The Blessing Of Mourning

Μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες... Τοῦτο οὖν ἔοικεν ἐν ἀποῤῥήτῳ διδάσκειν ὁ μακαρίζων τὸ πένθος, τὸ πρὸς τὸ ἀληθινὸν ἀγαθὸν τὴν ψυχὴν βλέπειν, μηδὲ τῇ παρούσῃ ἀπάτῃ τοῦ βίου καταβαπτίζεσθαι· οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν οὔτε ἀδακρυτὶ ζῇν τὸν ἐπεσκεμμένον δι' ἀκριβείας τὰ πράγματα, οὔτε ἐν λυπηροῖς εἶναι νομίζειν τὸν ταῖς βιωτικαῖς ἡδοναῖς ἐμβαθύνοντα· καθάπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀλόγων τὸ τοιοῦτον ἔστιν ἰδεῖν· οἷς ἐλεεινὴ μὲν ἡ τῆς φύσεώς ἐστι κατασκευή· τί γὰρ ἐλεεινότερον τῆς τοῦ λόγου στερήσεως; αἴσθησις δὲ τῆς συμφορᾶς αὐτοῖς οὐδε μία, ἀλλὰ κατά τινα ἡδονὴν κἀκείνοις ἡ ζωὴ διεξάγεται· καὶ ὁ ἵππος γαυριᾷ, καὶ ὁ ταῦρος κονίζεται· καὶ ὁ σὺς φρίσσει τὴν λοφιάν· καὶ οἱ σκύλακες παίζουσι, καὶ διασκιρτῶσιν οἱ μόσχοι, καὶ ἕκαστον τῶν ζώων ἔστιν ἰδεῖν διά τινων τεκμηρίων τὴν ἡδονὴν ἐνδεικνύμενον, οἷς εἴ τις κατανόησις ἦν τῆς τοῦ λόγου χάριτος, οὐκ ἂν τὸν κωφὸν αὐτῶν καὶ ταλαί πωρον βίον ἐν ἡδονῇ διετίθεντο. Οὕτως καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, οἷς οὐδεμία τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἐστι γνῶσις, ὧν ἡ φύσις ἡμῶν ἀπεστέρηται, τούτοις καθ' ἡδονὴν ἡ τῆς παρούσης ζωῆς διαγωγή. Ἀκολουθεῖ δὲ τῷ τοῖς παροῦσιν ἥδεσθαι, τὸ μὴ ζητεῖν τὰ βελτίω. Ὁ δὲ μὴ ζητῶν, οὐκ ἂν εὕροι τὸ μόνοις ζητοῦσι παραγενόμενον. Οὐκοῦν διὰ τοῦτο ὁ Λόγος μακαρίζει τὸ πένθος, οὐ δι' ἑαυτὸ κρίνων εἶναι μακάριον, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ ἐξ ἐκείνου παραγενόμενον. Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος Νύσσης, Εἰς Τους Μακαρισμους, Logos Γ', Μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες, ὅτι αὐτοὶ παρακληθήσονται Source: Migne PG 44.1228d-1229b

Blessed are those who mourn... 1 It is this, then, that He seems to teach in the mystery of mourning being blessed, that the soul should look to the true good and not sink itself down into the deceits of this present life, for no one can live without tears who has clearly seen the things of this life, or not think wretched anyone who is immersed in the pleasures of this life, as may be understood with irrational creatures, whose state of nature is indeed pitiable. For what is more pitiful than the absence of reason? Yet not one of them has a sense of their misfortune, but their lives allow for certain pleasures, so the horse prances, the bull kicks up dust, the boar bristles, pups play, and calves leap about, and each animal may be known through certain signs to exhibit pleasure, but if they could grasp the gift of reason they would not spend a mindless and miserable life in pleasure. Like them are men who know nothing of the goods of which our nature has been deprived, and thus in the present life pursue pleasure. It follows from this that to delight in present things is not to seek for things that are better. But if there is no seeking, there is no finding of what comes only to those who do seek. Because of this the Word calls mourning blessed, not judging it to be blessed in itself, but because of what follows from it. Saint Gregory of Nyssa, On The Beatitudes, from the Third Oration, on 'Blessed are they who weep, for they shall be comforted.' 1 Mt 5.5

