Healing The Paralytic

Et venerunt ad eum ferentes paralyticum, qui a quatuor portabatur. Curatio paralytici hujus salvationem designat animae post diuturnam illecebrae carnalis inertiam ad Christum suspirantis, quae primo omnium ministris qui eam sublevent et Christo afferant, id est bonis doctoribus qui spem sanationis opemque intercessionis suggerant, indiget. Qui bene quatuor fuisse referuntur, sive quia quatuor sancti Evangelii libris omnis praedicantium virtus, omnis sermo firmatur, seu quia quatuor sunt virtutes quibus ad promerendam sospitatem fiducia mentis erigitur. De quibus in aeternae sapientiae laude dicitur: Sobrietatem enim et sapientiam docet et justitiam et virtutem, quibus utilius nihil est in vita hominibus. Quas nonnulli diversis nominibus prudentiam, fortitudinem, temperantiam et justitiam nuncupant. Sanctus Beda, In Marci Evangelium Expositio, Caput II Source: Migne PL 92.146e-146d

'And they came to Him bearing a paralytic, who was carried by four men' 1 The curing of this paralytic signifies the soul's salvation in its desire for Christ after long torpor amid carnal snares, which first of all requires helpers to lift up the soul and carry it to Christ, that is, good teachers who counsel hope of healing and intercessory work for the one who is infirm. And these are well said to be four, either referring to the four Gospels, in which is the preaching of all virtue and every word of which strengthens, or the four virtues by which the confidence of the mind is raised to hope of gaining healing. Concerning which it is said in praise of eternal wisdom, 'It teaches sobriety and wisdom and righteousness and virtue,' 2 and there is nothing more useful in human life than these, which not a few speak of under the alternative names of prudence and fortitude and temperance and righteousness. Saint Bede, Commentary on the Gospel of Mark, Chapter 2 1 Mk 2.3 2 Wisdom 8.7

The Trinity And Virtue

Perfectio namque hujus vitae non alia est quam per fidem, spem et charitatem, perfecte quae retro sunt oblivisci, et in ea extendi quae ante sunt. Nam et Apostolus hoc dicit: Quotquot, inquit, perfecti sumus, hoc sapiamus. Quicunque ergo vere quaerunt Deum Trinitatem, trium virtutum harum affectent in semetipsis habere trinitatem, et conformare se studeant ad earum disciplinam. Conscientia earum paradisus voluptatis est, pollens affluentia gratiarum, et castis sanctarum deliciis virtutum; ubi homo incola paradisi ipsius cum Deo conversatur; et saepe eum videt, semper ab eo videtur, saepe cum eo loquitur. Tres autem cardinales istae virtutes ubi sunt, ad aliquam similudinem Trinitatis Dei sic sibi invicem connexae sunt et conjunctae, ut sint singulae in omnibus, et omnes in singulis; ut quod, et quantum, et quomodo, quid credit; hoc etiam, et tantum, et eo modo speret et amet: sic etiam speret, quod credit et amat; et amet, quod credit et sperat. Fides enim nomen virtutis est, et magnae et eximiae virtutis. Sed fides quae spem et charitatem non habet, virtus est. Sic enim et daemones credunt, et homines, qui sicut daemones credunt, nisi quod pejores esse videntur ipsis daemonibus homines quidam, in eo quod homines nec timent, ubi daemones contremiscunt. Certamque esse fidem oportet, ut certa sit spes, certa charitatis. Sicut enim recte credi non potest sine spe, nec sperari nisi praecedente fide, sic nec alterius formae spes esse potest quam fides. Creditum quipper bonum suum spei format appetitum, cum credita bonitas crediti dat fiduciam sperandi. Ad similitudinem ergo summae Trinitatis sicut fides spem gignit, sic charitatis ab utroque, hoc est a fide et spe procedit, cum non potest non amari quod creditur et speratur; et eodem utique modo amari, quo creditur et speratur. Sicut enim ibi tres personae coaeternae sibi sunt et consubstantiales, ita et hic fides, spes, charitas, non tempore alia prior, alia posterior est, quantum ad virtutis substantiam quodammmodo consubstantiales licet videantur habere secundum formam differentis affectius, quasi differentias quasdam personales. Guillelmus S Theodorici Abbas, Speculum Fidei Source: Migne PG 180.367b-368a

The perfection of this life is nothing other than by faith, hope and charity, the things behind being completely forgotten in reaching for those things ahead. For as the Apostle says, 'However many of us are perfect, this we shall know. ' 1 Whoever, then, seeks the Divine Trinity desires to have in himself this trinity of virtues, and he is eager to conform himself to their discipline. The awareness of them is the paradise of joys, strong with the abundance of grace and with the chaste delights of the holy virtues, where man placed in paradise dwelt with God, and often he sees Him, and he is always seen by Him, and he often speaks to Him. Now as the three cardinal virtues have a certain similitude to the divine Trinity, so it is that they are in themselves connected and joined, each one being in all, and all in each, so that as much and how someone believes, with this and only with this, is the way he hopes and loves. For faith is the name of a virtue, and it is a great and wonderful virtue, but the faith which does not have hope and charity is no virtue. As demons believe, so even men who are like demons believe, unless they seem to be worse than demons and thus are men who have no fear, whereas demons tremble. 1 It is necessary that faith be certain, that hope be certain, and love be certain. For as one cannot believe rightly without hope, nor can one hope unless faith precedes, and so there is no other way for there to be hope but with faith. Certainly a believed good forms the appetite of hope, for the good that is believed gives confidence to hope in the believing. In the likeness, then, of the Holy Trinity faith begets hope, and love comes from both, that is, it proceeds from faith and hope, since it is impossible not to love what we believe in and hope for, whence in the same way one loves what is believed in and is hoped for. So as there are three coeternal and consubstantial persons, so it is with faith and hope and charity, one is not earlier or later in time, but as much as the substance of the virtue is consubstantial yet they have a difference of form, just as it is with the differences of the Divine persons. William of St Thierry, The Mirror of Faith 1 1 Cor 13.13, Phil 3.13-15 2 James 2.19

Receiving And Persevering

Gratias agamus agricolae Patri, qui semini Filii per Spiritum sanctum fecit nos idoneus, ignem charitatis diffundens in cordibus nostris, quo spinis exustis terra nostra excocta tricenum, sexagenum, vel etiam centenum fructum fert in patientia. Obedientia enim veri semen suscipit, patientia fructificat, perseverantia metit. Et sicut de agonistis ait Apostolus: Omnes currunt, sed unus accipit bravium; sic et de virtutibus dicere est. Omnes ad regnum Dei currunt, paupertas, eleemosyna, abstinentia, obedientia, patientia: sola perseverantia coronatur. Nam qui perseveraverit usque in finem salvus erit. Isaac, Cisterciensis Abbas, Sermo XVIII Source: Migne PL 194.1752b-c

Let us give thanks to the Father, the heavenly farmer, who through the Holy Spirit has made us capable of bearing the seed of the Son, pouring into our hearts the fire of love that burns up the thorns, by which our earth has been cleansed so that we might patiently bring forth a harvest thirtyfold, and sixtyfold, and even a hundredfold. 1 It is obedience that receives the seed of truth, patience that makes it fruitful, perseverance that reaps it. What the Apostle said of athletes, 'All run, but one receives the prize,' 2 can be said of the virtues. Poverty, almsgiving, abstinence, obedience, patience, all run to the kingdom of God, but only perseverance is crowned. For 'He who perseveres until the end shall be saved.' 3 Isaac of Stella, from Sermon 18 1 Mk 4.20 2 1 Cor 9.24 3 Mt 10.22

