Ways Of Denial

Solent quaedam, cum futuram virginem spoponderint, pulla tunica eam induere, et furvo operire pallio, auferre linteamina: nihil in collo, nihil in capite auri sinere: revera bono consilio, ne habere discat in tenero, quod postea ponere compellatur. Aliis vero e contra videtur. Quid enim, aiunt, si ipsa non habuerit, habentes alias non videbit? φιλόκοσμον genus femineum est; multasque etiam insignis pudicitiae, quamvis nulli virorum, tamen sibi scimus libenter ornari. Quin potius habendo satietur; et cernat laudari alias, quae ista non habeant. Meliusque est, ut satiata contemnat, quam non habendo, habere desideret. Tale vero quid et Israelitico fecisse populo Dominum, ut cupientibus aegyptias carnes, usque ad nauseam, et vomitum praeberet examina coturnicum: multosque saeculi prius homines, facilius carere experta corporis voluptate, quam eos qui a pueritia libidinem nesciant. Ab alii enim nota calcari, ab aliis ignota appeti. Illos vitare poenitendo suavitatis insidias, quas fugerunt: hos carnis illecebras, dulci titillatione corporis blandientes dum mella putant, venena noxia reperire. Sanctus Hieronymus, Epistola CXXVIII, Ad Gaudentium Source: Migne PL 22.1096

Some mothers when they have vowed a daughter to virginity clothe her in sombre garments and cover her in a dark cloak, and do not allow her to have linen or golden ornaments for her neck or head. With wise understanding they will not have her learn in tender years what she will afterwards be compelled to set aside. To others the opposite is true. 'Why may she not have these things', they say, 'when she will see them on other women? It is of the nature of women to be 'philokosmos,' that is, lovers of finery, and we know of many of excellent chastity who adorn themselves for themselves and not for men. Let her have what she will, but let her see that they who do not need such things are praiseworthy. It is better that she scorns what she has enjoyed than having lacked such things she should have a desire for them. This is what the Lord did to the people of Israel, for when they longed for the feasts of Egypt he gave them the quails even to satiation and sickness. 1 Many men who have lived worldly lives more easily cast off the pleasures of the flesh than those who have known nothing of pleasure from their boyhood. For the former trample on what they know but the latter are drawn to what they do not know. In penitence the former shun the subtle allures which they have fled, the latter dally with the attractions of the flesh and think the alluring delights of the body to be sweet as honey, only to find them a fatal poison. Saint Jerome, from Letter 128, To Gaudentius 1 Exod 16, Numb 11

Leading Into Temptation

Et ne nos inducas in tentationem... Non quod Dominus dux et magister veritatis, qui via est credentibus, quempiam in laqueum tentationis inducat; sed abhorrens qui suis negligent parere disciplinis, cum eos deserit et permittit ire quocunque ducuntur illecti, tum utique inducere eo perhibetur. Fit ergo iste loquendi modus in Scripturis divinis frequentissime, per id quod sinit aut praestat fieri, ut ipse facere dicatur. Habes quoque in bono quod Spiritus sanctus postulet pro nobis gemitibus inenarrabilibus, dum nos postulare facit; habes et in malo, dum dicit: Et ego indurabo cor Pharaonis, cum eum indurari permisit. Atque propheta: Indurasti, Domine, cor nostum, indurasti ne iremus post te. Non quod pius Dominus aliquem aut inducet in laquem tentationis, aut induet, ne verbum disciplinae queat suscipere: sed quia, dum judici suo vero et justo nos deserit, quasi inducere in sacris litteris figuratur, et dum nos sinit infidelitate cordis interius congelescere, quasi indurare dicitur, quia non resolvit ad calorem amoris, quis novit frigescere ab illo, quis sedem suam ad Aquilonem posuit. Unde sponsa in Canticis: Surge, Aqulio, et veni, Auster, perfla hortum, ut flant aromata illius. Alioquin, nisi animus divino fuerit adjutus suffragio, cito flante vento tentatinis ad ruinam impellitur. Hinc est quod petimus: Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, id est, ab eo qui male tentat ne sinas nos induci. Sanctus Paschasius Radbertus Corbeiensis, Expositio In Evangelium Matthaei, Liber IV, Caput IV Source: Migne PL 120.296c-297a

And lead us not into temptation... 1 Not that the Lord, the guide and teacher of truth, who is the way for the faithful, leads into any sort of snare of temptation, but He abhors those who neglect to attend to His teachings, and when He has forsaken them He allows them to go into whatever snare they will be led into, and so He is held to lead them. This is frequently a way of speaking in Scripture that what is allowed, or given, is as if He did it. As a good example you have the Holy Spirit asking for us with inexpressible groaning, when He makes us entreat so, and in an evil manner you have it when He says, 'And I shall harden the heart of Pharoah,' when He permits it to be hardened, and when the prophet says, 'You harden our hearts, Lord, you hardened them, lest we should go after you.' 2 It is not that the pious Lord leads anyone into a trap of temptation, or imposes so that a man is not able to receive the word of His teaching, but the case is that while His true and just judgement is scorned, so there is a 'leading' according to the figure of the sacred writings, and while He allows the heart to freeze with unfaithfulness within, so it is said that He hardens it, because He does not set free the fire of love, knowing it is frozen by another, he who sets his seat to the north. 3 Whence the bride says in the Song of Songs, 'Rise up, north wind, and come, south wind, blow through the garden, that all its scents may arise.' 4 Besides, unless the soul is aided with the Divine assistance, the gusting wind of temptation shall drive it into ruin. Hence this is what we ask with, 'And lead us not into temptation,' that He does not allow us to be led away by the one who tempts wickedly. Saint Paschasius Radbertus, Commentary On The Gospel of Saint Matthew, Book 4, Chapter 4 1 Mt 6.13 2 Rom 8.26, Exod 4.21, Isaiah 63.17 3 Isaiah 14.13 4 Song 4.16

Temptations

Unde Christus post baptismum permisit se tentari, non ante, ut tentationes baptizatis doceret immitti. Diabolus enim ante baptismum, dum eos suos esse putat, non eos ita acriter aggreditur. Filii Israel post maris transitum, id est baptismum, morantur in deserto, donec venirent ad terram promissionis, nec est dignus aliquis comedere manna, id est corpus Domini, nisi in deserto moretur, id est nisi tumultus hujus saeculi et concupiscentias, si non corpore, saltem mente deserat. Et quia tunc imminent tentationes, accingantur ad pugnam. Vide ergo ordinem: Tria sunt genera tentationum, quae dicitur tentatio oculorum, in superbia vitae. Omnia autem alia mala ex his proveniunt, sive ira, sive invidia, sive contentio, sive odium, sive homicidium, sive furtum, sive alia genera. Ex gula, luxuria, dormitionis delectatio, et voluptates aliae. De concupiscentia carnis sunt divitiae, honores, et similia. Concupiscentia est exteriorum. Superbia vitae, est vana gloria de bonis operibus. Naturaliter autem prius tentat diabolus in concupiscentia carnis, quae est homini vicinior et quasi naturalis. Postea in exterioribus. Concupiscentia vero carnis solet incipere a gula, quia satur venter luxuriam appetit, et caeteras voluptates. Et ideo debet fidelis prius gulam domare, quae est porta et initium caeterarum voluptatum; et quia contra gulam primitus insurgit, a jejunio, quod est fraenum gulae, incipit. Et cum jejunasset quadraginta diebus et quadraginta noctibus... Anselmus Laudunensis, Enarrationes In Matthaeum, Caput IV Source: Migne PL 162.1270c-1271a

Christ allowed Himself to be tempted after baptism, 1 and not before, so that He might teach the dismissal of temptations. Before baptism the devil does not assail so bitterly because he judges men to be his own. The sons of Israel, after they crossed the sea, which is baptism, dwelt in the desert until they came to the promised land, nor was anyone worthy to eat manna, that is, the body of the Lord, unless they were in the desert, that is, unless they had withdrawn from the tumults and desires of this world, and if not in the body then in the mind, and because trials threatened them then, so were they girded up to fight. See, then, the order of the temptations in the desert, that there are three types of temptation, which is to say the temptation of the eyes in the pride of life. For every other evil comes forth from these, whether it is anger or envy or contention or hate, or murder, or theft, or any other type. From gluttony comes luxury, and delight in idleness, and other pleasures. From the desire of the flesh comes riches, honours and similar things. Desire is for exterior things. The pride of life is vainglory in good works. And naturally the devil first tempts with the desire of the flesh, which is closer to man according to his nature. Later he turns to exterior things. The desire of the flesh is accustomed to begin with gluttony because the stomach demands pampering and other pleasures. Therefore the faithful man should first rule over gluttony, which is the gate and beginning of the other pleasures, and so because he first rises up against gluttony he begins with fasting which is the withering of gluttony. 'And when He had fasted forty days and nights...' 2 Anselm of Laon, Commentary On The Gospel of Saint Matthew, Chapter 4 1 Mt 4.1 2 Mt 4.2