Weeping the World

Beati qui lugent. Quamvis fidelis res mundi abdicavit, quamvis de injuriis non doluit, tamen in multa incidit aliquando, et ideo necessariae sunt lacrymae quae semper abluant, quia semper peccamus, et in miseriis hujus mundi nos esse videmus. Dolemus etiam de peccatis proximorum. Duo sunt genera compunctionis, quando pro miseriis hujus mundi et peccatis nostris gemimus, et pro desiderio coelestium. Unde filia Caleph petivit a parte irriguum superius et irriguum inferius, quia anima petit compunctionem a Deo, et pro peccatis, et pro desiderio patriae coelestis. Luctum autem pro miseriis hujus vitae et desiderio supernae patriae, non habet nisi solus pauper et mitis, qui mundum non diligit, sed miserum se recognoscit, et ideo coelum concupiscit. His lugentibus pro suis et aliorum peccatis convenit postulare: Debita nostra nobis dimitte, sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris. Haec virtus quae mundi miseriam sentit, et a coelesti patria discernit, descendit a spiritu scientiae. Scientia enim de terrenis est, ut sciamus quae sit ista habitatio terrena, quam gravis, quam misera. Quod autem cogitamus de coelesti patria, hoc ideo fit, ut per comparationem miseriam hujus vitae intelligamus. Anselmus Laudunensis, Enarrationes In Matthaeum, Caput V Source: Migne PL 162.1286a-c

Blessed are those who weep... 1 Although the faithful man has forsaken the things of the world, although he has not been grieved because of injuries, however from time to time and in many things he falls, and therefore cleansing tears are always necessary, because we always sin, and we see ourselves among the wretched things of this world, and then we also grieve for the sins of our neighbours. There are two types of compunction, one when we groan for the wretchedness of this world and for our sins, and one in our desire for heavenly things. Hence the daughter of Caleb sought a part of both the higher land and the lower land, 2 because the soul seeks forgiveness from God both because of sin and with a desire for the heavenly fatherland. A man does not groan over the miseries of this life and with the desire for the supernal fatherland unless he is poor and meek, unless he is one who does not love the world but recognises his own wretchedness, and therefore desires heaven. With this groaning over himself, it also befits him to petition for the sins of others, 'Forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us.' 3 This virtue which feels the wretchedness of the world is learned from the heavenly fatherland and descends from the spirit of knowledge. For it is a knowledge of worldly things, so that we might know the things of this terrestrial dwelling, which are burdensome and which are wretched, and because we think of the heavenly fatherland, so it is that compared to it we understand the wretchedness of this life. Anselm of Laon, Commentary On The Gospel of Saint Matthew, Chapter 5 1 Mt 5.5 2 Jud 1.12-15 3 Mt 6.12

