibus justitia habitat. Justitia habitat in futuro saeculo, quia tunc cuique fidelium pro modo sui certaminis reddetur corona justitiae, quod in hac vita nequaquam fieri potest, juxta illud Salomonis: Vidi sub sole in loco judicii impietatem, et in loco justitiae iniquitatem. Et dixi in corde meo: Justum et impium judicabit Deus, et tempus omni rei tunc erit. Et iterum: Vidi, inquit, calumnias quae sub sole geruntur, et lacrymas innocentium, et consolatorem neminem, nec posse resistere eorum violentiae cunctorum auxilio destitutos, et laudavi magis mortuos quam viventes. Ideo namque magis mortuos innocentes quam viventes laudavit, quia illi adhuc in certamine positi, isti autem perpetuae beatitudinis sunt mercede donati. Ideo autem sub sole calumnias se vidisse querebatur, quia supra solem noverat Judicem esse justum, qui in altis habitat, et humilia respicit, supra solem mansiones in quibus justi debita justitiae suae praemia percipiant. Potest hoc quod ait: in quibus justitia habitat, etiam juxta illud Psalmistae intelligi: Haec porta Domini, justi intrabunt per eam. Et in Apocalypsi, de civitate superna Joannes: Nec intrabit in eam, inquit, aliquid coinquinatum et faciens abominationem et mendacium, nisi qui scripti sunt in libro vitae Agni. Sancta Beda, In II Epistolam Sancti Petri, Caput III Source: Migne PL 93.82d-83b

And let us hope for His promises, in which justice dwells. 1 Justice dwells in the future age, because then shall be given to each of the faithful a crown of righteousness because of his struggle, which is not at all possible in this life. As Solomon says: 'I saw beneath the sun wickedness in the place of judgement, and in the place of righteousness iniquity, and I said in my heart, God shall judge the just man and the impious man, and then shall be the time of every thing.' 2 And again he says, 'I saw wrongs done beneath the sun, and the tears of the innocent, and they had no one to comfort them, nor could they resist the violence of them, utterly destitute of help, and I praised the dead more than the living.' 3 Thus he praised the innocent dead more than the living because the latter are still involved in the struggle and the former have received the reward of eternal beatitude. Therefore, having looked on wrongs beneath the sun, he complains to himself because he knows that above the sun there is a righteous judge, who dwells in the heights, 'who looks down on the humble,' 4 and there are those resting places above the the sun where the righteous receive the fitting reward of righteousness. 5 It is possible that when he says, 'in which justice dwells,' that it may be understood in the manner of Psalmist: 'This is the gate of the Lord, the righteous shall enter through it.' 6 And John says in the Apocalypse, concerning the heavenly city, 'They shall not enter into it who are defiled, and who make abominations, and who lie, but only those who are written in the book of life of the Lamb.' 7 Saint Bede, Commentary on the Second Letter of Peter, Chapter 3 1 2 Pet 3.13 2 Eccle 3.17 3 Eccle 4.2 4 Ps 112.5-6 5 Jn 14.1-2 6 Ps 117.20 7 Apoc 21.27

The Death Of A Good Man

Germanus: Ergo si interemptus justus non solum nihil mali perpessus est, sed etiam mercedem passionis assequitur, quomodo in reatum vocabitur, qui non nocuit mortem inferendo, sed profuit? Theodorus: Nos de proprietate boni malique, vel ejus quod diximus esse medium disputamus, non de affectu eorum qui ista committunt. Nec enim quis impius vel iniquus idcirco impunitus erit, quia malitia sua justo nocere non potuit. Tolerantia enim et virtus justi non illi qui mortem vel supplicia intulit, sed illi proficit ad mercedem qui illata sibi patienter excepit. Ideoque et hic merito punietur pro crudelitatis saevitia, qua malum voluit inferre, et ille nihilominus nihil mali perpessus est, quia, virtute animi sui patienter tentationes doloresque sustentans, ea quae malo proposito illata sunt, ad profectum melioris status et aeternae vitae fecit beatitudinem pertinere. Sanctus Ioannes Cassianus, Collationes, Collatio IV, De Nece Sanctorum, Caput VII-VIII Source: Migne PL 49.654b-655a