The Wise Serpent

Serpens autem erat sapientior omnium bestiarum quae erant super terram, quas fecit Dominus Deus, et dixit serpens mulieri: Quid utique dixit Deus, ne edatis ab omni ligno quod est in paradiso? Cum dicit sapientiorem serpentem, intelligis quem loquatur, id est, illum adversarium nostrum qui tantum habet hujus sapientiam mundi. Sed et voluptas atque delectatio bene sapiens dicitur, quia et sapientia carnis appellatur sapientia, sicut habes: Quia sapientia carnis inimica est Deo. Et ad exquirenda delectationum genera astuti sunt, quia appetentes sunt voluptatum. Sive ergo delectationem intelligas, quaedam est divino adversa mandato, et inimica sensibus nostris. Unde sanctus Paulus ait: Video aliam legem in membris meis repugnantem legi mentis meae, et captivantem me in lege peccati. Si autem ad diabolum referas, verus inimicus est generis humani. Quae autem causa inimicitiarum nisi invidia? Sicut Salomon ait: Quia invidia diaboli mors introivit in orbem terraru. Invidiae autem causa beatitudo hominis in paradiso positi, et ideo quoniam ipse diabolus acceptam gratiam tenere non potuit, invidit homini, eo quod figuratus e limo, ut incola paradisi esset, electus est. Considerabat enim diabolus quod ipse qui fuisset superioris naturae, in haec saecularia et mundana deciderat; homo autem inferioris naturae sperabat aeterna. Hoc est ergo quod invidet dicens: Iste inferior adipiscitur quod ego servare non potui? Iste de terris migrabit ad coelum, cum ego de coelo lapsus in terra sim? Multas vias habeo quibus hominem decipere possim. De limo factus est, terra ei mater est, corruptibilibus involutus est. Et si anima superioris naturae, tamen et ipsa lapsui potest esse obnoxia, in corporis carcere constituta; quando ego lapsum vitare non potui. Est igitur via prima, ut decipiatur, dum conditione sua majora desiderat. Hic enim quidam conatus est industriae. Deinde carnis est, quod non habeat, desiderare. Postremo in quo videor ego omnibus esse sapientior, nisi circumscribam hominem, et versutia et fraude contendam? Itaque machinatus est, ut non primo Adam adoriretur, sed Adam per mulierem circumscribere conaretur. Non adorsus est eum qui coram acceperat coeleste mandatum: sed eam adorsus est quae a viro didicerat, non a Deo quid observaret, acceperat. Neque enim habes quia mulieri dixit Deus, sed quia Adae dixit; et ideo per Adam cognovisse mulier aestimanda est. Cognoscens igitur hoc loco tentamenti genus, plurima etiam aliis locis tentamenti genera reperies. Alia sunt per principem istius mundi, qui quaedam venena sapientiae in hunc mundum evomuit; ut vera putarent homines esse quae falsa sunt, et specie quadam hominum caperetur affectus. Non enim semper quasi apertus hostis ingreditur: sed sunt quaedam potestates quae amorem simulent, gratiamque praetendant; ut paulatim cogitationibus nostris venenum suae iniquitatis infundant, a quibus oriuntur illa peccata quae vel ex delectatione, vel ex quadam mentis facilitate nascuntur. Sunt etiam aliae potestates quae veluti colluctantur nobiscum. Unde et Apostolus ait: Quia non est nobis colluctatio adversus carnem et sanguinem, sed adversus principatus, et potestates, et rectores hujus mundi, tenebrarum harum, adversus nequitiam spiritalium quae sunt in coelestibus. Volunt enim hac quadam contentione nos frangere, et veluti quoddam animae nostrae corpus elidere. Unde et Paulus quasi bonus athleta non solum ictus adversantium potestatum vitare cognoverat, verum etiam adversantes ferire. Unde et ait: Percutio pugnis, non ut aera caedens. Et ideo quasi bonus athleta ad coronam meruit pervenire. Ergo multiplicia tentamenta sunt diaboli. Et ideo bilinguis serpens habetur atque lethalis, eo quod diaboli minister aliud lingua loquatur, aliud corde meditetur. Sunt et alii ministri qui et cordis et vocis suae infectas veneno veluti verborum suorum jactant sagittas, quibus Dominus ait: Generatio viperarum, quomodo potestis bona loqui, cum sitis mali? Sanctus Ambrosius Mediolanensis, De Paradiso, Caput XII Source: Migne PL 14.301b-302c

'The serpent was wiser than any of the beasts on the earth which the Lord God had made, and the serpent said to the woman, 'Why did God say, you shall not eat of any tree of the garden?' 1 When it says that the serpent was more cunning, you understand who is spoken of, that is, the one who is our enemy, who has the wisdom of this world. Gratification of pleasure has been fittingly called wisdom, because it is called the wisdom of the flesh, as in the statement, 'Because the wisdom of the flesh is hostile to God.' 2 And for seeking out gratification there is cleverness, since there are seekers of pleasure. If, therefore, you understand the gaining of pleasure to be contrary to the Divine command and hostile to our senses, this is in accord with what Paul states: 'I see another law in my members warring against the law of my mind and making me a captive in the law of sin.' 3 And if you ascribe this to the Devil, the true enemy of mankind, what other cause of enmity is there unless it is envy? As Solomon says: 'By the envy of the devil death came into the world.' 4 The cause of envy was the happiness of man placed in Paradise, and therefore because the devil was not able to hold to the grace once accepted, he envied man, who though fashioned from mud, had been chosen to be an inhabitant of Paradise. The Devil began to think how it was that he who was of a higher nature had fallen into this worldly existence, but man, an inferior creature, yet had hopes of eternal life. In envy he said, 'This inferior will acquire what I could not keep? He will leave the earth for heaven, when I have fallen from heaven to earth? I have many ways by which I can deceive man. He was made of mud, earth is his mother, and he is bound up in things corruptible. And if his soul is of superior nature, yet it is open to being cast down, since it is established in the prison of the body. When I fell, I could not avoid it. This, therefore, is the first way, to deceive him while he wants to make his state greater. Thus trial will be made of his ambition. The next way is by the flesh, the desire of what he does not have. Finally, how else can I appear to be wiser than all else if not by the use of cunning and fraud to ensnare man?' Thus he did not plan his first attack against Adam, but he plotted to to trap him through the woman. He did not assail the man who had in his presence received the heavenly command, but her who had learned of it from her husband and who had not received from God the command that should be observed. There is no passage in which God spoke to the woman, but because He spoke to Adam, we must judge that she learnt of it from Adam that the command was communicated through Adam to the woman. Recognise, then, in this place the nature of the temptation, for in other places there are  many other kinds of temptations await. Some come from the Prince of this world, who has vomited into this world a sort of poisonous wisdom, so that men think the false to be true and the emotions of men are carried away by mere appearance. The enemy's advance is not always in the open, but certain powers feign what is desirable and becoming pleasing by that, they pour into our thoughts the poison of their iniquities, from which source arise those sins which are born of indulgence in pleasures, or from some weakness of the mind. And there are yet other powers who may be said to wrestle with us, as the Apostle says, 'For our wrestling is not against flesh and blood but against the Principalities and Powers, against the world rulers of this darkness, against the spiritual forces of wickedness on high.' 5 They wish by such exertions to break us, and, as if were, drive out the soul from the body. Wherefore, like a good athlete, Paul knew how to avoid the blows of the opposing powers and even to strike those who were set against him. Hence he says, 'I strike with my fists, not as one beating the air.' 6 And so like a good athlete he merited the crown of victory. The temptations of the Devil, then, are manifold. For that reason his is the double tongued serpent, because a servant of Devil says one thing with the tongue and, meditates something else in the heart. There are other servants who cast forth the shafts of their word and thought smeared in venom, to whom the Lord says, 'You brood of vipers, how can you speak good things when you are evil?' 7 Saint Ambrose, On Paradise, Chapter 12 1 Gen 3.1 2 Rom 8.7 3 Rom 7.23 4 Wisd. 2.24 5 Ephes 6.12 6 1 Cor 9.26, 2 Tim 4.8 7 Mt 12.34

Greater Trials

Sed mox ut animus amare coelestia coeperit, mox ut ad visionem pacis intimae tota se intentione collegerit, antiquus ille adversarius qui de coelo lapsus est invidet, et insidiari amplius incipit, et acriores quam consueverat tentationes admovet, ita ut plerumque sic resistentem animam tentet, sicut ante nunquam tentaverat quando possidebat. Unde scriptum est: Fili, accedens ad servitutem Dei, sta in justitia et timore, et praepara animam tuam ad tentationem. Unde et daemoniacus qui a Domino sanatur, ab exeunte daemone discerpitur, sicut scriptum est: Et clamans et multum discerpens eum, exiit ab eo. Quid est enim quod obsessum hominem antiquus hostis quem possessum non discerpserat, deserens discerpsit, nisi quod plerumque dum de corde expellitur, acriores in eo tentationes generat, quam prius excitaverat quando hoc quietus possidebat? Unde et Israelitae quoque ad Moysen et Aaron dicunt: Videat Dominus, et judicet, quoniam fetore fecistis odorem nostrum coram Pharaone et servis ejus, et praebuistis ei gladium, ut occideret nos. In Moyse enim et Aaron lex et prophetae figuratae sunt. Et saepe apud se infirmus animus quasi contra sacra eloquia murmurat, quia postquam verba coelestia audire et sequi coeperit, regis Aegyptii adversitas, id est maligni spiritus tentatio, excrescit. Sanctus Gregorius Magnus, In Ezechielem Prophetam, Liber Primus, Homilia XII Source: Migne PL 76.929d-930b