Freedom And The Commandments

Omnis qui didicit contemnere praesens saeculum quod figuraliter Ægyptus appellatur, et per verbum Dei, ut secundum Scripturas dicam, translatus est, et non invenitur, quia ad sæculum futurum festinat ac tendit, de hujusmodi anima dicit Dominus: Ego sum Dominus Deus tuus, qui eduxi te de terra Aegypti, de domo servitutis. Non ergo hæc ad illos tantum dicuntur, qui de Ægypto profecti sunt, sed multo magis ad te, qui nunc audis ista, si tamen proficiscaris ex Aegypto,et Aegyptiis ultra non servias, dicit hæc Deus : Ego sum Dominus Deus tuus, qui eduxi te de terra Aegypti, de domo servitutis. Vide si non negotia sæculi,et actus carnis, domus est servitutis : sicut rursum econtrario relinquere sæcularia, et secundum Deum vivere, domus est libertatis, sicut et Dominus in Evangelio dicit: Si permanseritis in verbo meo, vos agnoscetis veritatem, et veritas liberabit vos. Ergo Aegyptus domus est servitutis, Judæa vero et Jerusalem,domus est libertatis. Audi et Apostolum de his secundum sapientiam quæ eiin ministerio data fuerat, pronuntiantem : Quæ autem sursum est, inquit , Hierusalem, libera est, quæ est mater omnium nostrum. Sicut ergo Ægyptus, ista terrena provincia, filiis Israel domus dicitur servitutis, ad comparationem Judææ et Hierusalem, quæ eis domus efficitur libertatis : ita ad comparationem cœlestis Hierusalem, quæ, ut ita dicam, mater est libertatis, totus hic mundus, et omnia quæ in hoc mundo sunt, domus est servitutis. Et quoniam de paradiso libertatis pro pœna peccati ad hujusmodi ventum fuerat servitutem, idcirco primus sermo Decalogi, id est prima mandatorum Dei vox de libertate profertur, dicens: Ego sum Dominus Deus tuus, qui eduxi te de terra Aegypti, de domo servitutis. Hanc vocem in Aegypto positus audire non poteras, etiamsi tibi injungatur ut Pascha facias, etiamsi accingaris lumbos , et sandalia accipias in pedibus, etiamsi virgam teneas in manu, et azyma cum amaritudine comedas. Et quid dico in Ægypto positus hæc audire non poteras ? Sed ne inde quidem profectus in prima statim mansione hæc audire potuisti, nec in secunda,nec in tertia, nec cum transires Rubrum mare, etiamsi ad Merrhain veneris, et fuerit ibi amaritudo in dulcedinem versa, etiamsi in Helim veneris ad duodecim fontes aquarum, et septuaginta arbores palmarum, etiamsi Raphidim præterieris , cæterosque profectus ascenderis : nondum ad hujuscemodi verba idoneus judicaris, sed cum perveneris ad montem Sina. Multis ergo ante laboribus peractis, multis ærumnis et tentationibus superatis, vix aliquando mereberis præcepta suscipere libertatis, et audire a Domino: Ego sum Dominus Deus tuus, qui eduxi te de terra Aegypti, de domo servitutis. Origenes, In Exodo, Homilia VIII Source: Migne PG 12.350a-351a

Everyone who has learnt to scorn the present world, which is figuratively named Egypt, even through the word of God, that is, according to he Scriptures, is one who has passed on and is not found, and he hurries to the future age and cleaves to it, and to his soul the Lord speaks in this way , 'I am the Lord your God who led you from the land of Egypt, from the house of servitude.' 1 Therefore these things are not only said to those who came out of Egypt, but much more to you, who now hear these things. If you have advanced from Egypt and no longer serve there, the Lord says this, 'I am the Lord your God who led you from Egypt from the house of servitude.' Consider whether it is not that the affairs of the world and the deeds of the flesh is the house of servitude, and again to give up worldly things and live according to God is the house of freedom, as the Lord says in the Gospel, 'If you remain in my word, you will know the truth and the truth will make you free.' 2 Therefore Egypt is the house of bondage, but Judea and Jerusalem is the house of freedom. Hear the Apostle declare with that wisdom that was given to him for his ministry  that the Jerusalem which is above is free, the mother of us all. 3 As, then, Egypt is this world and a house of servitude to the sons of Israel, in comparison to Judea and Jerusalem, which is made the house of freedom for them, thus in comparison to the heavenly Jerusalem, which as I have said is the mother of freedom, all this world and everything in this world is the house of bondage. And because we came into servitude from the paradise of freedom through the penalty of sin, therefore the first words of the Decalogue, that is the first words of the commandments of God, is given about freedom, saying. 'I am the Lord your God who led you out of the land of Egypt and the house of servitude.' You were not able to hear this voice while you were in Egypt, even if the Pasch was enjoined on you, even if you girded your loins and you put your sandals on your feet, even if you held your staff in your hand, and you ate unleavened bread with bitter herbs. Why do I say that you were not able to hear this when you were in Egypt? Because not even when you came to the first resting place could you hear it, nor at the second, nor at the third, nor when you crossed the Red Sea, nor when you came to Mara where bitterness was turned into sweetness, nor when you came to Elim with the twelve fountains of water and the seventy palm trees, nor even as you passed through Rephidim, and you rose up over others, not even there were you yet capable of judging these words, not until you came to mount Sinai. Therefore with many labours performed, with many pains and trials overcome, only then did you deserve to receive the commandments, and to hear the Lord say, 'I am the Lord your God, who led you out of the land of Egypt, from the house of servitude.' Origen, On Exodus, from Homily 8 1 Exod 20.2 2 Jn 8.31-32 3 Galat 4.26