Belonging And Obedience

Dilectus meus mihi, et ego illi, qui pascitur inter lilia, donec aspiret dies, et inclinentur umbrae. Dilectus meus mihi haec locutus est, et ego illi, subaudis obediam, qui pascitur inter lilia, hoc est delectatur in operibus eorum qui sunt candidi in virtutibus, qui sunt decus aliorum, ut lilium spinarum. Et tandiu in his pascitur, et tandiu obediam alios docendo, donec aspiret dies, id est donec scientia aeternae claritatis adveniat, ubi omnes verum lumen videant, et donec inclinentur umbrae, id est donec ignorantia praesentis vitae pertranseat. Honorius Augustodunensis, Expositio in Cantica Canticorum, Caput II Source: Migne PL 172.394c-d

My beloved is mine and I am his, he who feeds among the lilies, until the day breaks and the shadows decline... 1 'My beloved is mine,' she says, 'and I am his,' meaning I shall be obedient to him, 'who feeds among the lilies,' which is to delight in the works of those who are bright with virtue, who are as worthy among others as 'a lily among thorns.' 2 And on these he shall feed, and my obedience shall teach others, 'until the day breaks,' that is, until the knowledge of eternal brightness comes, when all shall see the true light, and until 'the shadows decline,' which is when the ignorance of the present life passes by. Honorius of Autun, Commentary on The Song of Songs, Chapter 2 1 Song 2.16-17 2 Song 2.2

Blessing And Righteousness

Μακάριοι οἱ φυλάσσοντες κρίσιν, καὶ ποιοῦντες δικαιοσύνην ἐν παντὶ καιρῷ. Τῇ αἰσθήσει τῆς ἁμαρτίας ὁ τῆς ἀρετῆς μακαρισμὸς ὑπεισέρχεται. Ο γὰρ τὰς ὑπὲρ ταύτης εὐθύνας ἐκτίνων μακαρίζει τοὺς ταύτης ἀπηλλαγμένους, καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ τὸν οἰκεῖον βίον διακοσμοῦντας. Μακαρίζει δὲ οὐ τὸν ἅπαξ τῇ δικαιοσύνη χρησάμενον, ἀλλὰ τὸν ἀεὶ καὶ διηνεκῶς τοῖς ταύτης ἑπόμενον ίχνεσι. Θεοδώρητος Ἐπίσκοπος Κύρρος, Ἑρμηνεία εἰς Τους Ψαλμούς, Ψαλμός ΡΕ’ Source: Migne PG 80.1723a

Blessed are those who keep a watch on judgement, and act righteously all the time. 1 It is by an awareness of sin that one enters into the blessing of virtue. For He who disciplines to correct blesses those who are far from such a thing and who have adorned their lives with righteousness. But He does not bless a man who once did some righteous deed, but he who always and continually cleaves to the path of virtue. Theodoret of Cyrrhus, Commentary on the Psalms, from Psalm 105 1 Ps 105.3

Death And Resurrection

Ἀρχὴ δὲ γενέσθω τοῦ λόγου τῶν θεοπνεύστων ῥημάτων ἡ μνήμη ἐπὶ λέξεως ἔχουσα οὕτως· Ἀνέστην ἐγὼ ἀνοῖξαι τῷ ἀδελφιδῷ μου· αἱ χεῖρές μου ἔσταξαν σμύρναν, οἱ δάκτυλοί μου σμύρναν πλήρη, ὅτι μὲν οὖν οὐκ ἔστιν ἄλλως ἐν ἡμῖν γενέσθαι τὸν ζῶντα λόγον, τὸν καθαρὸν λέγω καὶ ἀσώματον νυμφίον τὸν δι’ ἀφθαρσίας καὶ ἁγιότητος ἑαυτῷ τὴν ψυχὴν συνοικίζοντα, εἰ μή τις διὰ τοῦ νεκρῶσαι τὰ μέλη τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς περιέλοιτο τὸ τῆς σαρκὸς παραπέτασμα καὶ οὕτως ἀνοίξοι τῷ λόγῳ τὴν θύραν, δι’ ἧς εἰς τὴν ψυχὴν εἰσοικίζεται, δῆλόν ἐστιν οὐ μόνον ἐκ τῶν θείων τοῦ ἀποστόλου δογμάτων ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκ τῶν νῦν εἰρημένων παρὰ τῆς νύμφης· Ἀνέστην γάρ, φησίν, ἀνοῖξαι τῷ ἀδελφιδῷ μου διὰ τοῦ ποιῆσαι τὰς χεῖράς μου τῆς σμύρνης πηγὰς ἀφ’ ἑαυτῶν ῥεούσας τὸ ἄρωμα καὶ πλήρωμα τῶν δακτύλων δεῖξαι τὴν σμύρναν. τὸν γὰρ τρόπον, δι’ οὗ ἀνοίγεται τῷ νυμφίῳ ἡ θύρα, φησὶ διὰ τῶν εἰρημένων ὅτι διὰ τοῦ Συνταφῆναι αὐτῷ διὰ τοῦ βαπτίσματος εἰς τὸν θάνατον ἀνέστην· οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἐνήργησεν ἡ ἀνάστασις μὴ προκαθηγησαμένης τῆς ἑκουσίου νεκρότητος. ἐνδείκνυται δὲ τὸ ἑκούσιον ἡ ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν αὐτῆς ἀπορρέουσα τῆς σμύρνης σταγὼν καὶ τὸ πεπληρῶσθαι τοὺς δακτύλους αὐτῆς τοῦ ἀρώματος τούτου· οὐ γὰρ ἑτέρωθεν ἐγγενέσθαι τῇ χειρὶ λέγει τὴν σμύρναν, ἦ γὰρ ἂν ἐνομίσθη διὰ τούτου περιστατικὸν αὐτῇ καὶ ἀκούσιον συμβῆναι τὸ διὰ τῆς σμύρνης δηλούμενον, ἀλλ’ αὐτάς φησι τὰς χεῖρας, σημαίνει δὲ διὰ τῶν χειρῶν τὰς ἐνεργητικὰς τῆς ψυχῆς κινήσεις, ἀφ’ ἑαυτῶν στάξαι τὴν σμύρναν, τὴν οἴκοθεν ἐκ προαιρέσεως τῶν σωματικῶν παθημάτων γινομένην νέκρωσιν διὰ τούτου σημαίνων, ἣν ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς δακτύλοις πεπληρῶσθαι λέγει, τὰ καθ’ ἕκαστον εἴδη τὰ διῃρημένως δι’ ἀρετῆς σπουδαζόμενα τῷ τῶν δακτύλων διερμηνεύων ὀνόματι· ὡς εἶναι πάντα τὸν νοῦν τῶν λεγομένων τοιοῦτον, ὅτι ἔλαβον δύναμιν ἀναστάσεως διὰ τοῦ νεκρῶσαι τὰ μέλη μου τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἑκουσίως μοι τῆς τῶν τοιούτων μελῶν ἐνεργηθείσης νεκρώσεως, οὐ παρ’ ἄλλου ταῖς χερσὶν ἐντεθείσης τῆς σμύρνης ἀλλ’ ἐκ τῆς ἐμῆς προαιρέσεως ἀπορρεούσης, ὡς καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς κατ’ ἀρετὴν ἐπιτηδεύμασιν, ἅπερ δακτύλους ὠνόμασεν, ἀνελλιπῆ τὴν τοιαύτην ἐνορᾶσθαι διάθεσιν· Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος Νύσσης, Ἐξηγησις Του Αἰσματος Των Ἀσμάτων, Ὁμιλία IB’ Source: Migne PG 44.1016c-1017b