But as soon as the soul begins to love heavenly things, as soon as it has gathered up all its intention to have that vision of perfect peace, then that old enemy who fell from heaven envies it, and begins to plot extensively, and he troubles it with more bitter trials than it was accustomed to, so that he takes hold of the resisting soul as he has never tempted it when he possessed it. Whence it is written, 'O son, coming to the service of God, stand in righteousness and fear, and prepare your soul for trial.' 1 Whence the demoniac that the Lord healed was severely shaken by the demon as it came out, as it is written, 'And crying out loudly and shaking him, it came out of him.' 2 Why it is that the ancient enemy coming out of a man besieged shakes him, unless that often when he is expelled from the heart, he generates more bitter trials than he had incited when he quietly was in possession? So the Israelites say to Moses and Aaron, 'Let the Lord see and judge because our aroma has become a foul stench before Pharoah and his servants, and you have inclined him to take up the sword and slay us.' 3 For Moses and Aaron are figures of the law and the prophets, and often the weak soul murmurs in itself against sacred speech, because after hearing heavenly words and beginning to follow them, the adversity of the king of Egypt, that is, the trial of a wicked spirit, rises up. Saint Gregory the Great, On the Prophet Ezekiel, Book 1, from Homily 12 1 Sirach 2.1 2 Mk 9.25 3 Exod 5.21

Different Trials

Benignus est enim spiritus sapientiae, et non liberabit maledictum a labiis suis, quoniam renum illius testis est Dominus, et cordis ejus scrutator est verus, et linguae illus auditor. Haec sententia destruit errorem illorum, qui sicut bonas cogitatione a Deo nobis constat inspirari, ita etiam malas ipso instigante putant in nostra mente generari, cum nullo modo Deus, qui summe bonus est, et omnes homines vult salvari, atque ad agnitionem veritatis pervenier, necessitatem mali verbi aut pravi actus alicui imponet, per quem perire possit, sicut Jacobus apostolus ostendit, dicens: Nemo ergo cum tentatur, dicat: Quoniam a Deo tentor; Deus enim intentator malorum est, ipse enim neminem tentat; ac si diceret: Nemo cum rapinam, furtum, falsum testimonium, homicidium, stuprum, vel caetera hujusmodi commiserit, dicat, quoniam Dei cogente necesse habuerit haec patrare, et ideo nullatenus horum effectum potuerit declinare. Deus enim malorum intentator est, subauditur, tentamentorum; ipse enim neminem tentat, ea videlicet tentatione, quae decipit miseros ut peccent. Duplex est enim genus tentationis, unum quod decipit, aliud quod probat; secundum hoc quod decipit, Deus neminem tentat; secundum illud quod probat, Deus tentavit Abraham. De quo et Prophea postulat: Proba me, Domine, et tenta me. Unusquisque vero tentatur a concupiscentia sua abstractus est et illetus, scilicet abstractus a recto itinere, et illectus in malum quo tamen justo Dei judicio permittitur cadere qui Spiritui veritatis noluit obedire. Rabanus Maurus, Commentariorum In Librum Sapientiae Wisdom, Liber I, Caput II Source: Migne PL 109.674d-675b

The spirit of wisdom is benevolent and it does not overlook a curse from the lips, because the Lord observes a man's interior, and is a true watcher of his heart, and he hears his tongue. 1 This passage overthrows the error of those who think that just as good thoughts are constantly inspired by God, so at His instigation evil ones are generated in our minds, when in no way does God, who is the greatest good, and who wishes every man to be saved and to come to the knowledge of truth, impose the necessity of an evil word or depraved act on anyone, through which they perish, as James the Apostle shows, saying, 'Let no one when he is tempted say, 'I am being tempted by God.' For God does not tempt with evils, He tempts no one.' 2 As if he said, Let no one when they plunder, or thieve, or give false witness, or murder or fornicate, or do anything like that, say that because of some overwhelming force of God they had to do it, and therefore they were in no way capable of refusing to do it. For God does not tempt with evils, that is, with temptations, for He tries no man, that is, with temptation, which deceives the wretched so that they sin. There are two types of trials, one that deceives and one that proves. According to that which deceives, God never makes trial, according to what proves, God tested Abraham. Concerning which the prophet asks: 'Prove me, O Lord, and test me.' 3 However, everyone seized and trapped by his own desire, certainly he is taken from the right path and snared in evil, into which he who did not wish to be obedient to the spirit of truth is permitted to fall by the just judgement of God. Rabanus Maurus, Commentary on the Book of Wisdom, Book 1, Chapter 2 1 Wisdom 1.6 2 James 1.13 3 Ps 25.2

Desire And Rule

Sub te est, o homo, appetitus tuus, et tu dominaberis illi. Potest inimicus excitare tentationis motum: sed in te est, si volueris, dare seu negare consensum. In tua facultate est, si volueris, inimicum tuum facere servum tuum, ut omnia tibi cooperentur in bonum. Ecce enim inflammat inimicus desiderium cibi, vanitatis aut impatientiae cogitationes ingerit, aut excitat libidinis motum: tu solummodo ne consenseris; et quoties restiteris, toties coronaberis.Verumtamen negare non possumus, fratres, molesta sunt haec, et periculosa: sed, et in ipso certamine, si viriliter resistimus, quaedam pia tranquillitas de conscientia bona nascitur. Credo etiam, si cogitationes istas quam cito in nobis advertimus, non patimur remorari, sed in spiritu vehementi animus adversus illas excitatur, quoniam inimicus confusus abscedet a nobis, nec tam libenter illico revertetur. Sed qui sumus nos, aut quae fortitudo nostra, ut tam multis tentationibus resistere valeamus? Hoc erat certe quod quaerebat Deus, hoc erat ad quod nos perducere satagebat: ut videntes defectum nostrum, et quod non est nobis auxilium aliud, ad ejus misericordiam tota humilitate curramus. Propterea rogo vos, fratres, ut semper ad manum habeatis tutissimum orationis refugium. Sanctus Bernardus Clarae Vallensis, Sermones De Tempore, In capite Jejunii, Sermo V, De triplici modo orationis Source: Migne PL 183.179b-d

But your desire is beneath you, O man, and you may rule over it. 1 The enemy is able to stir up the trial of temptation, but it is for you, as you choose, to give or to refuse consent. You have the ability, if you wish, to make your enemy your slave, so that everything works for your good. For behold, the enemy inflames you with a desire for food, he fills your thoughts with vanity or impatience, or he excites lust, but you may not consent, and then as many times as you resist, so as many times you are crowned. We are not able to refuse these troubles and perils, brothers, but if we bravely resist in the struggle a certain pious tranquility shall be born from a good conscience. Indeed I believe that these thoughts which suddenly come to you should not be suffered to remain with you, but the soul should rise against them with an ardent spirit, because a foe that is confused withdraws from us, nor does he eagerly return there. But who are we, or what is our power, that we might have the strength to resist so many temptations? This is certainly what God asked, this was what He troubled us to consider, so that looking on our defects and noting that there is no other help for us, we should hasten to His mercy in all humility. Therefore I entreat you, brothers, always have that most secure refuge of prayer to hand. Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, Sermons For The Year, At the Beginning of the Fast, from the Fifth Sermon, Concerning the three ways of prayer 1 Gen 4.7