Understanding and the Animal Man

Tὸ γὰρ πνεῦμα πάντα ἐραυνᾷ, καὶ τὰ βάθη τοῦ θεοῦ. Βάθη τοῦ Θεοῦ τῶν ἱερῶν Γραμμάτων ἡ κεκρυμμένη καὶ ἀπόθετος γνῶσις, ἢς εἰδὸς τὸ Πνεῦμα ταῖς τῶν ἁγίων ἀποκαλύπτει ψυχαῖς, θεῖον τινα νοῦν ἀποφεῖνον τὸν αὐτοῖς. Ψυχινὸς δὲ ἄνθρωπος οὐ δέχεται τὰ τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ θεοῦ, μωρία γὰρ αὐτῷ ἐστιν, καὶ οὐ δύναται γνῶναι... Ψυχινός ἐστιν ὁ κατὰ σάρκα ζῶν καὶ μήπω τὸν νοῦν φωτισθεὶς διὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος, ἀλλὰ μόνην τὴν ἐμφυτον καὶ ἀνθρωπίνην σύνεσιν ἔχων, ἤν ταῖς ἀπὰντων ψυχαῖς ἐμβάλλει ὁ Δημιουργός. Ἅγιος Κύριλλος Ἀλεξανδρείας, Εἰς Τὴν Πρωτάν Ἐπιστολήν Παύλου Πρὸς Κορινθίους, Ἐκλογαι Source: Migne PG 74.865b-c

For the Spirit scrutinises everything, even the depths of God... The depths of God are the secret and hidden meanings of Holy Scripture, which the Spirit reveals to those who have holy souls, making a certain Divine mind dwell in them. But the animal man does not receive the things of the Spirit of God, because it is foolishness to him, and he cannot understand... 1 An animal because of his living according to the flesh and not yet having a mind enlightened by the Holy Spirit, but only having the innate human understanding, which is sent into every soul by the Creator. Saint Cyril of Alexandria, Commentary on the First Letter to the Corinthians, Fragment 1 1 Cor 2.14

The Mockers And The Simple

Quia abominatio Domino est omnis illusor. Omnis, inquit, illusor, quia illusor est, qui vel verba Dei, quae novit, implere contemnit, vel eadam perverse intelligendo ac docendo corrumpit. Est illusor et ille qui promissa ejus quasi parva despicit, ac iram districtionis ejus quasi tolerabilem spernit: nec non et ille qui proximorum simplicitati vel paupertati improbus insultat. Ideoque omnem hujusmodi illusorem merito divina abominatur justitia. Bene autem subditur: Et cum simplicibus sermocinatio ejus. Quia saepe superbi, dum simplicibus illudunt, prudentiores se illis, quos irrident, judicant. Sed horum prudentia, juxta quod Jacobus ait, Terrena est, animalis, diabolica. Sermocinatio autem Domini cum simplicibus est, quia illos coelestis sapientiae secretis illustrat, quos terreni fastus ac simplicitatis nil habere considerat. Hinc etenim dicit, Abscondisti haec a sapientibus et prudentibus, et revelasti ea parvulis Sanctus Beda, Super Parabolas Salomonis, Liber I, Caput III Source: Migne PL 91.945a-c

Because everyone who mocks is an abomination to the Lord. 1 Everyone who mocks, it says, because he who mocks is one who though he knows the word of the Lord does not cares to fulfill it, or he corrupts it with a perverse understanding and teaching. He mocks who despises His promises as something trivial and His anger as something that is tolerable, and he is a wicked man who insults the simplicity or poverty of his neighbours. Therefore everyone who mocks like this is abominated by the Divine righteousness. Then it is well added, 'His conversation is with the simple.' Because often the proud, in their mocking of the simple, judge themselves to be wiser than those whom they ridicule. But their wisdom, as James says, is worldly and animal and diabolical. 2 The speech of the Lord is with the simple because He enlightens them with the secrets of heavenly wisdom, which the worldly scorner does not consider that the simple might possess. Hence He says, 'You have hidden these things from the wise and clever, and revealed them to little ones.' 3 Saint Bede, Commentary On Proverbs, Book 1, Chapter 3 1 Prov 3.32 2 James 2.15 3 Mt 11.25, Lk 10.21