Let the beginning of our speech be from the Divinely inspired words, which my recollection of the text has as: 'I rose up to open to my beloved; my hands dripped myrrh, my fingers were covered with myrrh,' 1 for there is no other way in which the living Word comes within us, and I speak of the pure and incorporeal Bridegroom, who makes the soul dwell with Him through incorruptibility and holiness, that is, if by mortifying one’s earthly members one removes the veil of the flesh 2 and thus opens the door to the Word through which He makes the soul His home, which is clear not only from the Divine teachings of the Apostle but also from what the Bride says here. For saying, 'I rose up to open to my beloved by making my hands founts of myrrh from which its scent pours forth, and by showing my fingers to be covered with myrrh,' she declares the way in which the door is opened to the Bridegroom, that is, she says 'by being buried with him through baptism into His death I have risen up, 3 for there is no real resurrection that is not preceded by a voluntary death.' This voluntary nature is shown by the drops of myrrh that drip from her hands and because her fingers are covered with its scent, for she does not say that the myrrh came on her hands from an outside source, since that would make one think that what the myrrh signifies happened to her accidentally and involuntarily, but she says that her hands themselves, by which she means those motions of the soul that bring actions about, drip myrrh by their very own agency, and by myrrh she refers to the mortification of bodily passions that comes about through a choice that originates in oneself, which, she says, attains fullness in all her fingers, and by the name of 'fingers' she signifies the particular ways among us of the cultivation of virtue. Thus the whole sense of what is said is: 'I have received the power of the resurrection by mortifying my earthly members, which mortification of such members was enacted voluntarily. The myrrh was not placed on my hands by another, but it flowed forth from my own choice, so that in all virtuous pursuits,' which she names fingers, 'a state of this kind is always observed.' Saint Gregory of Nyssa, Commentary on The Song of Songs, from Homily 12 1 Song 5.5 2 2 Cor 3.16, Colos 3.5 3 Rom 6.4

Death And Memory

...ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν τῷ θανάτῳ ὁ μνημονεύων σου... Οἱ περὶ τοῦ κοινοῦ θανάτου ὑπονοοῦτες εἰρῆσθαι τὰ προκείμενα, σφάλλονται, μᾶλλον δὲ ἀσεβοῦσιν· οἱ γὰρ ἅγιοι ἄνδρες οὐ τότε μόνον μνήμην ἔχουσι Θεοῦ, ὅτε τὴν κοινὴν ζωὴν ἔχουσιν, ἀλλὰ πολλῷ μᾶλλον ὅτε χωρίζονται τοῦ φθαρτοῦ σώατος. Τί οὖν φησίν; Ἐπεὶ οὐδεὶς μεμνημένους σου ἐν θανάτῳ γίνεται, ὄν ἡ ἁμαρτία ἀποτίκτει· οὗτος δέ ἐστιν ὁ χωρίζων ἐναρέτου ζωῆς τὴν ἁμαρτάνουσαν ψυχήν· ποθῶ δὲ μνήμην σου ἔχειν, εἰς τοῦτ' αὐτὸ ῥέψας τὴν ἀγαθότητά σου, σῶσόν με, ἵνα μὴ ἰσχυσάσης κατ' ἐμου τῆς προσούσης ἀσθενείας καὶ ταραχῆς, καταποθῶ ὑπὸ τοῦ θανάτου. Οὐ γὰρ εἴρηται, Οὐ μέμνηται Θεοῦ ὁ ἐν θανάτῳ, ἀλλ' Ὁ μνημονεύων αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν θανάτῳ, περὶ οὗ φησιν ὁ Σωτήρ· Ὁ τὸν λόγον μου ἀκούων, θάνατον οὐ θεωρεῖ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα. Δίδυμος Αλεξανδρεύς, Εἰς Ψαλμούς, Ψαλμος Ϛ’ Source: Migne PG 39.1177b-c

...for in death there is no memory of you... 1 They lie who say this speaks of the common death, or rather they think impiously. For holy men are not only mindful of God while they are in possession of this common life, but much more when they are separated from this corruptible body. What, then, does this say? That no one who is mindful of God falls into that death which sin fashions, for that is the death which separates the sinning soul from the virtuous life. I, however, am mindful of you, and immediately turning to your benevolence, you save me, lest I am overcome amid my weakness and confusion and devoured by death. Therefore he does not say here, 'There is no one who is mindful of you in death,' but 'he who is mindful of you does not fall into that death,' concerning which the Saviour said, 'He who hears my word shall not see eternal death.' 2 Didymus the Blind, Commentary on The Psalms, from Psalm 6 1 Ps 6.6 2 Jn 8.51

Withering And Flowering

...ἐπαλαιώθην ἐν πᾶσιν τοῖς ἐχθροῖς μου ... Ὅρα εἰ δύναται τὸ, Ἐπαλαιώθν ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς ἐχθροῖς μου, καὶ ἑτέραν νόησιν ἔχειν. Ὅτε σὺν δικαιοσύνῃ ἔζων, ἐνέαζον ἀεὶ ζῶν κατὰ τὴν καινότητα τοῦ πνεύματος καὶ τὴν καινὴν διαθήκην· ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἐξ ἀποροσεξίας ἡμετέρας μετέστην τοῦ ἐπαινετῶς ζῇν παρὰ τοῖς ἑχθροῖς γενάμενος, πεπαλαίωμαι, κατὰ τὴν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐκείνου παλαιότητα, ὄν ἐνδυσώμεθα τὸν νέον ἄνθρωπον, τὸν κατὰ Θεὸν κτισθέντα ἐν ὁσιότητι καὶ γνώσει τῆς ἀληθείας· οὗτος δὲ ἐστιν ὁ βίος ὁ ἀκηλίδωτος. Δίδυμος Αλεξανδρεύς, Εἰς Ψαλμούς, Ψαλμος Ϛ’ Source: Migne PG 39.11177c-d

...I withered amid all my enemies... 1 Note that 'I have withered amid all my enemies' can have another meaning. 'When I was living righteously, I was always being renewed in my life according to the newness of the spirit and new faith. But after, because of fault, cut off from the midst of that glorious life, I withered among enemies, as if with old age, like that old man whom Paul exhorts us to slough off, so that we may put on the new man, who is created according to God in holiness and the knowledge of the truth, 2 and this is the immaculate life. Didymus the Blind, Commentary on The Psalms, from Psalm 6 1 Ps 6.8 2 Ephes 4.24