Germanus: Therefore if a righteous man who is slain not only suffers no evil by being killed, but indeed gains a reward from his suffering, how shall he be called guilty who has done him no harm by killing him but advantaged him? Theodore: We are discussing the actual properties of things good and bad, and what we call indifferent, and not the characters of those who do these things. Nor should any impious or evil man go unpunished because his wickedness was not able to harm a righteous man. For the endurance and virtue of a righteous man does not profit the one who causes death or suffering, but he who patiently endures what is inflicted on him advances to the reward. Thus he who meant to do evil is rightly punished for savage cruelty, and the other suffers no evil, because in the virtue of his soul he patiently endures his trial and suffering, by which the evil deliberately inflicted upon him is to his advantage for a better state, and leads to the bliss of eternal life. Saint John Cassian, Conferences, Conference 6, On The Death of the Saints, Chaps 7-8

A Bishop Praised

Dedit enim eis benedictionem qui legem dederat, ut ambularent de virtute in virtutem: de virtute fidei sincerissimae in virtutuem conflictionis constantissimae; de virtute caritatis flagrantissimae in virtutuem passionis gloriosissimae. Credidit enim, locutus est; dilexit, et secutus est. Audierat enim a Domino dictum: Qui me diligit, sequitur me; et iterum: Qui credit in me, non morietur in aeternum. Et pater fidelis secutus est vestigia Salvatoris. Interritus contempsit principum jussa et et judicum edictum. Paratus excepit percussoris ictum, et animum soli Deo subditum etiam ipsa mors servavit invictum. Denique nihil eum revocavit a pastoris gregisque custodia, exsilii locus, apparitor violentus, persecutionis tempus, judicis metus, imminens gladius, proximus mortis occasus. Nam et in exsilio constitutus, atque ab Ecclesia sibi commissa corpore tantum non mente separatus, pauperum alimenta; et in occulto absconditus, disciplinae censuram; et a principe detentus, virginum pudicitiam; et ad tribunal exhibitus, clericorum tutelam; et minis actus, robustam conscientiam; et subdole consumptus, spiritalem cautelm; et inique judicatus, Christianam patientiam custodivit. Plebem frequentibus litteris admonens, inopes largioribus eleemosynis fovit, martyres hortamentis pariter et exemplis ad subeundum praelium promovit, et donce ponat animam, non deserit curam. Sanctus Fulgentius Ruspensis, Sermo VI, De Sancto Cypriano Martyre Source: Migne 65.740d-741a

He gave to them a blessing who gave the law, that they might walk from virtue to virtue, 1 from the virtue of sincere faith to the virtue of perfect constancy in conflict, from the virtue of blazing love into the virtue of a most glorious passion. For he believed and he spoke; he loved, and he followed. He heard from the Lord the words: 'He who loves me, follows me,' and again: 'He who believes in me shall never die.' 2 The faithful father followed in the way of the Saviour. This fearless one scorned the judgement of princes, and the sentence proclaimed. He was prepared to receive the blow of the executioner, and his death preserved unconquered a soul obedient to God alone. And then nothing turned him from caring for the flock of the shepherd, no exile, no appearance of violence, no period of persecution, no fear of a judge, no threat of the sword, no approach of the coming of death. For even in exile and from the Church removed in body, but not separated in the mind, he attended to the feeding of the poor; and hidden in a concealed place, to the judgement of discipline; and detained by the prince, to the modesty of virgins; and arraigned before the tribunal, to the guardianship of priests; and sent threats, to the firmness of conscience; and assailed with cunning, to the watching over of the spirit; and judged in wickedness, to the guarding of Christian patience. He admonished the people with frequent letters, and cherished the poor with bountiful alms, and with words and example he encouraged martyrs to endurance in the conflict, and he did not abandon his duty until he placed down his soul. Saint Fulgentius of Ruspe, from Sermon 6, On Saint Cyprian The Martyr 1 Ps 83.8 2 Jn 11.2