Like A Tree

Kαὶ ἔσται ὡς τὸ ξύλον τὸ πεφυτευμένον παρὰ τὰς διεξόδους τῶν ὑδάτων ὃ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ δώσει ἐν καιρῷ αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ φύλλον αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἀπορρυήσεται Ὁμοιωθεὶς τῃ σοφιᾳ, ὅμοιος γίνεται Θεῷ τῷ ποιότητα τοιάνδε χαριζομένῳ· δικαιοσύνῃ γὰρ ὁμοιοῦται αὐτῷ ὁ δίκαιος, καὶ ἁγιότητι ἅγιος, καὶ τῇ σοφίᾳ σοφὸς, σπάσας ἀπ᾿ αὐτῆς τὸ εἶναι σοφὸς, κατὰ τὸ λεχθὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ Σωτῆρος· Ἀρκετὸν τῷ μαθητῇ , ἵνα γένηται ὡς ὁ διδάσκαλος αὐτοῦ. Ο δὲ ὁμοιούμενος τῷ τῆς ζωῆς ξύλῳ, γίνεται μὲν ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ ἵνα σὺν αὐτῷ φυτευθῇ , ὡς ἀπὸ προσώπου τοῦ Θεοῦ φησιν Ἡσαΐας· Κατὰ τὰς ἡμέρας τοῦ ξύλου τῆς ζωῆς ἑσονται αἱ ἡμέραι τοῦ λαοῦ μου. Οὐκοῦν συνδιαιωνίζει ὁ δίκαιος τῷ ξύλῳ , γινόμενος συμφυὴς κλάδος αὐτοῦ , καὶ κλῆμα γινόμενος ἐπὶ τῷ θεῖον καρπὸν ἀγαγεῖν· ἄμπελος γὰρ ἀληθινὴ, τὸ ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς τυγχάνον , φησὶ πρὸς τοὺς μαθητάς· Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινὴ, ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα, ὁ Πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός · πᾶν κλῆμα ἐν ἐμοὶ μένον καθαίρει αὐτὸ ὁ Πατὴρ , ἵνα καρπὸν πλείονα φέρῃ. Δίδυμος Αλεξανδρεύς, Εἰς Ψαλμούς, Ψαλμος A’ Source: Migne PG 39.1157c-d

And he shall be like a tree planted by streams of flowing waters which gives forth its fruit in its season and its leaves shall not wither... 1 Being likened to wisdom is to be likened to God who bestows that wisdom. For the righteous man is likened to the righteousness that is from Him, and the holy man to the holiness that is from Him, and the wise man to the wisdom that is from Him, according to what the Saviour said, 'It is enough for a disciple to be like his master.' He who is likened to the tree of life is planted in paradise with it. As Isaiah the prophet says in the person of God, 'As many as the days of life, so shall be all the days of my people,' 2 Therefore the righteous man lives always planted together with the tree of life, whose branches and leaves yield the Divine fruit. For the true vine, which is the tree of life, said to His disciples, 'I am the true vine, you are the branches, my Father is the farmer, every branch that remains with me, the Father prunes, so that it may bring forth more fruit.' 3 Didymus the Blind, Commentary on The Psalms, from Psalm 1 1 Ps 1.3 2 Isaiah 65.22 3 Jn 15.1-2