The House And The Rain

Δοκοὶ οἴκων ἡμῶν κέδροι, φατνώματα ἡμῶν κυπάρισσοι. Πάντως δὲ τὰ δηλούμενα διὰ τῶν ξύλων αἰνίγματα φανερὰ τοῖς ἐπακολουθοῦσι τῷ εἱρμῷ τῆς διανοίας ἐστίν. βροχὴν ὀνομάζει τὰς ποικίλας τῶν πειρασμῶν προσβολὰς ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ ὁ Kύριος λέγων ἐπὶ τοῦ καλῶς τὴν οἰκίαν ἐπὶ τῆς πέτρας οἰκοδομήσαντος ὅτι Κατέβη ἡ βροχὴ καὶ ἔπνευσαν οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἦλθον οἱ ποταμοὶ καὶ ἀπαθὲς ἔμεινεν ἐν τούτοις τὸ οἰκοδόμημα. Tαύτης οὖν ἕνεκεν τῆς κακῆς ἐπομβρίας χρεία τοιούτων ἡμῖν ἐστιν δοκῶν. Αὗται δ’ ἂν εἶεν αἱ ἀρεταί, αἳ τὰς τῶν πειρασμῶν ἐπιρροὰς ἐντὸς ἑαυτῶν οὐ προσίενται στερραί τε οὖσαι καὶ ἀνένδοτοι καὶ τὸ πρὸς κακίαν ἀμάλακτον ἐν τοῖς πειρασμοῖς διασῴζουσαι. Mάθοιμεν δ’ ἂν τὸ λεγόμενον τὴν ἐν τῷ Ἐκκλησιαστῇ ῥῆσιν τῷ προκειμένῳ συνεξετάσαντες· Ἐκεῖ γάρ φησιν Ἐν ὀκνηρίαις ταπεινωθήσεται δόκωσις καὶ ἐν ἀργίᾳ χειρῶν στάξει οἰκία. Ὥσπερ γὰρ εἰ ἀσθενῆ τε καὶ ἄτονα ὑπὸ λεπτότητος εἴη τὰ ξύλα τὰ διειληφότα τὸν ὄροφον, ὀκνηρῶς δὲ ἔχοι πρὸς τὴν τοῦ δώματος ἐπιμέλειαν ὁ τοῦ οἴκου δεσπότης, οὐδὲν ἀπώνατο τῆς στέγης τοῦ ὄμβρου διὰ σταγόνων εἰσρέοντος, κοιλαίνεται γὰρ ἐξ ἀνάγκης ὁ ὄροφος εἴκων τῷ βάρει τοῦ ὕδατος καὶ οὐκ ἀντέχει τῶν ξύλων ἡ ἀτονία πρὸς τὴν τοῦ βάρους προσβολὴν ὑποκλάζουσα. Διὰ τοῦτο ἐπὶ τὰ ἐντὸς διαδίδοται τὸ ἐναπειλημμένον τῇ κοιλότητι ὕδωρ καὶ αἱ σταγόνες αὗται κατὰ τὸν Παροιμιώδη λόγον ἐκβάλλουσι τοῦ οἴκου τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τοῦ ὑετοῦ, οὕτως ἡμῖν τῷ τῆς παραβολῆς αἰνίγματι διακελεύεται διὰ τῆς τῶν ἀρετῶν εὐτονίας ἀνενδότους εἶναι πρὸς τὰς τῶν πειρασμῶν ἐπιρροάς, μή ποτε μαλακισθέντες διὰ τῆς τῶν παθημάτων ἐμπτώσεως κοῖλοι γενώμεθα καὶ τὴν ἐπιρροὴν τῶν τοιούτων ὑδάτων ἔξωθεν ἐπὶ τὴν καρδίαν εἰσρέουσαν ἐντὸς τῶν ταμιείων παραδεξώμεθα, δι’ ὧν φθείρεται ἡμῖν τὰ ἀπόθετα. Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος Νύσσης, Ἐξηγησις Του Αἰσματος Των Ἀσμάτων, Ὁμιλία Δ’ Source: Migne PG 44.837b-d

The beams of our house are cedars, our rafters are of cypress. 1 To those following the intent of the thought here, it is quite obvious what the mystery of the timbers signifies. In the Gospel the Lord gives the name of rain to the various assaults of the temptations, saying of the man who wisely built his house upon a rock, 'The rain fell and the winds blew and the rivers flooded, and the foundation remained unharmed in the midst of all this.' 2 It is on account of this evil flood, then, that we need such beams as these, which are the virtues that do not allow entrance to the downpour of the temptations, since they are solid and maintain their firmness against the evils of trials. We may learn about this, if with this passage we have here, we consider what is said in Ecclesiastes, for there he says, 'Because of sloth the beams shall collapse, and because of the idleness of the hands the house shall leak.' 3 For as if the timbers that support the roof are weak and slack, and the owner is slothful about the care of his home, so the roof shall hardly keep off anything, but the rain shall drip in, and eventually the roof will be hollowed out and give way to the weight of the waters, for the slack timbers sinking under the pressure of this weight will offer no resistance, but the water caught in the depression will pour within, and the drops themselves, as Proverbs says, 'Cast the man out of his house on the day of rain.' 4 Thus in the mystery of this parable we are exhorted to resist the assaults of the temptations with the strength of the virtues, lest when we are weakened by the passions that befall men, we are made hollow, and then, as it attacks the heart from outside, the streams of those waters come into our treasure chambers, because of which what we have placed there is ruined. Saint Gregory of Nyssa, Commentary on The Song of Songs, from Homily 4 1 Song 1.16 2 Mt 7.25 3 Eccl 10.18 4 Prov 27.15

First Humility

Εἶπεν ὁ ἀββᾶς Ἰωάννης τῆς Θηβαῗδος· Ὀφείλει ὁ μοναχὸς πρὸ πάντων τὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην κατορθῶσαι. Αὕτη γὰρ ἐστιν ἡ πρώτη ἐμτολὴ τοῦ Σωτῆρος, λέγοντος· Μακάριοι οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι, ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἡ Βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν. Ἀποφθέγματα Των Ἁγίων Γερόντων, Παλλάδιος Γαλατίας Source: Migne PG 65.233d

Father John of the Thebaid said, 'Before everything a monk should improve himself with humility. For this is the first commandment of the Lord, He who said: 'Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.' 1 Sayings of the Desert Fathers, Palladius of Galatia 1 Mt 5.3

Living Among The Wicked

Et quia non sufficit fideli quod ordinate conversetur, et vivat cum his cum quibus est colligatus dicitis modis. Sed oportet quod virtuose vivat cum his qui adversantur, propter quod dicitur in laudem Iob: Quod vir erat in terra simplex et rectus. Super quod Gregorius Moralium i: Non multum laudabile et esse bonum cum bonis sed bonum cum malis. Et Ezechielem iii dicitur: frater fui draconum. Unde Gregorius xx ibidem, et Ezechielem iii: Cum scorpionibus habitas. Ibi Gregorius libro i omelia ix idem. Ideo dicitur iustus Loth aspectu et auditur ii Petri i Quia bonus inter malos, Genesis xix. Philippenses ii: In medio nationis prave and perverse. Canticum ii: Sicut lilium inter spinas. Sunt ergo fideles ammonendi, ut licet habitent inter malos iuste tamen vivant declinando a malis eorum, ad Romanos ultimo: Declinate a malos. Et ut etiam diligant orent et benefaciant eis qui sunt inimici et persequentes, Mathei v: Diligite inimicos vestros, et cetera. Inimicus enim diligendus est ratione nature, odeindus ratione cuple, ait Augustinus, Contra Faustum xiii. Et xix De Civitate Dei capitulo vi. Perfecto inquit odio odera illos. Idem Gregorius Pastoralis xxix. Johannes Gallensis, Communiloquium sive Summa Collationum, Pars secunda, Distinctio nona, secunde partis, Captiulum primum, De virtuali conversatione cum adversariis. Quod laudabile est bene vivere inter malos Source: here, p124