Virtue And Love

Et posui vectem et ostia, et dixi: Hucusque venies, et non procedes amplius, et hic confringes tumentes fluctus tuos. Quid enim moraliter per ostia, nisi virtutes; quid per vectem, nisi robur charitatis accipimus? Haec itaque ostia, scilicet operationum virtutes, mare saeviens dissipat, nisi eas ex occulto mentis opposita charitas astringat. Facile autem omne virtutum bonum tentatione cordis irruente destruitur, nisi ab intimis fixa charitate solidetur. Unde et Paulus in suis praedicationibus dum quaedam virtutum ostia mari tentationis opponeret, illico eisdem ostiis quasi robur vectis adiunxit, dicens: Super omnia autem haec charitatem habentes, quod est vinculum perfectionis. Perfectionis enim vinculum charitas dicitur, quia omne bonum quod agitur nimirum per illam ne pereat ligatur. A tentatore namque citius quodlibet opus evellitur, si solutum a vinculo charitatis invenitur; si autem mens Dei ac proximi dilectione constringitur, cum tentationum motus quaelibet ei iniusta suggesserint, obicem se illis ipsa dilectio opponit, et pravae suasionis undas virtutum ostiis ac vecte intimi amoris frangit. Quia ergo Dominus per inspiratae charitatis fortitudinem nascentia in corde vitia reprimit, insurgentis maris impetum per obserata claustra compescit. Ira fortasse in occulto exasperat; sed ne quies superna perdatur, perturbationi mentis officium linguae subtrahitur, ne usque ad vocem exeat, quod in sinu cordis tumultuosum sonat. Luxuria in occultis cogitationibus accenditur; sed ne supernam munditiam mens amittat, conceptae immunditiae ea quae famulari poterant membra castigat, ne usque ad corruptionem corporis exhalet fetor cordis. Avaritia stimulat; sed ne coelesti regno mens careat, intra claustra se parcimoniae contenta propriis ligat, ne in pravo se opere dilatet, et usque ad exteriores actus internae concupiscentiae aestus exsudet. Superbia inflat; sed ne veram celsitudinem amittat, considerando quisque quia pulvis est ab altitudine se conceptae elationis humiliat, certans nimirum ne quod in suggestione cogitationis tolerat in exercitationem operis erumpat. Bene ergo dicitur: Posui vectem et ostia, et dixi: Hucusque venies, et non procedes amplius, et hic confringes tumentes fluctus tuos, quia dum electus quisque et tentatur vitiis, et tamen facere male suggesta renititur, quasi mare clausum tenetur. Quod etsi intus tumultuosis cogitationum fluctibus mentem percutit, statuta tamen bene vivendi littora non excedit. Quod mare quidem in tumore se erigit, sed dum fixa deliberatione cordis illiditur, fractum redit. Beatus igitur Iob ne sibi tribuat quod contra procellas cordis fortiter stat, voce divina audiat: Quis conclusit ostiis mare, quando erumpebat, quasi de vulva procedens, et caetera. Ac si ei aperte diceretur: Incassum te exterius in bonis operibus pensas, si non me interius, qui in te tentationis undas compesco, consideras. Ut enim tu fluctus ferre possis in opere, meae virtutis est, qui fluctus frango tentationis in corde. Sanctus Gregorius Magnus, Moralia, sive Expositio in Job, Liber XXVIII, Caput XXII Source: Migne PL 75.476a-478a

And I have set a bar and doors, and said, 'Only to here shall you come, and you shall not go any further, here you will break your swelling waves.' 1 What shall we understand morally by the doors but the virtues, and what by a bar but the strength of love? That is, these doors are the working of the virtues which the wild sea rends asunder unless the charity of the mind, secretly set against them, binds them together. For all the goodness of the virtues is easily destroyed by a temptation of the heart rushing upon them unless it is kept firmly rooted within by love. Whence in his preaching Paul was also opposing certain doors of virtues to the sea of temptation, and he immediately added to them, as it were, the strength of a bar, saying, 'But above all these things having love, which is the bond of perfection.' 2 Love is called the bond of perfection because every good deed which is done is doubtless fastened by it so that it does not perish. For any work is speedily plucked up by the tempter if it is found to lack the bond of love. But if a mind is constrained by the love of God and of neighbour, when the motions of temptations have suggested to it any wicked thoughts, this very love opposes itself to their advance, and by the gates of the virtues and the bar of inmost love breaks the waves of sinful persuasion. Because, then, by the strength of inspired love the Lord restrains the sins which spring up in the heart, so He checks the onset of the rising sea by setting against it barred doors. It may happen that anger exasperates within, but that heavenly peace may not be lost the aid of the tongue is not lent to the agitation of the mind, whence that which sounds tumultuously in the recesses of the heart does not vent itself in words. Lust is kindled in the secret thoughts, but that it lose not its heavenly purity, the mind chastens those limbs which could help to augment the uncleanness conceived within, lest the filthiness of the heart should be exhaled to the corruption of the body. Avarice besets, but that it might not lose not the kingdom of heaven, the mind, contented with its own lot, confines itself within the bounds of parsimony, lest it should break out in wicked deeds, and lest the heat of inward desire should ooze forth into outward acts. Pride puffs up a man, but that he might not lose his true dignity, he brings himself down from the loftiness of his conceived pride by considering that he is dust, doubtless striving so that what he endures by the prompting of thought may not burst forth into outward acts. Well, then, it is said, 'I have set a bar and doors, and to here you shall come, and you shall not go any further, here you shall break your swelling waves,' because when any of the elect are assaulted by sin, yet there is a refusal to act upon evil suggestions, and thus the sea, as it were, is kept within bounds. And though it lashes the mind within with the tumultuous waves of thoughts, yet it does not pass over the appointed bounds of living well. Indeed this sea swells up, but when it dashes against the firm determination of the heart, it is broken and withdraws. Therefore the blessed Job, so that he might not ascribe his standing firmly against the storms of his heart to himself, hears the Divine voice; 'Who shut up the sea with doors, when it was breaking forth as if proceeding from the womb?' and the rest, 3 as if it were plainly said to him, 'In vain you think well of yourself because of exterior good deeds, if you do not consider me within who still the waves of temptation in you. For that you can withstand the waves is by my strength who break the waves of temptation in the heart.' Saint Gregory the Great, Moralia, or Commentary on Job, Book 28, Chapter 22 1 Job 38.10-11 2 Colos 3.14 3 Job 38.8

The Serpent And The Woman

Non autem inimicitiae ponuntur inter ipsum et virum, sed inter ipsum et mulierem. Numquid quia viros non decipit et tentat? Sed manifestum est quod decipit. An quia ipsum Adam non decepit, sed mulierem eius? Sed numquid propterea non est inimicus eius, ad quem pervenit per mulierem suam illa deceptio, maxime quia de futuro iam dicitur: Inimicitias ponam inter te et mulierem? Si autem quod non deinceps decepit Adam, nec ipsam Evam deinceps decepit. Quare ergo ita dicitur, nisi quia hic manifeste ostenditur non posse nos a diabolo tentari, nisi per illam animalem partem, quae quasi mulieris imaginem vel exemplum in uno ipso homine ostendit, de qua superius iam multa diximus? Quod autem etiam inter semen diaboli, et semen mulieris ponuntur inimicitiae, significatur semine diaboli perversa suggestio; semine autem mulieris, fructus boni operis, quo perversae suggestioni resistit. Et ideo observat ipse plantam mulieris, ut si quando in illicita labitur delectatio, tunc illam capiat: et illa observat caput eius, ut eum in ipso initio malae suasionis excludat. Sanctus Augustinus Hipponensi, De Genesi Contra Manichaeos, Liber Secundus, Caput XVIII Source: Migne PL 34.210

But hostility was not set between the serpent and the man but between it and the woman. 1 Is it that he does not deceive and tempt men? It is manifest that he does deceive them. But he did not deceive Adam though he did deceive his woman? But is he not his enemy to whom deception came through his woman, especially because concerning the future it is now said: 'I shall place hostility between you and the woman?' But if he did not deceive Adam, then he did not deceive Eve. Why therefore is it said, unless that it manifestly shows that it is not possible for us to be tempted but through our animal parts, which is shown by the image or example of the woman to the one man, concerning which we have spoken much above? Because that hostility which is placed between the seed of the devil and the seed of the woman shows that the seed of the devil is perverse suggestion, but the seed of the woman is the fruit of good works, which resists perverse suggestion. And therefore he observes the heel of the woman, that if there is any time delight falls into forbidden things, then it seizes her, and she observes its head, that she stop him at the beginning of his wicked persuasion. Saint Augustine of Hippo, On Genesis Against the Manichees, Book 2, Chap 18 1 Genes 3.15

The Order Of Temptations

Nota, quod Lucas ponit istam tentationem ultimam, et tentationem de monte secundam, quod videtur magis secundum historiam esse. Natura enim exigit, quod diabolus tentet prius de concupiscentia carnis, deinde de concupiscentia exteriorum, tandem de superbia bonae vitae. Sed Matthaeus refert secundum hoc, quod in Adam factae sunt, et per eas victus est, ut in eodem ordine quo homo prius est victus, secundus Adam vicisse ostendatur. Dicitur enim Adam prius tentatus per gulam, dum dicitur: Et videns lignum, quod esset pulchrum visu, et ad vescendum suave; postea per inanem gloriam, dum dicitur: Eritis sicut dii, Quod superbia erat, transire scilicet ultra se, et velle Domino suo parificari; denique, per avaritiam, dum dicitur: Scientes bonum et malum. Tam bene est enim avaritia cupiditas scientiae, sicut pecuniae, et iste ordo factus est tunc secundum hoc quod diabolo convenientius visum est. Postquam vero corrupta est natura, alius ordo supradictus a natura constitutus est. Prius per concupiscentiam carnis, deinde exteriorum, etc. In Adam enim nullus ordo naturaliter erat, cum nullam concupiscentiam sentiret. Anselmus Laudunensis, Enarrationes In Matthaeum, Caput IV Source: Migne PL 162.1272d-1273b

Note that Luke puts the second temptation in Matthew last, and the temptation on the mountain second, which seems to be more in line with the history. 1 For nature demands that the devil first test us with the desires of the flesh, and then with the desire for exterior things, and finally concerning the pride of the good life. But Matthew refers to it in his way, because so it was done to Adam and in that way he was conquered. So in the same order that the first man was overthrown, it is revealed that the second Adam overthrew. For it is said that Adam was first tempted by greed, when it is said, 'And seeing the tree, which was fair to look at, and sweet for the eating...' Then after by vainglory, when it is said, 'You shall be like Gods,' because it was by pride that he would pass beyond himself and wish to be equal to the Lord. And finally through avarice, when he said, 'Knowing good and evil.' 2 For it is well done that avarice is a desire for knowledge, just as for money. And thus it is set down in such an order so that the devil is more appropriately exhibited. However after nature was corrupted, the other order mentioned is established by that nature. First is the desire of the flesh, then for exterior things, and so on. Anselm of Laon, Commentary On The Gospel of Saint Matthew, Chapter 4 1 Lk 4.3-13, Mt 4.3 2 Genes 3.5-6