Sorrow And Joy

Nescio quid dicam vel quid loquar amplius de defunctis filiorum Dei, quos gladius supra modum dure tetigit. Scriptum est enim: Flete cum flentibus, et iterum: Si dolet unum membrum condoleant omnia membra. Quapropter ecclesia plorat et plangit filios et filias suas quas adhuc gladius nondum interfecit, sed prolongati et exportati in longa terrarum, ubi peccatum manifeste graviter impudenter abundat, ibi venundati ingenui homines, Christiani in servitute redacti sunt, praesertim indignissimorum pessimorum apostatarumque Pictorum. Idcirco cum tristitia et maerore vociferabo: O speciosissimi atque amantissimi fratres et filii quos in Christo genui enumerare nequeo, quid faciam vobis? Non sum dignus Deo neque hominibus subvenire. Praevaluit iniquitas iniquorum super nos. Quasi extranei facti sumus. Forte non credunt unum baptismum percepimus vel unum Deum patrem habemus. Indignum est illis Hiberionaci sumus. Sicut ait: Nonne unum Deum habetis? Quid dereliquistis unusquisque proximum suum? Idcirco doleo pro vobis, doleo, carissimi mihi; sed iterum gaudeo intra meipsum: non gratis laboravi vel peregrinatio mea in vacuum non fuit. Et contigit scelus tam horrendum ineffabile, Deo gratias, creduli baptizati, de saeculo recessistis ad paradisum. Cerno vos: migrare coepistis ubi nox non erit neque luctus neque mors amplius, sed exultabitis sicut vituli ex vinculis resoluti et conculcabitis iniquos et erunt cinis sub pedibus vestris. Vos ergo regnabitis cum apostolis et prophetis atque martyribus. Aeterna regna capietis, sicut ipse testatur inquit: Venient ab oriente et occidente et recumbent cum Abraham et Isaac et Iacob in regno caelorum. Foris canes et venefici et homicidae, et: Mendacibus periuris pars eorum in stagnum ignis aeterni. Non inmerito ait Apostolus: Ubi iustus uix salvus erit, peccator et impius transgressor legis ubi se recognoscet? Unde enim Coroticus cum suis sceleratissimis, rebellatores Christi, ubi se videbunt, qui mulierculas baptizatas praemia distribuunt ob miserum regnum temporale, quod utique in momento transeat? Sicut nubes vel fumus, qui utique vento dispergitur, ita peccatores fraudulenti a facie Domini peribunt. Sanctus Patricius, Hibernorum Apostolus, Epistola Ad Coroticum Source: Migne PL 53.817a-518b

I do not know what to say, or how to say more about the deaths of the children God, whom the sword has touched so cruelly. As it is written, 'Weep with those who weep,' and again, 'If one member suffers pain, let all the members suffer.' 1 For which reason the Church mourns and weeps for its sons and daughters whom the sword has not yet slain, but who have been taken away and exported far across the earth, where direst sin openly abounds without shame, and where freeborn men have been sold and Christians reduced to slavery, and certainly among the lowest and worst of the apostate Picts. Therefore I cry out in sorrow and grief, 'O my fairest and most beloved brothers and sisters whom I begot without number in Christ, what am I to do for you? I am not worthy to help God or men. The wickedness of the wicked has prevailed over us. We have been made as if we were complete outsiders. Perhaps they not believe we have received one and the same Baptism, or that we have one God as a father. For them it is a disgrace that we are from Ireland. As it says, 'Do you not have one God? Why have you each abandoned your neighbour?' 2 Therefore I grieve for you, I grieve for my dearest ones, but again I rejoice within myself, that I have not worked without thanks, 3 and my wanderings were not in vain. An unspeakably horrifying crime has occurred, but, thanks to God, you who are baptised believers have withdrawn from this world to paradise. I see you, you have begun to travel to where there is no night any longer, nor sorrow, nor death, rather you leap for joy, like calves set free from chains, and you tread down the wicked, and they will be like ashes beneath your feet. 4 Therefore you will reign with Apostles and Prophets and Martyrs. You will take possession of an eternal kingdom, as He testifies in these words, 'They will come from the east and from the west, and they will recline at the table with Abraham and Isaac and Jacob in the kingdom of the heaven.' 'Left outside are dogs and sorcerers and murderers,' and 'With the lying perjurers their lot is in a lake of eternal fire.' It is not without reason that the Apostle says: 'When the righteous man shall hardly be saved, how will it be with the sinner and the impious transgressor of the law?' 5 So where will Coroticus and his lawless rebels against Christ find themselves, those who divide up baptised women as rewards, for a miserable temporal kingdom which will pass away in a moment. Just as clouds or smoke are blown away by the wind, that is how deceitful sinners will perish from the face of the Lord. Saint Patrick, Apostle of the Irish, from The Letter to Coroticus 1 Rom 12.15, 1 Cor 12.26 2 Malachi 2.20 3 Ps Phil 2.16 4 Apoc 21.4, Malachi 4.2-3 5 Mt 8.11, Apoc 22.15, 1 Pet 4.18