It is not enough for a faithful man to conduct himself in an orderly fashion and live among those with whom he has attachments in the various ways mentioned, but it is necessary that he should live virtuously with those who are averse to him, because of which it is said in praise of Job that he was an innocent and upright man on the earth, 1 concerning which Gregory says in the first book of his Moralia that there is not much that is praiseworthy in being good with the good, but rather in being good among the wicked. And on the third chapter on Ezekiel 'I was a brother of dragons.' 2 Whence Gregory in the tenth book of the same work and in the third chapter of Ezekiel 'You dwell with scorpions.' 3 And in the ninth homily of the first book on the same. Therefore it is said 'the righteous Lot by sight and hearing...' in the first chapter of the second letter of Peter. 4 And a good man among evil men is found in the nineteenth chapter of Genesis. In the second chapter of the Letter to the Philippians: 'In the midst of a depraved and perverse people.' In the second chapter of the Song of Songs: 'Like a lily among thorns.' 5 Therefore let the faithful be exhorted that it is possible to dwell righteously among the wicked, yet they who do so must live there while rejecting their evils, as in the last chapter of Romans: 'Stand apart from evil folk.' Even so that they love and pray and do good to those who are enemies and persecutors. In the fifth chapter of Mathew: 'Love your enemies,' and the rest. 6 An enemy is loveable because of his rational nature and worthy of hate because of his faults, says Augustine in the third chapter of Against Faustus, and in the sixth chapter of the nineteenth book of the City of God. 'With a perfect hatred I hated them.' 7 Likewise Gregory in the twenty ninth book of his Pastoral Guide. John of Wales, The Communiloquium, Second Part, Second Part of the Ninth Distinction, First Chapter, On living virtuously among enemies, and that it is praiseworthy to live well among evil folk. 1 Job 1.1 2 Job 30.29 3 Ezek 2.6 4 2 Pet 2.7 5 Phil 2.15, Song 2.2 6 Rom 16.17, Mt 5.44 7 Ps 138.22

Restoring Beauty

Ἰδοὺ εἶ καλή, ἡ πλησίον μου, ἰδοὺ εἶ καλή· ὀφθαλμοί σου περιστεραί. Παιδεύει δὲ διὰ τῶν εἰρημένων ὁ λόγος ταύτην εἶναι τοῦ κάλλους τὴν ἐπανάληψιν τῷ προσεγγίσαι πάλιν τῷ ἀληθινῷ κάλλει, οὗ ἀπεφοίτησε· φησὶ γὰρ Ἰδοὺ εἶ καλή, ἡ πλησίον μου· ὅπερ ἐστὶν ὅτι διὰ τοῦτο πρότερον οὐκ ἦσθα καλή, διότι τοῦ ἀρχετύπου κάλλους ἀποξενωθεῖσα τῇ πονηρᾷ γειτνιάσει τῆς κακίας πρὸς τὸ εἰδεχθὲς ἠλλοιώθης. Tὸ δὲ λεγόμενον τοιοῦτόν ἐστι· δεκτικὴ τῶν κατὰ γνώμην ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη γέγονε φύσις καὶ πρὸς ὅπερ ἂν ἡ ῥοπὴ τῆς προαιρέσεως αὐτὴν ἄγῃ, κατ’ ἐκεῖνο καὶ ἀλλοιοῦται· τοῦ τε γὰρ θυμοῦ παραδεξαμένη τὸ πάθος θυμώδης γίνεται καὶ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας ἐπικρατησάσης εἰς ἡδονὴν διαλύεται, πρὸς δειλίαν τε καὶ φόβον καὶ τὰ καθ’ ἕκαστον πάθη τῆς ῥοπῆς γενομένης τὰς ἑκάστου τῶν παθῶν μορφὰς ὑποδύεται, ὥσπερ δὴ καὶ ἐκ | τοῦ ἐναντίου τὸ μακρόθυμον, τὸ καθαρόν, τὸ εἰρηνικόν, τὸ ἀόργητον, τὸ ἄλυπον, τὸ εὐθαρσές, τὸ ἀπτόητον, πάντα ταῦτα ἐν ἑαυτῇ δεξαμένη ἑκάστου τούτων ἐπισημαίνει τὸν χαρακτῆρα τῇ καταστάσει τῆς ψυχῆς ἐν ἀταραξίᾳ γαληνιάζουσα. Συμβαίνει τοίνυν ἀμέσως πρὸς τὴν κακίαν τῆς ἀρετῆς διεστώσης μὴ δύνασθαι κατὰ ταὐτὸν ἀμφότερα τῷ ἑνὶ παραγίνεσθαι· ὁ γὰρ τοῦ σωφρονεῖν ἀποστὰς ἐν τῷ ἀκολάστῳ πάντως γίνεται βίῳ καὶ ὁ τὸν ἀκάθαρτον βδελυξάμενος βίον κατώρθωσεν ἐν τῇ ἀποστροφῇ τοῦ κακοῦ τὸ ἀμόλυντον. Oὕτω καὶ τὰ ἄλλα πάντα· ὁ ταπεινοφρονῶν τῆς ὑπερηφανίας κεχώρισται καὶ ὁ διὰ τοῦ τύφου ἑαυτὸν ἐξογκώσας τὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην ἀπώσατο. Kαὶ τί χρὴ τὰ καθ’ ἕκαστον λέγοντα διατρίβειν, πῶς ἐπὶ τῶν ἀντικειμένων τῇ φύσει ἡ τοῦ ἑνὸς ἀπουσία θέσις καὶ ὕπαρξις τοῦ ἑτέρου γίνεται; οὕτω τοίνυν ἐχούσης ἡμῶν τῆς προαιρέσεως, ὡς κατ’ ἐξουσίαν ἔχειν ὅπερ ἂν ἐθέλῃ τούτῳ συσχηματίζεσθαι, καλῶς φησι πρὸς τὴν ὡραϊσθεῖσαν ὁ λόγος, ὅτι ἀποστᾶσα μὲν τῆς τοῦ κακοῦ κοινωνίας ἐμοὶ προσήγγισας, πλησιάσασα δὲ τῷ ἀρχετύπῳ κάλλει καὶ αὐτὴ καλὴ γέγονας οἷόν τι κάτοπτρον τῷ ἐμῷ χαρακτῆρι ἐμμορφωθεῖσα· κατόπτρῳ γὰρ ἔοικεν ὡς ἀληθῶς τὸ ἀνθρώπινον κατὰ τὰς τῶν προαιρέσεων ἐμφάσεις μεταμορφούμενον· εἴ τε γὰρ πρὸς χρυσὸν ἴδοι, χρυσὸς φαίνεται καὶ τὰς ταύτης αὐγὰς τῆς ὕλης διὰ τῆς ἐμφάσεως δείκνυσιν, εἴ τέ τι τῶν εἰδεχθῶν ἐμφανείη, καὶ τούτου τὸ αἶσχος δι’ ὁμοιώσεως ἀπομάσσεται βάτραχόν τινα ἢ φρῦνον ἢ σκολόπενδραν ἢ ἄλλο τι τῶν ἀηδῶν θεαμάτων τῷ οἰκείῳ εἴδει ὑποκρινόμενον, ᾧπερ ἂν τούτων εὑρεθῇ ἀντιπρόσωπον. Ἐπειδὴ τοίνυν κατὰ νώτου τὴν κακίαν ποιησαμένη ἡ κεκαθαρμένη ὑπὸ τοῦ λόγου ψυχὴ τὸν ἡλιακὸν ἐν ἑαυτῇ κύκλον ἐδέξατο καὶ τῷ ὀφθέντι ἐν αὐτῇ φωτὶ συνεξέλαμψε, διὰ τοῦτό φησι πρὸς αὐτὴν ὁ λόγος, ὅτι γέγονας ἤδη καλὴ πλησιάσασα τῷ ἐμῷ φωτὶ διὰ τοῦ προσεγγισμοῦ τὴν κοινωνίαν ἐφελκυσαμένη τοῦ κάλλους. Ἰδοὺ εἶ καλή, φησίν, ἡ πλησίον μου. Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος Νύσσης, Ἐξηγησις Του Αἰσματος Των Ἀσμάτων,  Ὁμιλία Δ’ Source: Migne PG 44.835c-d