Fasting And Trials

Jejunavit autem ideo quadraginta diebus et quadraginta noctibus, ut indicaret nos ab illicitis debere jejunare, sive in tempore prosperitatis, quod per dies designatur, sive in tempore adversitatis, quod per noctes notatur. Et accedens tentator. Visa esurie, accessit tentator, quia non putabat Deum, quem fragilem videbat. Viderat stellas, viderat magos, audierat Joannem clamantem: Hic est Agnus Dei. Audierat forsitan de coelo vocem Patris, sed putavit eum vocari filium adoptivum, sicut et alios sanctos. Audierat prophetas, sciebat Christum venturum. Sed quum omnia ista vidisset signa, non tamen credidit esse Deum, et hoc faciebat ejus superbia. Credidit enim, quod sicut ipse nunquam voluit pati infirmitatem, sed voluit etiam super omnia exaltari, sic non credidit Deum velle ullam pati infirmitatem, judicans eum ex animo suo; et ideo visa infirmitate in Christo, eum esse Deum nullo modo credidit, et tamen explorat, quum dicit: Si Filius Dei es. Et tentat, cum dicit: Dic ut lapides isti panes fiant. Volebat enim per panem visum gulam incitare. Qui enim esurit, viso cibo plus cupit. Volebat enim per mutationem tentare potentiam, et tamen si miraculum videret, non ideo crederet quia etiam prophetas viderat majora fecisse, sed hominem per panem illudere volebat. Satis convenienter lapides offert, qui durus est et impoenitens; et quia scriptum audierat: Ipse dixit, et facta sunt, quasi per potentiam blanditur, dicens: Dic solummodo et fiet, si Filius Dei es. Qui respondens dixit. Docet nos contra tentationem clypeum Scripturarum opponere. Non utitur divina potestate, cum posset tamen eum, ut Deus fugare, quia veritatem suae divinae potentiae noluit ostendere, ut qui incertus venerat, incertus rediret. Non in solo pane. Ista auctoritas sumpta est de Deuteronomio; Moyses enim videns quod homo de gemina substantia factus est, videlicet corpore et anima, et neutrum sine sustentamento posse subsistere; corpus enim petit terreno cibo sustentari; anima vero, quae est substantia spiritualis, pane coelesti; ait: Non in solo pane vivit homo, etc. Deus est panis angelorum, sed homo Deum non potest comedere, nisi factum lac, ideo per figuras ei ostenditur, id est per verba, et per alias ostensiones quae omnia verba dicuntur, et ideo dicit, quod homo vivit, in omni verbo, id est in omni genere locutionum, Dei, id est in quibus Deus ostenditur. Quaeritur quomodo haec responsio tentationi supradictae repugnet? Solutio: Hoc sonat quasi diceret, persuasio tua patet, quia tentantis est. De cibo enim corporis agis, qui communis est cum pecoribus, non de cibo mentis, qui est nobis communis cum angelis. Si enim amice ageres, de meliori cibo prius me admoneres, sine quo nemo vere vivere potest: Non enim in solo pane, etc. Anselmus Laudunensis, Enarrationes In Matthaeum, Caput IV Source: Migne PL 162.1272a-d

Therefore He fasted forty days and forty nights to indicate that we should fast from what is forbidden, either in times of prosperity, which the days signify, or in times of adversity which the nights declare. 'And the tempter approached.' 1 He saw Him hunger, and the tempter approached, because he did not think that he could be God whom he saw was fragile. He had seen the star, the wise men, he heard John crying out, 'Behold the Lamb of God,' perhaps he heard the voice of the Father from heaven, but he thought Him called a son by adoption, like the other saints. He had heard the prophets, he knew Christ was to come, but he who had seen all these signs did not believe that He was God. And this was the work of his pride, for he believed that just as he was never willing to suffer weakness, but wished to be exalted over all things, so God would not be willing to suffer infirmity, measuring him by his own mind. Therefore seeing infirmity in Christ, he in no way believed Him to be God, and so he tested Him, saying to Him, 'If you are the Son of God.' And he tempted Him when he said, 'Tell these stones to become bread.' For by the sight of bread he wished to incite greed. He who hungers does so more by the sight of food. And by this transformation he wished to test His power, and yet if he had seen a miracle, he would have not thus believed, because he had seen the prophets do greater things, but he wished to trick man through bread. Very appropriately he who was hard and impenitent brought forth stones. And because he had heard it was written: 'He spoke and it was done,' 2 and as coaxing out his power, he says, 'Just speak and it shall be so, if you are the Son of God.' And in response He spoke, and that to teach us to oppose temptation with the shield of the Scripture. He does not use His divine power, though it was possible, as if fleeing from Godhood, because He did not wish to show the truth of His Divine power, so that he who came in uncertainty should also depart in it. 'Not on bread alone.' He takes up this authority from Deuteronomy, for Moses, seeing that man was made from two substances, obviously body and soul, and that neither are able to exist without sustenance, and that the body sustains itself from the earth, but the soul from spiritual substance which is the bread of heaven, says, 'Man does not live on bread alone.' 3 God is the bread of angels, but man is not able to receive Him, unless he is made milk, and therefore God is shown to him through figures, that is, through words, and through other revelations which are told with every word, and therefore he says that a man lives by every word, that is, in every type of speaking about God in which God is revealed. Is it asked how this answer repulsed the aforementioned temptation? Here is the solution: He speaks as if He said, 'Your persuasion is obvious, because it is a test. For you ask for the bread of the body, which is common to beasts, not the bread of the mind, which we have in common with angels. If you were a friend, you would first admonish me concerning the better food, without which one cannot truly live. 'Not on bread alone.' Anselm of Laon, Commentary On The Gospel of Saint Matthew, Chapter 4 1 Mt 4.3 2 Ps 32.9 3 Deut 8.3

Turned Inward

Et labia earum palmi unius, reflexa intrinsecus per circuitum.... Pensandum vero est valde quod dicitur, quia earumdem mensarum labia interius sunt reflexa. Tunc enim mensarum labia intrinsecus reflectuntur, quando doctores ad conscientiam revocant tacita cogitatione quod dicunt, quando semetipsos subtiliter perscrutantur si faciunt quod loquuntur. Recte autem cum reflexa intrinsecus mensarum labia dicuntur, additur quoque per circuitum, ut non in una qualibet se parte considerent, atque ex alia semetipsos perpendere praetermittant, sed ubique semetipsos inspiciant, et, in quantum praevalent, studeant singula opere implere quae docent, ne si praedicantes facere bona dissimulant, sui vastatores sint cultores alieni. O doctor, ecce jam mensa es, jam vasa portas, jam in vasis fidelibus pondus holocausti et victimae sustines, sed intus reflecte labium, id est ad cor revoca sermonem. Audi quod dicis, operare quod praedicas. Si enim negligis implere quod praedicas, aliis messem seminas, et ipse a frumenti participatione jejunas. Unde scriptum est: Cujus messem famelicus comedet. Messem quippe doctoris qui bona loquitur, sed non operatur, famelicus comedit, quia is qui panem justitiae esurit operatur mandata quae audit, et ipse fructum non habet, qui seminando laboravit. Hinc Salomon ait: Abscondit piger manum suam sub ascella, nec ad os suum porrigit eam. Nemo ita piger est, ut ad os manum vel comedendo reducere laborem putet. Sed piger nec ad os manum suam porrigit, qui nec hoc vult operari quod dicit. Hinc iterum de bene docentibus et male operantibus dicitur: Filii Ephraim intendentes areum, et mittentes sagittas, conversi sunt in die belli. Intendunt arcum, atque sagittas mittunt, qui Scripturae sacrae sententias proponunt, et verbis rectis auditorum vitia feriunt; sed convertuntur in die belli, quia post semetipsos redeunt in tentatione vitiorum, et pectus opponere non volunt, quia in tentationum certamine non resistunt. Hinc iterum dicitur: Avertisti adjutorium gladii ejus, et non es auxiliatus ei in bello. Gladius quippe doctoris est sermo Dei. Unde per Paulum dicitur: Et gladium spiritus, quod est verbum Dei. Omnipotens itaque Deus cum doctorem respicit nolle operari quae dicit, in die belli adjutorii ejus gladium avertit, quia in tentationum certamine non permittit ei esse in adjutorium doctrinae verba quae dedit. Habet igitur gladium, sed hunc in bello non adjuvat, quia cum adversitas tentationis eruperit, verbi obliviscitur quod docebat. Ecce enim de patientia forsitan sermo doctori est, doctrinae suae magisterio dicere cogitur qualiter contra illata damna, contra auditas contumelias patientia servetur. Sed cum ipse vel damno, vel contumelia fuerit lacessitus, oblitus quod docuerat, vel in laesione proximi, vel in reddenda gravius contumelia excedit. Inter haec itaque cogitet quia mensa Dei est, labium intus reflectat, servet quod praedicat. Scriptum quippe est: In patientia vestra possidebitis animas vestras. Et rursum scriptum est: Doctrina viri per patientiam noscitur. Si itaque index doctrinae patientia est, tanto quisque doctus ostenditur, quanto patiens fuerit. Hinc est enim quod bonus ille discipulus qui magistrum tolli in aera videbat, per magnae charitatis affectum clamabat, dicens: Pater mi, pater mi, currus Israel et auriga ejus. Quid est, fratres charissimi, quod Elias currus Israel et auriga dicitur, nisi quia auriga agitat, currus portat? Doctor ergo qui mores populi et per patientiam sustinet, et sacri eloquii verbis docet, et currus dicitur et auriga. Currus, quia tolerando portat; auriga, quia exhortando agitat. Currus, quia mala sustinet; auriga, quia populum bonis admonitionibus exercet. Sanctus Gregorius Magnus, In Ezechielem Prophetam, Liber Secundus, Homilia IX Source: Migne PL 76.1051b-1052c