Power And Corruption

Ὡς ὁ πλοῦτος τοὺς οὐ προσέχοντας ἐκτραχηλίζειν εἲωεν, οὕτω καὶ ἡ ἀρχή. Ἐκεῖνος μὲν γὰρ εἰς πλεονεξίαν, αὕτη δὲ εἰς ἀπόνοιαν ἄγει. Ὄρα γοῠν τὸ ἀρχόμενον πλῆθος τῶν Ἰουδαίων ὑγιαῖον, τοὺς δὲ ἄρχοντας διεφθαρμένους. Ὅτι γὰρ οὕτοι αὐτῷ ἐπίστευον, λέγουσι μὲν συνεχῶς οἱ εὐαγγελισταὶ, ὅτι Πολλοὶ ἐκ τοῦ ὄχλου ἐπίστευσαν αὐτῷ. Ἐκ δὲ τῶν ἀρχόντων ἠπίστουν. Καὶ αὐτοὶ λέγουσιν, οὐχὶ ὁ ὄχλος, Μὴ τις τῶν ἀρχόντων ἐπίστευσεν εἰς αὐτὸν; Ἀλλὰ τί φησι; Τὸ πλῆθος, οἱ μὴ εἰδότες τὸν Θεὸν, ἐπικατάρατοί εἰσι. Τοὺς πιστεύοντας ἐπικαταράτους ἔλεγον, ἑαυτοὺς δὲ ἀναιροῦντας, συνετούς. Ἅγιος Ἰωάννης ὁ Χρυσόστομος, Υπόμνημα Εἰς τὸν ἅγιον Ἰωάννην τὸν Ἀπόστολον και Εὑαγγελιστην, Ὁμιλία ΞϚ’ Source: Migne PG 59.365

As wealth will ruin those who are not prudent, so it is with power. The first leads into covetousness, the second into pride. See how the subject multitude of the Jews is sound and the rulers are corrupt. For the Evangelists continually tell us that the former believed in Christ, saying, 'Many of the multitude believed in Him,' 1 but the rulers did not believe. And it is they themselves, not the multitude, who say, 'Has any of the rulers believed in Him?' But what says one of them? 'The multitude do not know God, they are accursed.' 2 They call the believers accursed, and themselves, the slayers, wise. Saint John Chrysostom, Commentary On The Gospel of Saint John, from Homily 66 1 Jn 7.31 2 Jn 7.48-49

Contentment With Little

Την Ελισσαίου εὐτέλειαν ζήλου, ὑπερῴῳ καὶ λύχνῳ ἀρκούμενος· ἅπερ τὴν ὑψηλὴν καὶ πεφωτισμένην τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἡνίσσετο πρᾶξιν· ἀλλὰ μὴ μεγάλαῖς οἰκοδομαῖς ὡς Φαραὼ προστηκόμενος καὶ προσασήκων αὐταῖς τοὺς μονάζοντας , τὴν ἀληθῆ ἐργασίαν κατάλυε. Ἅγιος Ἰσίδωρος Του Πηλουσιώτου, Βιβλίον Πρῶτον, Ἐπιστολὴ ΥϟΗ’, Θεωνι Source: Migne 78.453a

Be content with the frugality of zealous Elijah and with a hut and lamp, which designates the sublimity and splendor of that man. Do not wither away in great buildings like another Pharaoh, and as solitaries who cling to these things to the ruin of the true life. Saint Isidore of Pelusium, Book 1, Letter 498, to Theonis

Living In The World

Sobrie et pie et juste vivamus in hoc saeculo. Sobrie nobis, juste proximo, pie Deo. Sobrie in duobus, in cavenda voluptate carnis, et curiositate saeculi. Unde Dominus: Attendite, ne graventur corda vestra in crapula et ebrietate, et curis hujus vitae. Ecce compedes quae crapulam, id est, carnis curam stringunt et angustant, et carcer qui curiositates saeculi claudit et obfirmat. Qui primum vincit, in carne ambulans non secundum carnem militat; qui secundum vincit, dicere potest: Conversatio nostra in caelis est. Juste item in duobus, ut nemini noceas, omnibus prodesse velis. Unde quod tibi non vis, alii non facias; et quaecunque vultis ut faciant vobis homines, eadem facite illis. Pie quantum ad fidem, quae in duobus consistit: in justificatione quae in praesenti nos justificat, et in beatificatione qua in futuro nos beatificat. Hanc fidem a nobis exigit Deus, ut credamus nos ab ipso justificandos per misericordiam, beatificandos per veritatem. Promisit enim justos beatificare. Unde quos justificabit hos et glorificabit. Et Dominus: Si terrena dixi vobis et non creditis, quomodo si coelestia vobis dixero credetis? Terrena justificatio fit in praesentia, coelestis beatificatio in futuro. Sobrie ergo vivamus, ut bonam conscientiam habeamus; juste, ut proximis prodesse possimus. Unde sapientia quae desursum est, primum pudica est, deinde pacifica, pie ut Deum diligamus; Hugo De Sancte Victore, Miscellanea, Liber V, Tit XXXII, Quomodo sobrie, pie et juste vivamus Source: Migne PL 177.763c-d