Behold, you are beautiful, my close one, behold, you are beautiful: your eyes are doves. 1 By these expressions the Word teaches that the restoration of the soul's beauty consists in it once again drawing near to the true Beauty from which it departed. For he says, 'Behold, you are beautiful, my close one,' as if to declare, 'The reason why you were not beautiful before is that you had been estranged from the archetypal Beauty and had become ugly because of wrongful association with evil,' meaning that human nature which comes into being as something capable of becoming whatever it determines upon, and to what ever goal the drive of its choice leads it, undergoes alteration in accord with what it seeks. When it takes into itself the passion of anger, it becomes angry. When desire reigns, it is dissolved into pleasure. When impulse runs in the direction of cowardice and fear, it assumes the shape of the passions proper to each of these, just as, on the contrary, when it receives into itself greatness of spirit, purity, peacefulness, calmness of temper, harmlessness, courage, high-spiritedness, all of these, it shows the mark of each of them with the soul being established in peace and inner tranquility. Since virtue, then, is different from vice and there is no mean between them, virtue and vice cannot characterize one subject in the same respect at the same time. One who departs from temperance comes to live a thoroughly unbridled life, while one who abominates the impure life, in turning from evil, achieves a life that is undefiled. And so it is in all the other cases. He who possesses a humble mind is separated from arrogance, and he who is puffed up with affectation has driven out humility. And why should we waste time by mentioning each individual case, how, where naturally contrary qualities are concerned, the absence of the one must mean the establishment and presence of the other? Since, then, our choice is so constituted that we are disposed to take on the shape of whatever we want, the Word rightly says to the Bride in her new glory, 'You have drawn near to me since you have rejected the fellowship of evil, and in drawing near to the archetypal Beauty you too have become beautiful, informed like a mirror by my appearance.' For in that it is transformed in accordance with the reflections of its choices, the human person is rightly likened to a mirror. If it looks upon gold, it appears gold, and by way of reflection it gives off the beams of that substance; and if it has the look of some unseemly thing, it is imitating that ugliness with a likeness, playing, in its own appearance, the part of a frog or a toad or a millipede or some other unpleasant sight, whichever of them it reflects. Having, then, put evil behind it, the soul purified by the Word has taken the sun’s orb within itself and has been shining with the light that appears within it, because of which the Word says to her: 'You have already become beautiful by coming close to my light, since by your own drawing near you make yourself participate in the beautiful.' 'Behold,' he says, 'you are beautiful, my close one.' Saint Gregory of Nyssa, Commentary on The Song of Songs, from Homily 4 1 Song 1.14

Virtue And Love

Et posui vectem et ostia, et dixi: Hucusque venies, et non procedes amplius, et hic confringes tumentes fluctus tuos. Quid enim moraliter per ostia, nisi virtutes; quid per vectem, nisi robur charitatis accipimus? Haec itaque ostia, scilicet operationum virtutes, mare saeviens dissipat, nisi eas ex occulto mentis opposita charitas astringat. Facile autem omne virtutum bonum tentatione cordis irruente destruitur, nisi ab intimis fixa charitate solidetur. Unde et Paulus in suis praedicationibus dum quaedam virtutum ostia mari tentationis opponeret, illico eisdem ostiis quasi robur vectis adiunxit, dicens: Super omnia autem haec charitatem habentes, quod est vinculum perfectionis. Perfectionis enim vinculum charitas dicitur, quia omne bonum quod agitur nimirum per illam ne pereat ligatur. A tentatore namque citius quodlibet opus evellitur, si solutum a vinculo charitatis invenitur; si autem mens Dei ac proximi dilectione constringitur, cum tentationum motus quaelibet ei iniusta suggesserint, obicem se illis ipsa dilectio opponit, et pravae suasionis undas virtutum ostiis ac vecte intimi amoris frangit. Quia ergo Dominus per inspiratae charitatis fortitudinem nascentia in corde vitia reprimit, insurgentis maris impetum per obserata claustra compescit. Ira fortasse in occulto exasperat; sed ne quies superna perdatur, perturbationi mentis officium linguae subtrahitur, ne usque ad vocem exeat, quod in sinu cordis tumultuosum sonat. Luxuria in occultis cogitationibus accenditur; sed ne supernam munditiam mens amittat, conceptae immunditiae ea quae famulari poterant membra castigat, ne usque ad corruptionem corporis exhalet fetor cordis. Avaritia stimulat; sed ne coelesti regno mens careat, intra claustra se parcimoniae contenta propriis ligat, ne in pravo se opere dilatet, et usque ad exteriores actus internae concupiscentiae aestus exsudet. Superbia inflat; sed ne veram celsitudinem amittat, considerando quisque quia pulvis est ab altitudine se conceptae elationis humiliat, certans nimirum ne quod in suggestione cogitationis tolerat in exercitationem operis erumpat. Bene ergo dicitur: Posui vectem et ostia, et dixi: Hucusque venies, et non procedes amplius, et hic confringes tumentes fluctus tuos, quia dum electus quisque et tentatur vitiis, et tamen facere male suggesta renititur, quasi mare clausum tenetur. Quod etsi intus tumultuosis cogitationum fluctibus mentem percutit, statuta tamen bene vivendi littora non excedit. Quod mare quidem in tumore se erigit, sed dum fixa deliberatione cordis illiditur, fractum redit. Beatus igitur Iob ne sibi tribuat quod contra procellas cordis fortiter stat, voce divina audiat: Quis conclusit ostiis mare, quando erumpebat, quasi de vulva procedens, et caetera. Ac si ei aperte diceretur: Incassum te exterius in bonis operibus pensas, si non me interius, qui in te tentationis undas compesco, consideras. Ut enim tu fluctus ferre possis in opere, meae virtutis est, qui fluctus frango tentationis in corde. Sanctus Gregorius Magnus, Moralia, sive Expositio in Job, Liber XXVIII, Caput XXII Source: Migne PL 75.476a-478a

And I have set a bar and doors, and said, 'Only to here shall you come, and you shall not go any further, here you will break your swelling waves.' 1 What shall we understand morally by the doors but the virtues, and what by a bar but the strength of love? That is, these doors are the working of the virtues which the wild sea rends asunder unless the charity of the mind, secretly set against them, binds them together. For all the goodness of the virtues is easily destroyed by a temptation of the heart rushing upon them unless it is kept firmly rooted within by love. Whence in his preaching Paul was also opposing certain doors of virtues to the sea of temptation, and he immediately added to them, as it were, the strength of a bar, saying, 'But above all these things having love, which is the bond of perfection.' 2 Love is called the bond of perfection because every good deed which is done is doubtless fastened by it so that it does not perish. For any work is speedily plucked up by the tempter if it is found to lack the bond of love. But if a mind is constrained by the love of God and of neighbour, when the motions of temptations have suggested to it any wicked thoughts, this very love opposes itself to their advance, and by the gates of the virtues and the bar of inmost love breaks the waves of sinful persuasion. Because, then, by the strength of inspired love the Lord restrains the sins which spring up in the heart, so He checks the onset of the rising sea by setting against it barred doors. It may happen that anger exasperates within, but that heavenly peace may not be lost the aid of the tongue is not lent to the agitation of the mind, whence that which sounds tumultuously in the recesses of the heart does not vent itself in words. Lust is kindled in the secret thoughts, but that it lose not its heavenly purity, the mind chastens those limbs which could help to augment the uncleanness conceived within, lest the filthiness of the heart should be exhaled to the corruption of the body. Avarice besets, but that it might not lose not the kingdom of heaven, the mind, contented with its own lot, confines itself within the bounds of parsimony, lest it should break out in wicked deeds, and lest the heat of inward desire should ooze forth into outward acts. Pride puffs up a man, but that he might not lose his true dignity, he brings himself down from the loftiness of his conceived pride by considering that he is dust, doubtless striving so that what he endures by the prompting of thought may not burst forth into outward acts. Well, then, it is said, 'I have set a bar and doors, and to here you shall come, and you shall not go any further, here you shall break your swelling waves,' because when any of the elect are assaulted by sin, yet there is a refusal to act upon evil suggestions, and thus the sea, as it were, is kept within bounds. And though it lashes the mind within with the tumultuous waves of thoughts, yet it does not pass over the appointed bounds of living well. Indeed this sea swells up, but when it dashes against the firm determination of the heart, it is broken and withdraws. Therefore the blessed Job, so that he might not ascribe his standing firmly against the storms of his heart to himself, hears the Divine voice; 'Who shut up the sea with doors, when it was breaking forth as if proceeding from the womb?' and the rest, 3 as if it were plainly said to him, 'In vain you think well of yourself because of exterior good deeds, if you do not consider me within who still the waves of temptation in you. For that you can withstand the waves is by my strength who break the waves of temptation in the heart.' Saint Gregory the Great, Moralia, or Commentary on Job, Book 28, Chapter 22 1 Job 38.10-11 2 Colos 3.14 3 Job 38.8