Encircled And Besieged

Περιεκύκλωσάν με μόσχοι πολλοί, ταῦροι πίονες περιέσχον με... ̓Μόσχοι δ' ἄν εἴεν καὶ αἱ περὶ τὰ γήϊνα καὶ σωματικὰ ἐνεργοῦσαι πονηραὶ δυνάμεις γεωπόνον γὰρ τοῦτο τὸ ζῷον, αἱ δὲ ψευδοδοξίας προϊστάμεναι δι' ἀπατηλῶν λόγων καὶ σοφισμάτων κερατίζουσαι ταῦροι τυγχάνουσιν πίονες ὄντες διὰ τὸ δῆθεν πολυμαθὲς καὶ κεκομψευμένον τῆς φράσεως. Δυνατὸν δὲ καὶ τοὺς ̓Ιουδαίους κατὰ νόμον βουθυτοῦντας ἐξ ὤν ἐπιτηδεύουσιν μόσχους ὠνομασμένους περικυκλοῦν ἐχθρικῶς τὸν Kύριον· Πόντιος δὲ Πιλᾶτος καὶ εἰ τινες ἄλλοι ἐν ὑπεροχῇ ταῦροι κερατισταὶ ὑπάρχοντες, περιέχειν σπουδάζουσιν αὐτόν. Λέγοι δ' ἄν ταῦτα ὁ σωτὴρ καὶ περὶ τοῦ σώματος αὐτοῦ τῆς ἐκκλησίας, ἰδὼν ἀνθρώπους χαμαιπεταῖς καὶ γῆν ἐργαζομένους πολεμικῶς περικυκλοῦντας αὐτοῦ τὸ σῶμα, τὸ ̓Εκύκλωσάν με μόσχοι πολλοί. Tοὺς δὲ αρχοντας, τούτου τοῦ αἰῶνος σοφίαν ἐπαγγελλομένους, ἑωρακὼς περιθέοντας αὐτοῦ τὸ σῶμα ἐρεῖ· Ταῦροι πίονες περιέσχον με. Δίδυμος Αλεξανδρεύς, Εἰς Ψαλμούς, Ψαλμος KA´ Source: Migne PG 39.1280b-c

Many young bulls encircled me, mighty bulls besieged me... 1 The young bulls seem to be wicked powers that drive to worldly and corporeal cares, for this animal is a labourer on the earth, but those who glory in lies through deceitful words and sophisms, which are their tossing horns, they are the bulls who are mighty because of learning and eloquent words. Also it is possible to say that the Jews according to the law are sacrificial bulls, and among these they appear to be named the young bulls who are aggressively surrounding the Lord, but Pontius Pilate, and not a few others, greater in the rank of dignity, are therefore the horn bearing bulls, who are keen to beleaguer Him. And then the Savior may say these things about the body of His Church, when He sees base men and the earth becoming hostile and encircling His body: 'Many young bulls encircled me,' and when He sees those professed as leaders in the world's wisdom surrounding His body, He says, 'Mighty bulls besieged me.' Didymus the Blind, Commentary on The Psalms, from Psalm 21 1 Ps 21.12

Apostles And Spectacles

Puto enim quod Deus nos apostolos novissimos ostendit, quasi morti destinatos. Hoc personae suae deputat, quia semper in necessitate fuit, persecutiones et pressuras ultra caeteros passus, sicut passuri sunt Enoch et Elias, qui ultimo temporte futuri sunt apostoli. Mitti enim habent ante Christum ad praeparandum populum Dei, et muniendas omnes Ecclesias, ad resistendum antichristo, quos et persecutiones pati et occidi lectio Apocalyspsis testatur. Horum ergo tempus suo tempori comparavit Apostolos dicens: Quasi morti destinatos, ad hoc enim venturi sunt, ut occidantur. Quia spectaculum facti sumus huic mundo, et angelis et hominibus... Quia erunt spectaculum et Enoch et Elias usque adeo, ut corpora eorum in platea projiciantur in conspectu totius populi infidelis; ita et apostoli spectaculum facti sunt, quia publice ridebantur, positi ad injuriam et mortem quam passi sunt. Mundum autem, angelos et homines dixit; quia et anglei mali sunt, dicente David in psalmo septuagesimo septimo: Vexabat illos per angelos malos, et homines mali and increduli; his apostolorum injuriae oblectamento sunt. Mundus autem idcirco infidelias dicitur, quia visibilia sequitur. Ambrosiaster, In Epistolam Beati Pauli Ad Corinthios Primam, Caput IV Source: Migne PL 17.204d-b