And their borders were of one handbreadth, turned inwards all around... 1 One must think carefully on what is said here, that the borders of the tables are turned inwards. For then the borders of the tables are turned inwards, when teachers in silent thought refer what they say to their conscience, when they scrutinise themselves carefully, if they do what they teach. And rightly when the borders of the tables are said to be turned inwards it is added 'all around,' so that they do not consider themselves in just one part only, and pass over thinking on everything else, but they inspect themselves all over, and in much as is possible they strive to fulfill everything they have taught, lest if preaching the good they lie, being ruinous cultivators of their own estrangement. O teacher, behold that you are a table, behold that you bear a vase, behold in the faithful vases you hold up the weight of the holocaust and the sacrifices, but reflect within the borders, that is, recall your speech to your heart. Listen to what you say, and do what you preach. For if you neglect to fulfill what you preach, you sow a harvest for others while you fast from partaking of the wheat. Whence it is written. 'Whose harvest the hungry shall eat.' 2 Certainly the hungry man eats the harvest of the teacher when he who speaks good things does not do them, because he who hungers for the bread of righteousness works the commandments he hears, and thus he who laboured to sow it does not have the fruit of it. So Solomon says, 'The lazy man leaves his hand in the dish and does not bring it to his mouth.' 3 Therefore no one is lazy who thinks to move his hand to his mouth for eating. But the lazy man who does not put his hand to his mouth is he who does not wish to do what he says. Whence again concerning good teaching and bad action, it is said: 'The sons of Ephraim bend the bow and send forth arrows, and they are overthrown on the day of war.' 4 They bend the bow and send forth arrows, who propound the words of Sacred Scripture and strike at vices with right words for their audience. But they are overthown on the day of war because when they come back to themselves, in the trials of the vices, they care not set the heart to oppose them, because in the struggle of temptation they do not resist. Thus again it is said: 'You have taken away the aid of his sword, and you did not help him on the day of war.' 5 Certainly the sword of the teacher is the word of God. So it is said by Paul: 'And the sword is the spirit, which is the word of God.' 6 Thus almighty God, when He looks on a teacher who does not wish to do what he says, He removes the aid of his sword on the day of war, because in the struggle of temptation He does not allow him the help of the words of the teaching which he gave. Therefore he has a sword but it is of no help to him in battle, because when the adversity of trial bursts forth, he forgets the words which he has taught. Perhaps the word of the teacher is about patience, and he is driven by the duty of teaching to tell how patience guards against loses inflicted and against the abuse one hears. But when he suffers a wound by loss or insolence, he forgets what he has taught and he falls to returning a wound to a neighbour, or to returning abuse more vehemently. Concerning these things, then, let it be thought that because the table is God's, and the borders are turned inward, that it guards what is preached. For it is written: 'In your suffering you will find your souls.' 7 And again it is written: 'The teaching of a man is known through suffering.' 8 If then the measure of teaching is patience, he shows himself more educated the more he suffers. Thus that good disciple who saw the teacher caught up in the air, cried out in the passion of great love, 'My father, my father, the chariot of Israel and his charioteer.' 8 Why is this, dearest brothers, that he calls Elijah the chariot of Israel and the charioteer, unless the charioteer stirs up and the chariot bears? Therefore a teacher who endures the ways of the people with patience, and teaches the words of sacred speech, he is called the chariot and the charioteer. The chariot, because he bears with endurance, the charioteer because he stirs up with exhortation. The chariot, because he endures evil, the charioteer, because he exhorts the people with good instruction. Saint Gregory the Great, On the Prophet Ezekiel, Book 2, from Homily 9 1 Ezek 40.43 2 Job 5.5 3 Prov 19.24 4 Ps 78.9 5 Ps 87.44 6 Ephes 6.17 7 Lk 21.19 8 Prov 19.11 9 4 Kings 2.12

The Sea Within

Quis conclusit ostiis mare? Quid est mare, nisi cor nostrum furore turbidum, rixis amarum, elatione superbiae tumidum, fraude malitiae obscurum? Quod mare quantum saeviat, attendit quisquis, in se occultas cogitationum tentationes intelligit. Ecce enim iam perversa relinquimus, iam desideriis rectis inhaeremus, iam prava opera foris abscindimus; sed tamen latenter intus ea cum qua huc venimus vitae veteris procella fatigamur, quam nisi respectu iudicii et aeterni pavore tormenti immensi timoris claustra constringerent, cuncta in nobis penitus superaedificati operis fundamenta corruissent. Si enim quod per suggestionem saevit intrinsecus, per deliberationem foras erumperet, vitae nostrae fabrica funditus eversa iacuisset. In iniquitate namque concepti, et in delicto editi, per insitae corruptionis molestias pugnam nobiscum huc deferimus, quam cum labore vincamus. Unde et recte de hoc mari dicitur: Quando erumpebat, quasi de vulva procedens. Vulva enim pravae cogitationis adolescentia est. De qua per Moysen Dominus dicit: Sensus enim et cogitatio humani cordis prona est in malum ab adolescentia sua. Corruptionis namque malum, quod unusquisque nostrum ab ortu desideriorum carnalium sumpsit, in provectu aetatis exercet; et nisi hoc citius divinae formidinis manus reprimat, omne conditae naturae bonum repente culpa in profundum vorat. Nemo igitur sibi cogitationum suarum victoriam tribuat, cum Veritas dicat: Quis conclusit ostiis mare, quando erumpebat, quasi de vulva procedens? Quia nisi ab ipso cogitationis primordio cordis fluctus gratia divina retineret, tentationum procellis mare saeviens terram procul dubio humanae mentis obruisset, ut salsis fluctibus perfusa aresceret, id est perniciosis carnis voluptatibus delectata deperiret. Solus ergo Dominus ostiis mare concludit, qui pravis motibus cordis claustra inspiratae formidinis obiicit. Quia vero ea quae cernimus sequi prohibemur, quia a corporearum rerum delectatione retundimur, libet etiam ad invisibilia oculos mentis attollere, atque haec ipsa quae sequi praecipimur videre. Sed quid agimus? Infirmis illa obtutibus necdum patent. Ecce ad eorum amorem vocamur, sed tamen a visione restringimur, quia et si quando aliquid furtim parumque aspicimus, sub incerto nimis adhuc visu caligamus. Sanctus Gregorius Magnus, Moralia, sive Expositio in Job, Liber XXVIII, Caput XIX Source: Migne PL 76.474b-475a

Who shut up the sea with doors? 1 What is this sea, except our heart, troubled by fury, bitter with strife, bloated with the elation of pride, darkened by the deceit of evil? Anyone may observe how mightily this sea rages, who understands the hidden temptations of thoughts in himself. For behold, we are now abandoning our perversities, we are now cleaving to correct desires, we are now cutting off our exterior wicked works, but we are yet secretly wearied within by the storms of our old life with which we have lived so far, and unless the barriers of endless fear were curbing it with care for judgment and fear of eternal torment, all the foundations of the work which has been raised up in us would have utterly fallen into ruin. If that which rages within by suggestion were to burst out in resolution, the whole fabric of our life would be utterly overthrown. For being conceived in iniquity and in sin brought forth, 2 we bring with us here a struggle with the strife of innate corruptions, which we must conquer with toil. Whence it is rightly said of this sea, 'When it was breaking forth, as if coming out from the womb.' 1 Youth is the womb of depraved thought, concerning which the Lord says, 'The mind and thought of the human heart is inclined to evil from its youth.' 3 For the evil of corruption which each one of us takes up from the springing up of carnal desires, exerts itself with the advance of age, and unless the hand of Divine disapproval quickly restrains it, sin swiftly swallows down into the depths all the good of created nature. No one, therefore, should attribute victory over his thoughts to himself, since the Truth says, 'Who shut up the sea with doors, when it was breaking forth, as if coming out from the womb?' 1 For unless from the beginning of our thoughts Divine grace had restrained the waves of our heart, the sea raging with the storms of temptations would doubtless have overwhelmed the land of the human mind, so that, washed by the salt waves, it would have become barren, that is, it would have perished amid the delights of the ruinous pleasures of the flesh. Therefore the Lord alone shuts up the sea with doors, He who sets in opposition to the evil motions of our hearts the barriers of inspired fear. And because we are prohibited from following those things which we see, because we are turned from the enjoyment of bodily things, so it is possible for us to raise the eyes of our mind even to invisible things, and see those very things we are commanded to follow. But what do we do? Such things are not yet open to our feeble sight. Behold we are called to love them, and yet we are restrained from the sight of them, because even if sometime we see them by stealth and partially, we are yet in the darkness of our most uncertain sight. Saint Gregory the Great, Moralia, or Commentary on Job, Book 28, Chapter 19 1 Job 38.8 2 Ps 50.7 3 Gen 8.21