The Eye And Love

Lucerna corporis tui est oculus tuus... Prosequitur autem munditiam cordis nostri, et de exteriore docet metaphorice interioris hominis officium. Quia sicut oculis istis carnalibus omnia corporis membra ordinate ad operationem diriguntur: ita intentione mentis et luce fidei cuncta virtutum genera, ut lucidum corpus perficiant, illustrantur. Ubi non nisi unus et simplex quaeritur oculus, de quo sponsus in Canticis: Vulnerasti cor meum, soror mea, vulnerasti cor meum in uno oculorum tuorum, ubi purissimum cordis ejus lumen expressit. Quia licet plura virtutum genera hinc inde resplendeant, ex uno fidei, qui per charitatem operatur, oculo vulneratur Christus amore dilectionis: nam lucerna lumen in testa est, sic et charitas amoris Christi in fide lucet. Cum autem fides cessaverit, tantum nobis sola charitas. Sanctus Paschasius Radbertus Corbeiensis, Expositio In Evangelium Matthaei, Liber IV Caput VI Source: Migne PL 120.305b-c

Your eye is the lamp of your body... 1 He seeks the purity of our hearts and by an exterior metaphor teaches the duty of the interior man. Because all the members of the body are directed in their order about their work by bodily eyes, so by the intent of the mind and the light of faith all the types of the virtues shine to fashion a bright body. When nothing is sought but the single and pure eye, concerning which the spouse says in the Song of Songs: 'You have wounded my heart, my sister, you have wounded my heart with one of your eyes,' 2 there the pure light of her heart is expressed. But because there are many types of virtue that may shine forth from there, it is the one that is faith, which works through love, 3 which is the eye by which Christ is wounded with love, for as the light in the earthen vessel is the lamp, so the charity of the love of Christ shines forth in faith. And for us there will only be love when faith has come to an end. 4 Saint Paschasius Radbertus, Commentary On The Gospel of Saint Matthew, Book 4 Chapter 6 1 Mt 6.22 2 Song 4.9 3 Galat 5.6 4 1 Cor 13.8

Profitless Correction

Μὴ πειρῶ ἐλέγχων ὠφελεῖν τὸν ἐν ἀρεταῖς καυχώμενον, διότι ὁ αὐτὸς καὶ φιλενδείκτης καὶ φιλαλήθης εἶναι οὐ δύναται. Ἅγιος Μάρκος ὁ Ἐρημίτης, Περὶ Τῶν Οἰομένων Ἐξ Ἔργων Δικαιοῦσθαι Source: Migne PG 65.964a

It does not profit to upbraid one who is boastful of his virtues, since he can neither suffer correction nor love the truth. Saint Mark The Ascetic, On Those Who Think Themselves Justified By Works

Paradise Lost And Gained

ΕΡΩΤ ΚΔ’ Τι δήποτε τὸν παράδεισον ἐφύτευσεν ὁ Θεὸς μέλλων ἐκεῖθεν τὸν Ἀδαμ διὰ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν εὐθὺς ἐξορίζειν; Πρῶτον οὐκ ἀνέχεται ἐκ προγνώσεως κατακρῖναι ὁ δεσπότης Θεός. Διὸ καὶ τὴν παράβασιν προορῶν, τῶν ἀγαθῶν αὐτῷ μεταδέδωκεν. Ἔπειτα καὶ γνῶναι αὐτὸν τὰς θείας δωρεὰς ἠβουλήθη· ἵνα τούτων στερηθεὶς μισήσῃ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν, ὡς τοσούτων αὐτὸν γυμνώσασαν ἀγαθῶν. Πρὸς δὲ τούτοις, ἔδει τὸν δίκαιον ἀγωνοθέτην τοῖς τῆς ἀρετῆς ἀθληταῖς προθεῖναι τῆς νίκης τὰ ἆθλα. Οὗ δὴ χάριν καὶ περὶ τῆς βασιλείας ἔφη· Δεῦτε, οἱ εὐλογημένοι τοῦ Πατρός μου, κληρονομήσατε τὴν ἠτοιμασμένην ὑμῖν βασιλείαν ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου. Θεοδώρητος Ἐπίσκοπος Κύρρος, Εἰς Τὴν Γένεσιν Source: Migne PG 80.121c

Question 24 Why did God plant the paradise from which he was soon going to expel Adam because of sin? 1 Firstly God is not accustomed to condemn from foreknowledge, whence foreseeing the transgression of Adam, He yet gave good things to him. He wished the man to know of the Divine benefactions so that being stripped of them he would deplore sin as that which had deprived him of such goods. Besides it befits the righteous athlete that he should exert himself in the virtues so that he might come to the rewards of victory. 2 Regarding which it is said of the kingdom, 'Come, blessed of my Father, and possess the kingdom which was prepared for you from the beginning of the world.' 3 Theodoret of Cyrrhus, Questions On Genesis 1 Gen 2.8 2 1 Cor 9.24-25 3 Mt 25.34

Birth And Virtue

Econtratrio monendi sunt ignobiles, ut studeant esse nobiles virtutibus, quamvis non sint nobiles nobilitate sanguinis, quia humili loco nati multi clari fuerunt, prout ait Valerius libro iii capitulo viii. Pones exampla de talibus, sicut de Tullio Hostilio quem in cunabulis accepit agreste tugurium. Eiusdem adolescentia in pecora pascendo fuit occupata, validior etas. Imperium Romanum rexit et duplicavit, senectus in altissimo maiestatis fastigio fulsit. Et ibidem de aliis talibus. Similiter narrat qualiter humiliter nati, fulserunt nobilitate philosophie. Socrates inquit, non solum hominum consensu, verum etiam Appollonis oraculo sapientibus, iudicatus phantaice vel phanaretis matre obsistrice, et sophanisto patre marmorareo vel morario genitus ad clarissimum glorie lumine accessit, et si virtus per seipsum existimatur magister vite optimus. Et ibidem quam matrem eripides, aut quem patern Demostenes habuit, ipsorum quoque seculo ignotum fuit, alterius enim matrem cultellos vendidisse, omnium pene doctorum litere loquuntur. Sed quid aut illius tragita, aut huius oratoria vir clarus, natus ergo de humili genere, clarus tamen philosophia, et virtutibus satis magis est commendabilis nobili nato et alto genere, talibus carente. Johannes Gallensis, Communiloquium sive Summa Collationum, Tercia part: De informatione hominum quantum ad ea que omnibus sunt communia, Tercia distinctio, Captiulum tercium: De ignobilibus Source: here, p138