I think that God shows us to be the last Apostles, as men appointed to die. 1 He attributes this to his own person, because he was always in need and suffered persecutions and pressures beyond all others, as Enoch and Elijah shall suffer, who in the last time shall be Apostles. 2 For being sent before Christ they must prepare the people of God and the walls of all the Churches to resist the Antichrist, they who then shall suffer persecution and be killed, as the book of the Apocalypse bears witness. Therefore the Apostle compares his own time to these, saying: 'As men appointed to die,' for to this they will come, that they be slain. We are made a spectacle to this world, even to angels and men... Because Enoch and Elijah shall be a spectacle, even so much so that their bodies shall be cast into the street in the sight of all the faithless people, so even the Apostles were made a spectacle, because they were publicly ridiculed, and given over to injury, and even to the deaths which they suffered. He speaks of the world and of angels and men, because there are wicked angels, with David saying in the seventy seventh Psalm: 'He distressed them with wicked angels,' 3 and men are wicked and unbelieving, and to these the injuries of the Apostles are a delight. He speaks of the world for unfaithfulness, because it follows visible things. Ambrosiaster, Commentary On The First Letter of Saint Paul To The Corinthians, Chapter 4 1 1 Cor 4.9 2 The two witnesses of Apoc 11.3 3 Ps 77.49

Queries On The Achievements Of Clergy

Quis eorum mori exoptans mundo et vivere Christo luxuriosos gentium convivas laudantes deos suos, id est, sensus, extollentes divitias, ut apostolus et avaritia, inquit, quae est simulacrorum servitus, concussis duabus virtute bracchiorum columnis, quae intelleguntur in voluptatibus nequam animae carnisque, quibus domus humanae omnis nequitiae quodammodo pangitur ac fulcimentatur, tam innumerabiles, ut Sampson, prostravit? Quis orationibus holocaustoque lactantis agni Philistinorum metum depellens insperatas tonitruorum voces nubium imbres concitans absque adulatione regem constituens, eundum Deo non placentem abiciens, uncto pro illo meliore in regno, ut Samuel, valedicturus populo astabit hoc modo dicens: Ecce praesto sum, loquimini coram Domino et christo eius, utrum bovem cuiusquam tulerim an asinum, si quempiam calumniatus sum, si oppressi aliquem, si de manu cuiusquam munus accepi? cui a populo responsum est dicente: non es calumniatus nos neque oppressisti neque tulisti de manu alicuius quippiam. Quis eorum igne caelesti centum superbos exurens, quinquaginta humiles servans et absque adulationis fuco, non Deum per prophetas, sed idolum Accaron consulenti, mortem immimentem iniquo regi annuntians, omnes prophetas simulacri Baal, qui interpretati accipiuntur sensus humani invidiae avaritiae, ut iam diximus, semper intenti, mucrone corusco, hoc est verbo Dei, ut Helias egregius vates, prostravit et zelo Dei commotus, iniquorum terrae imbres adimens aetherales, ac si fortissimo penurii clustello tribus annis sexque mensibus obseratos, fame siti moribundus in deserto conquestus est: Domine, inquiens, prophetas tuos occiderunt et altaria tua suffoderunt et ego relictus sum solus et quaerunt animam meam? Quis eorum carissimum discipulum terrenis extra solitum ponderibus oneratum, quae ante ea a se magnopere licet rogato ut acciperet despecta fuissent, etsi non perpetua lepra, ut Helisaeus, saltim expulsione multavit? Et quis ex illis puero in vitae desperatione aestuanti atque inproviso super bellico hostium apparatu civitatem, in qua erant, obsidentium tremefacto inter nos, ut ille, animae visus, ferventi exoratione ad Deum facta, ita ut intueri poterit auxiiiarium caelestis exercitus, armatorum curruum ceu equitum ignito vultu fulgentium montem plenum, patefecit, et credere quin fortior fortior esset ad salvandum quam inimici ad pugnandum? Et quis eorum corporis tactu mortui scilicet mundo, viventis autem Deo, alii diverso funcre occubanti procul dubio mortuo Deo, vitiis vero viventi quasi supra dictus proficiet, ita ut statim prosiliens Christo grates pro sanitate agat cunctorum paene mortalium ore desperata? Cuius eorum, carbone ignito de altari forcipe Cherubin advecto, ut peccata sua delerentur humilitate confessionis, labia, ut Esaiae, mundata sunt et efficaci oratione sibi adiuncta pii regis Ezechiae, supplantatione centum octoginta quinque milia exercitus Assyriorum nullo apparente vulneris vestigio angeli manu, ut supra dicti, prostrata sunt ? Quis eorum ob praecepta Dei et minas caelitus datas veritatemque vel non audientibus proferendam squalores pedoresque carcerum, ut momentaneas mortes, ut beatus Ieremias excepit ? Et ne multa: quis eorum, ut magister gentium dixit, errare hi montibus et in speluncis, et in cavernis terrae, lapidari secari, totius mortis genere pro nomine Domini attemptari, sicut sancti prophetae, perpessus est? Sanctus Gildas Sapiens, De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae Source: Migne PL 69.371c-372d