The Three Tyrants

Tres sunt tyranni qui contra nos acies suas producunt: diabolus, mundus, et caro. In exercitu diaboli militant vitia; in castris mundi prospera et adversa; in societate carnis desideria terrena. Ex his tribus duo tertio conjuraverunt ad subversionem nostram. Mundus enim et caro diabolo auxilium ferunt contra nos: unus est vicinus, alter domesticus. Mundus enim juxta nos est, caro nobiscum. Idcirco confidit diabolus magis in auxilio carnis, quia plus nocet domesticus hostis. Diabolum vincimus, quando suggestionibus ejus resistimus; mundum vincimus, quando nec appetimus prospera, nec timemus adversa; carnem vincimus, quando ejus desideria nec extinguimus in neccessariis, nec at licita relaximus. Hugo De Sancte Victore, Miscellanea, Liber I, Tit CXCV, De Tribus Tryannis Source: Migne PL 177.585d

There are three tyrants who lead their armies against us, the devil, the world, and the flesh. In the army of the devil the vices fight, in the camp of the world prosperity and adversity, in the company of the flesh, worldly desires. From these three two are joined to the third for our overthrow. For the world and the flesh are an aid to the devil brought against us, one as a neighbour, the other as a servant in the house. The world is next to us, the flesh is with us. Therefore the devil trusts more in the help of the flesh, because an enemy in the house harms us more. We conquer the devil when we resist his suggestions. We conquer the world when we do not seek prosperity and we do not fear adversity. We conquer the flesh when we do not suppress its desires in necessary things, nor do we become too lax in what is permitted. Hugh Of Saint Victor, Miscellanea, Book 1, Chap 195, On The Three Tyrants

Seduction And Trial

Sed dices: ut quid talem potestatem Deus diabolo dedit ad seductionem humanam? si enim ille seductionis potestatem non accepisset, tu probationis mercedem habere non poteras. Nisi enim infideles reliciti fuerunt, non eliguntur fideles. Nisi aliquorum facta fuerit refutatio, aliorum non potest fieri electio. Omnis enim seductio non potest esse seductio, nisi habuerit boni colorem, per quod videatur bonum esse quod malum est: et tunc non tantum speciem primam rerum bonarum aspicias, sed causam rerum consideres. Omne enim malum voluit Deus posse latere sub colore boni, et omne bonum voluit esse sub caligine obscuritatis, ut tu nec bonum sine laboure invenias, nec malum sine labore evites: neligens autem nec bonum inveniat, nec malum evadat. Omnia Deus posuit in labore, ut in omni re mercedem praepart, sicut ait Salomon: Quoniam Deus distensionem magnam dedit hominibus, ut distendantur in ea. Et Job Omnis vita nostra tentatio est. Opus Imperfectum in Matthaeum, Homilia XXI Source: Migne PG 56.783-4

But you may say: 'Why did God give the devil such power for the corruption of men?' Because if he had not received the power of seduction, you would not be able to have the reward for trial. For unless the faithless shall fall away, the faithful shall not be chosen. Unless there is the refutation of a certain number, the election of others is not possible. Then there is no possibility of seduction unless it shall take on the colour of the good, by which that which is evil seems to be good. Thus you should not only consider the first sight of good things, but look to the root of them. For God has allowed every evil to be hidden beneath the appearance of good, and every good to be covered by a dark obscurity, so that you do not find good without toil, nor do you avoid evil without labour, whence the negligent neither find good, nor do they escape evil. For God has set a labour in all things, that in everything reward may be prepared, as Solomon says, 'Because God has given a great labour to men, that they be exercised in it.' 1 And Job says 'Our whole life is trial.' 2 Opus Imperfectum on Matthew, from Homily 21 1 Eccl 3.10 2 Job 7.1

Doubt And Temptation

Qui enim haesitat, similis est fluctui maris qui a vento movetur et circumfertur Qui mordente se conscientia peccati haesitat de perceptione praemiorum coelestium, facile ad impulsum tentationum statum fidei deserit, qua in tranquillitate Deo servire videbatur, et ad libitum hostis invisibilis, quasi ad flatum venti, per diversos vitiorum raptatur errores. Sanctus Beda, Super Divi Jacobi Epistolam, Caput I Source: Migne PL 93.12b

He who doubts is like a wave of the sea which is driven and tossed around by the wind... 1 He who is bitten by consciousness of sin so that he doubts that he shall obtain heavenly rewards, he easily forsakes the state of faith by any blow of temptation, which state in peace he seemed to guard for God, and then at the pleasure of the invisible enemy, as a wave by the wind, he is driven through the various errors of the vices. Saint Bede, Commentary on the Letter of Saint James, Chapter 1 1 James 1.6

The Fathers Of Men

Sunt itaque filiorum Adam patres: Deus, homo, diabolus. Deus propter naturam, homo propter speciem, daibolus propter malitiam. In his ergo quae hominis sunt, esse habent necessitate; in his quae Dei, bona voluntate; in his quae diaboli, malignitate. Si naturam, in qua bonus a bono bene, et ad bonum creatus es, diligis, custodis, et ad id ad quod facta est, dirigis, in his quae Dei patris tui sunt manes, nec a Jerusalem recedis; et super prudentia ac responsis, quibus mille tentationibus carnis, mundi, diaboli, respondes, quae te argute et valde cavillose, dum tentant, interrogant, mirari facis ipsos spiritus nequam, qui tentatores tui sunt. Quod si honorem conditionis tuae naturae non intelligis, quae facta es pulchra inter mulieres, et abis post vestigia gregum, incipiens assimilari jumentis insipientibus; si etiam ipsum bonum, quod in te est, malitia a maligno concepta infeceris, ut sis superbia tumidis, invidia tabidus, ira turbulentus, tristia dejectus, anxius avartitia, gula avidus, luxuria immundus: in his quae patris tui sunt diaboli, manifeste esse convinceris. In his autem, quae hominis patris sunt, propter animale adhuc corpus, necessitatem essendi, vel potius transeundi habentes, victum et vestitum quaeramus: nec nos tentatio apprehendat, nisi humana, quominus his velimus esse contenti. Isaac, Cisterciensis Abbas, Sermo VIII Source: Migne PL 194.1717d-1718b

Those who are the children of Adam have three fathers, God, man and the devil. God for their nature, man for their kind, the devil for their wickedness. The things which are of man are theirs by necessity, the things which are of God by a good will, the things of the devil by wickedness. If you guard the nature in which good from good is created for the good and you direct it to that for which it was made, you will remain in God the Father, you will not leave Jerusalem, and because of your wisdom and replies to those thousand temptations of the flesh, the world, the devil, who dispute with you extremely captiously, you shall astonish the spirits of iniquity who test you while they put you to trial. 1 But if you do not understand the value of your nature given by the Creator, which makes you beautiful among women, and you go after the tracks of the herd, 2 becoming like mindless beasts, 3 and if you defile that good which is in you with wickedness begotten by the wicked one, so that you become swollen with pride, and rotten with envy, and vexed with wrath, and cast down by sorrow, and anxious because of avarice, and greedy with desire, and filthy with lust, then you are manifestly convicted of being in those things which belong to your father the devil. As for those things in which man is our father, while yet in the animal body, let us seek only that food and clothing which our present, or rather passing, needs require, 4 so that content in these things 'No trial shall seize us unless human.' 5 Isaac of Stella, from Sermon 8 1 Lk 2.47 2 Song 1.7 3 Ps 48.13 4 1 Tim 6.8 5 1 Cor 10.13