On the contrary the ignoble should be encouraged so that they become zealous to be noble by virtue, though they are not noble by nobility of blood, because many who were born in lowly position have become celebrated men, as Valerius says in book 3 chapter 8, giving examples of such men like Tullius Hostilius whom a rustic hut received into its cradle. His youth having been spent in pasturing cattle, he became strong in years, and ruling as king of the Romans, he doubled their territory, and in old age he shone with the most high majesty. 1 And in the some place he speaks of others. And likewise he tells of those who were humbly born and shone with the nobility of philosophy. Socrates, he says, not only by the agreement of men, but by the oracle of Apollo, was adjudged to be truly wise, he who was born of a mother, Phaenarete, who was a midwife, and his father, Sophroniscus, was a marble worker, or a stone cutter, but he came to the brightest light of glory, if virtue is judged to be the best teacher of life. And in the same place the mother of Euripides, and the father of Demosthenes, were also unknown to the world, for the mother of the former sold knives, 2 yet they are celebrated in nearly all of the works of those who are educated, for the first in tragedy and the other in oratory were great men, and both were born in a humble state, yet by philosophy they become famous, for indeed virtue is more commendable than a noble birth or a fine lineage which lacks such things. John of Wales, The Communiloquium, Third Part, On The Fashioning of Men In Things All Have In Common, Third Distinction, Third Chapter, On The Ignoble. 1 Valerius Maximus 3.4.2 2 Valerius Maximus 3.4e.1-2

Flight And Prayer

Προσεύχεσθε δὲ, ἵνα μὴ γένηται ἡ φυγὴ ὑμῶν χειμῶνος, μηδὲ ἐν Σαββάττῳ. Τοῦτο αἰνίττεται ὁ Χριστός· εὔχεσθαι ἡμᾶς μὴ γενέσθαι ἐν ἐκδυμίᾳ τοῦ σώματος, μήτε ἐν ἀργίᾳ ὄντας τῶν τῆς ἀρετῆς ἔργῶν, ὃ ὑποσημαίνει τὸ Σάββατον· μήτε ἐνοχλουμένους ἐν ταῖς βιωτικαῖς τύρβαις τε καὶ ταραχαῖς· ὅπερ δηλοῖ ὁ χειμών. Ἅγιος Κύριλλος Ἀλεξανδρείας, Ἐξὴγησις Εἰς Τὸ Κατὰ Ματθαιον Εὐάγγελιον Source: Migne PG 72.441a

But pray that your flight is not in winter, nor on the Sabbath. 1 Christ means this: pray that in the departure from the body the works of virtue are not wanting, which is what the Sabbath indicates. And that one is not embroiled in worldly confusions and tribulations, which is what winter signifies. Saint Cyril of Alexandria, Commentary On The Gospel Of Saint Matthew, Fragment 1 Mt 24.20

Blessedness Perfected

Beati qui esuriunt et sitiunt justitiam.... Sed quid facimus de eo, quod non ait, quaerunt, sed esurient justitiam, nisi ut intelligamus id esse justitiam animae, quod cibum et potum carni? Ipsa viaticum in itinere, juxta quod ex parte est: ipsa coena in patria, ubi perfecta est, ipsa lac parvulis, ipsa esca viris. Unde illa Prophetae exsecratio: Sicut ablactatus super matre sua, ita retribues in animam meam. Beati ergo qui esuriunt et sitiunt justitiam, quoniam ipsi saturabuntur. Tunc plena beatitas, qunado plena satietas; tunc plena plene satiabor, qui nunc in parte ex parte fruor. Nunc ad medicinam, tunc ad delectationem: nunc ad disciplinam, quae in praesenti videtur habere aliquid difficultatis moeroris, tunc ad gloriam, quando exercitatis per eam pacatissimum feret fructum of ipsius justitiae; ut hic quasi quidam flos justitiae sive omnis virtutis appareat, ibi plenitudo fructus carpatur. Sic sic ab inchoatione per profectum ad perfectum justitiae dirigendi sunt, qui in virtute beatitudinem quaerunt: cujus inchoatio quidem continet, nemini injuriam facere, profectus illatam patienter ferre, perfectio omnibus benefacere, si potest, si minus, velle. Isaac, Cisterciensis Abbas, Sermo III, In Festo Omnium Sanctorum Source: Migne PL 194.1698d-1699a

Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness... 1 But what are we to make of this, that He does not say 'seek' but 'hunger' for righteousness, unless we understand that righteousness to the soul is as food and drink to the flesh? This is the food supplied on the way, according to which it is but partial, and then this is the feast in the fatherland, where it is perfected. This is milk for the babe, and then this is solid food for the man. 2 Whence the outburst of the Prophet, 'Like a weaned boy over his mother, thus you shall return it to my soul.' 3 Blessed, therefore, are those who hunger and thirst, for they shall be satisfied. Then blessedness is complete when there is full satisfaction. Then indeed I shall be fully satisfied with what I now enjoy in part. Now is the medicine, then the joy. Now is discipline, which in the present can seem so difficult and grievous, then the glory, when by exertion in discipline it bears the most peaceful fruit of righteousness. 4 Thus as there may appear here a certain bloom of righteousness, or of any virtue, so there the fullness of the fruit shall be plucked. Thus they who seek blessedness in virtue are directed from the beginning on through improvement to the perfection of righteousness, which beginning certainly consists of doing no harm to anyone, and whose advance is that we should suffer injury patiently, and whose perfection is the wish to do good to everyone, insofar as it is possible, even if little. Isaac of Stella, from Sermon 3 On The Feast Of All Saints 1 Mt 5.6 2 1 Cor 3.1-2 3 Ps 130.2 4 Heb 12.11

Attention And Reward

Υἱέ ἐμῇ ῥήσει πρόσεχε τοῖς δὲ ἐμοῖς λόγοις παράβαλε σὸν οὖς. Ὅπως μὴ ἐκλίπωσίν σε αἱ πηγαί σου φύλασσε αὐτὰς ἐν σῇ καρδίᾳ, ζωὴ γάρ ἐστιν τοῖς εὑρίσκουσιν αὐτὰς καὶ πάσῃ σαρκὶ ἴασις Καθάπερ νηπίῳ τινὶ παιδίῳ ἔπαθλα ἀεὶ ταῖς προσοχαῖς τίθησι, αὶ διεγείρει ἔξω που διεπτσημενον. Πηγαὶ δὲ ζωῆς, αἱ ἀρεταὶ, ἀφ' ὦν τὸ ζῶν ὕδωρ, ἡ γνῶσις ἡ τοῦ Χριστοῦ. Τῷ κατὰ σοφίαν προκόπτοντι, πολλαὶ πηγαὶ, καὶ οὐ μία γίνεται· ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἀρετῶν. Τοῖς τὰς παραινέσεις, φησὶ, φυλάττουσι ταύτας, ζωὴ γίνονται· αὖται τὸ ἆθλον. Δίδυμος Αλεξανδρεύς, Εἰς Παροιμιας, Κεφ' Δ’ Source: Migne PG 39.1628b

Attend to my words, O son, and incline your ear to my speech. Guard the founts in your heart that they not fail, for they are life to all who find them and the health of every flesh. 1 Just as a mindless boy may have his attention drawn by some reward and it may raise him up from where he has fallen. The founts of life are the virtues from where flows the water of life, which is the knowledge of Christ. According to advancing wisdom there are many founts not one, for they are as the number of the virtues. Those who observe these counsels, he says, they shall live, which is the reward Didymus the Blind, On Proverbs, Chapter 4 1 Prov 4.20-22 LXX