Who among them, longing to die to the world and live for Christ, has cast down, like Samson, such a wealth of feasters praising their gods and extolling their riches, that is, the senses, for as the Apostle says, 'avarice which is the service of idols,' 1 and with the power of two arms has smashed and brought down the two columns, which are understood as the vile pleasures of the soul and the flesh by which the house of every human wickedness in a certain manner is fixed and established? 2 Who among them by prayers and the burnt offering of a suckling lamb, driving away the fear of the Philistines, has, like Samuel, brought on sudden thunder and rain from the clouds, and without flattery set up a new king, and cast away the same when he did not please God, having anointed a better man for the kingdom, he who then coming to bid farewell to the people, standing before them, did so in this way, saying: 'Behold, here I am; speak before the Lord and His anointed: if I have taken anyone's ox or ass, if I have calumniated anyone, if I have oppressed anyone, if I have taken a bribe from anyone's hand.' To which the people gave reply, saying, 'You have not calumniated us, nor oppressed us, nor have you taken a bribe from any hand.' 3 Who among them, burning a hundred proud men by fire from heaven, and protecting fifty humble ones, like Elijah the prophet, without the pretence of flattery, have announced an imminent death to an unrighteous king when he was taking counsel, not of God through His prophet, but of the idol Accaron? He who overthrew with a gleaming sword, that is, the word of God, all the prophets of the idol Baal, who, being interpreted, are understood to be the human passions, as we have already said, ever intent on envy and avarice. He who moved by zeal for God, deprived the land of the wicked of heaven's rain, as if were shut up in a stronghold of want, for three years and six months, and about to die of hunger and thirst in the waste, made lament, saying: 'Lord, they have slain your prophets and thrown down your altars, and I am left alone, and they seek my life.' 4 Who among them punished a beloved disciple, burdened beyond his need by the weight of earthly things which he had previously despised, though earnestly entreated to accept them, not by perpetual leprosy, it is true, yet by dismissal, as Elisha? Who among them, in despair of life, excited and trembling at the sudden warlike preparations of the enemies for a city's besieging, has given vision to the soul of a serving boy, so that he could see the mountain full of the heavenly army of allies, and of armed chariots or horsemen flashing with fiery countenances, and believe that God was stronger to save than enemies to fight? Who among them, like him, when dead to the world and yet living to God, has profited another laying in that different death, which is doubtless death to God but living for vice, by bodily contact, so that he should swiftly leap up and give thanks to Christ for a healing despaired of in the reckoning of almost all men? 5 Whom among them, with a fiery coal carried from the altar in the tongs of Cherubim, so that his sins should be blotted out, by humble confession, as Isaiah, have had lips purified, which with the aid of the efficacious prayer of the pious king Hezekiah, utterly overthrew that one hundred and eighty five thousand of the Assyrian army, like the men mentioned above, with no trace of wound, by the hand of the angel? 6 Who among them, like the blessed Jeremiah, because of the commands of God and threats given from heaven, for the offering of truth to men who heard not, suffered the squalor and filth of prisons, as heavy as death? 7 And lest we go on too long, who among them, as the teacher of the Gentiles said, has endured wandering on mountains, in caves and holes of the earth, stoning, cutting, and trial by every kind of death for the Lord's name, like the holy prophets ? 8 Saint Gildas The Wise, On The Destruction and Ruin of Britain 1 Colos 3.5 2 Judges 16.23-30 3 1 Kings 7.8-11, 9.15-10.1, 15.22-16.13, 12.1-5 4 4 Kings 1.9-17, 3 Kings 17.36-40, 1-2, 3 Kings 19.10 5 3 Kings 5, 4 Kings 6.8-18,4.32-37 6 Isaiah 6.6, 37 7 Jerem 201-2, 37.15, 26.1-15 8 Hebr 9.36-3