Bad Sons, Good Sons

Diabolica namque tentatione trahuntur qui divites fieri volunt, incideuntque in ejus laqueos, et tentationes alias post alias, atque in alias multas, ut merito audire debeant a Dei Filio: Vos ex patre diabolo estis; eisque conveniat quae ubique vera est regula: Qualis pater, talis filius, de diabolo diabolus. Nonne, inquit, duodecim vos elegi, et unus ex vobis diabolus est? De Deo Deus. Ego dixit Dii estis. De homine homo. Homo igitur relinquens diabolica, ne in eis unquam sit per humana, sine quibus esse nequit, transeat ad divina, in quibus solis bene ei erit: fugiat diabolum cum omnibus suis; redeat ad hominem, et sit contentus suis: ascendat ad Deum, ac ditetur in suis. Verumtamen caeci sunt filii diaboli omnes; excaecavit enim eos malitia sua, ut, cum divites sint, pauperes se putent. Quod naturae animalia corporis sat est, in promptu esse non vident, nec divinam vocem audiunt, quae promittit, Deum timentibus nihil defuturum, quia etiam surdi sunt, et ideo semper ad superflua sudant. Vos autem dilectissimi, in doctorem vobis coelitus indultum intendite: qui hominem, non solum ut sanaret, sed ut erudiret, assumpsit, diabolo exuit, Dei induit. Ejus sequimini vitae modum, qui pauper natus est, pauper vixit, pauper obiit. Quia in hoc est fiducia, si sicut ille fuit, sic et nos simus in hoc mundo, et sicut ille ambulavit, ita ambulet, qui dicit se in illo manere. Isaac, Cisterciensis Abbas, Sermo VIII Source: Migne PL 194.1718b-d

They who wish to be rich are dragged off by diabolical temptations,and they fall into his traps, and into other temptations after, even into many others, so it is right that they should hear from the Son of God, 'You are from your father the devil.' 1 And this which befits them is a true rule everywhere, 'Like father, like son,' for a devil is the son of the devil. 'Have I not chosen you, He said, 'and one of you is a devil?' 2 'And from God god. 'I said you are like Gods.' 3 From man a man. Therefore a man abandons devilish things, lest snared there amid human things he be unable to pass over to Divine things, with which things alone it shall go well with him. 4 Let him flee the devil and all that is his and return to being a man and be content with what is his own: to ascend to God and to be rich in what is His. The devil's sons are all blind, 'Their wickedness has blinded them,' 5 so that even when they are rich they think themselves to be poor. They do not see how quickly their bodily needs may be satisfied. Nor do they hear the Divine voice which promises that 'Those who revere God shall not lack,' 6 because indeed they are deaf and therefore they are always toiling for what is not needed. You, most beloved, keep your eyes on your heaven sent teacher, who not only became a man to heal man, but to instruct him and lift him up and strip him of the devil and clothe him with God. Follow His way of life, He who was born poor, who lived poor, who died poor. In this is our confidence, if our life in this world is like His, if we walk as He did, He who said 'Remain in me.' 7 Isaac of Stella, from Sermon 8 1 Jn 8.44 2 Jn 6.70 3 Ps 82.6 4 Ps 128.2 5 Wisd 2.21 6 Ps 34.9 7 Jn 15.4, 1 Jn 2.6

Persecutions And Death

Διώγμὸς δὲ ὁ μέν τις ἔξεωεν περιγίνεται, τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἤ δι' ἔχθραν, ἤ διὰ φθόνον, ἤ διὰ φιλοκέρδειαν, ἤ κατ' ἑνέργειαν διαβολικὴν τοὺς πιστοὺς ἑλαυνόντων· ὁ δὲ χαλεπώτατος ἔνδοθέν ἐστι διωθγμὸς, ἐξ αὐτῆς ἐκάστῳ τῆς ψυχῆς προπεμπόμενος, λυμαινομένης ὑπὸ ἐπιθυμιῶν ἀθέων καὶ ἡδονῶν ποικίλων καὶ φαύλων ἐλπίδων καὶ φθαρτῶν ὀνειροπολημάτων· ὅταν ἀεὶ τῶν πλειόνων ὀρεγομένη, καὶ λυσσῶσα ὑπὸ ἀγρίων ἐρώτων, καὶ φλεγομένη καθάπερ κέντροις ἤ μύωψι τοῖς προκειμένοις αὐτῇ πάθεσιν, ἐξαιμάσσηται πρὸς σπουδὰς μανιώδεις καὶ ζωῆς ἀπόγνωσιν καὶ Θεοῦ καταφρόνησιν. Οὕτος ὁ διωγμὸς βαρύτερος καὶ χαλεπώτερος, ἔνδοθεν ὁρμώμενος, ἀεὶ συνὼν, ὄν οὐδὲ ἐκφυγεῖν ὁ διωκόμενος δύναται· τὸν γὰρ ἐχθρὸν ἐν ἑαυτῷ περιαγει πανταχοῦ. Οὕτω καὶ πύρωσις, ἡ μὲν ἔξωθεν προσπίπτουσα δοκιμασίαν κατεργάζεταιἡ ἡ δὲ ἔνδοθέν θάνατον διαπραττεται. Κλήμης ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς, Τις Ὁ Σώζομενος Πλούσιος Source: Migne PG 9.629b-c

There is a persecution that comes from outside, from men who assail the faithful, because of hatred, or envy, or avarice, or through diabolic agency. But the most grievous is the persecution that comes from within, which proceeds from each man's soul, when it is vexed by unholy desires and shifting pleasures and vile hopes and ruinous dreams, when always desiring more and maddened by brutish loves and inflamed by the passions that strike it like goads and stings, soaked in blood, it rushes to insane pursuits and to despair of life and to contempt of God. This persecution is more grievous and painful, which arises from within, which is ever with a man and which the persecuted cannot escape, for a man carries the enemy about everywhere in himself. Thus the burning which comes from persecution from outside works proof, but that from within accomplishes death. Clement of Alexandria, Who Is The Rich Man That Shall Be Saved?

The Ways Of Temptation

Deinde concuspiscentia cum conceperit, parit peccatum. Peccatum vero, cum consummatum fuerit, generat mortem. Tribus modis tentatio agitur, suggestione, delectatione, consensu. Suggestione hostis, delectatione autem, vel etiam consensu nostrae fragilitatis. Quod si, hoste suggerente, delectari aut consentire peccato nolumus, tentatio ipsa nobis ad victoriam provenit, qua coronam vitae meramur accipere. Si vero et hostis suggestione paulatim a recta intentione abstrahimur, et vitio incipimus illici, delectando quidem offendimus, sed necum lapsum mortis incurrimus. At si delectationem concepti corde facinoris, etiam partus pravae sequitur actionis, nobis, jam mortis reis, victor hostis abscedit. Quod ut astruamus exemplis, tentatus est Joseph verbis dominae, sed quia concupiscentiam libidinis non habuit, suggestione tantum, non etiam delectatione vel consensu tentari potuit, ideo victor evasit. Tentatus est David visu uxoris alienae, et quia necdum carnis appetitum vicerat, a concupiscentia sua abstractus et illectus est. Atque ubi conceptum scelus perfecit, reatum mortis etiam proprio ore judicatus incidit, quam tamen poenitendo evasit. Tentatus est Judas per philargyriam, et quia erat avarus, ab ipsa sua concupiscentia abstractus et illectus, ad interitum consentiendo decidit. Tentatus est Job multipliciter, sed quia nec possessiones, nec salutem corporis divinio amori praeposuerat, tentari quidem suggestione hostili potuit, sed consentire vel saltem delectari peccato nullatenus valuit. Quod ergo dicitur, Peccatum, cum consummatum fuerit, generat mortem: respicit e contrario ad hoc quod supra dictum est de eo qui suffert tentationem, quia cum probatus fuerit, accipiet coronam vitae. Sicut enim ille qui tentatus superat praemia vitae meretur, ita nimirumque qui concupiscentiis suis illectus a tentatione superatur, merito ruinam mortis incurrit. Sanctus Beda, Super Divi Jacobi Epistolam, Caput I Source: Migne PL 93.14c-15a

Then when lust has conceived it brings forth sin, but sin, when it is consummated, produces death 1 Temptation works in three ways, by suggestion, by delight, and by consent. By the suggestion of the enemy, but by the delight and consent of our fragility. Thus if, with the enemy's suggestion, we do not wish to delight in or consent to sin, the temptation bring us to victory, by which we merit to receive the crown of life. If however, by the suggestion of the enemy, we are, little by little, drawn away from the right intention, and we begin to be enticed by the vice, we offend in that delight, though we do not yet race into the ruin of death. But if the delight in the deed is conceived in the heart, and the birth of the evil action follows, to us, now with the things of death, is lost victory over the enemy. Let us give some examples: Joseph was tempted by the words of that lady, but because he had no desire for lust, only having the suggestion, he was not able to be tempted by delight or consent, and therefore he escaped as the victor. 2 David was tempted by the sight of a another man's wife, and because he had not yet conquered the desire of the flesh, he was carried off by lust and he was enticed. And when he performed the crime, he was judged to have fallen into the guilt of death by his own mouth, which however he escaped by penance. 3 Judas was tempted by love of money, and because he was avaricious, he was drawn away by his own lust and enticed, and he came to consent to murder. Job was tempted by manifold things, but because he preferred neither possessions, nor the health of the body, to Divine love, he was able to be tempted by the suggestion of the enemy, but he could not not consent to nor even delight in any way in sin. Therefore it is written: 'Sin, when it is consummated, produces death.' And for the opposite look to what was written above: 'He who suffers trial, when he has been proved, he will receive the crown of life.' 4 For as he who tempted and is victorous merits the rewards of life, so indeed he who is conquered by his own desires and enticed, rightly rushes into the ruin of death. Saint Bede, Commentary on the Letter of Saint James, Chapter 1 1 James 1.15 2 Genesis 39 3 2 Kings 11-12 4 James 1.12