Let us live soberly and piously and righteously in this world. 1 Soberly for ourselves, righteously for our neighbour, piously for God. Sobriety is twofold, in wariness for the pleasure of the flesh and worldly cares. Hence the Lord says, 'Beware lest your hearts grow heavy with drinking and drunkenness and the cares of this life.' 2 Behold, you shackle yourself with drunkenness, that is, you bind and chain yourself with care for the flesh, and with your interest in the world you shut yourself up in prison and lock the door. He who obtains the first victory, walks in the flesh and does not fight with the arms of the flesh. 3 He who obtains the second victory is able to say 'Our way of life is in heaven.' 4 Living righteously is twofold, that you do not harm anyone and you wish to benefit everyone. Hence it was said, 'What you would not wish for yourself, do not do that to another.' And,  'Whatever you wish that men do to you, do the same to them.' 5 Living piously is a matter of faith, which consists of two things, the justification which justifies us in the present, and the beatification with which He shall bless us in the future. God exhorts this faith from us, so that we might believe we are justified by Him through mercy, and blessed through truth. For He promises to bless the righteous. Hence, 'He shall justify and bless them.' 6 And the Lord says, 'If I tell you about worldly things and you do not believe, how shall you believe when I speak to you about heavenly things?' 7 Worldly justification is in the present, heavenly beatification is in the future. Therefore let us live soberly so that we might have a good conscience, and righteously so that we may be able to be of benefit to our neighbours. Hence that wisdom from above is first modest, and then peaceful, so that we may love God piously. 8 Hugh Of Saint Victor, Miscellanea, Book 5, Chapter 32, How we should live soberly and piously and righteously 1 Titus 2.12 2 Lk 21.3 3 Ephes 6.12 4 Phil 3.20 5 Tobit 4.16 Mt 7.12 6 Rom 8.30 7 Jn 3.12 8 Jam 3.17

Prayer And The Inner Room

Tu autem cum orabis, intra in cubiculum... Cubiculum autem dicit secretius mentis arcanum, ubi nemo videre potest quid sit in illo, nisi spiritus hominis qui est in eo. De hoc quippe cubili David monendo canit: Quae dicitis, inquit, in cordibus vestris, et in cubilibus vestris compungimini; videtur enim aliquid secretius per ea velle significari, dum quae corde promimus, quasi introrsus prius compungi jubemur. Ad hujus ergo cubilis ostium pulsat sapientia Patris ita dicens: Ecce sto ad ostium et pulso. Quod sane ostium ei per fidem aperitur, de quo in Canticis sponsa loquitur: Pessulum ostii mei aperui dilecto meo. Pulsat itaque Christus ad ostium, quoties per aspirationem boni operis mentem afficit, cujus profecto vox, quam saepe blandientis affectu ingeminat, ita dicens: Aperi mihi, soror mea, amica mea, columba mea, immaculata mea, quae nisi pulsanti aperuerit, vacua introrsus in se redit. Quid enim prodest orare in eo cubiculo mentis, ubi nec Pater, nec Filius, nec Spiritus sanctus venientes adhuc recepti sunt, neque mansionem apud eum fecere? Quapropter quisquis infra cubiculum cordis Deum, ut jussum est, vult orare, prius per fidem ostium pulsanti aperiat, et deosculetur eum per charitatem, atque intra cubiculum genitricis suae, ubi doceatur ab eo, devotus indicat. Alioquin quid prodest orare ubi non esse velis quem oras? Quod si fide jam tenes quem diligis ex toto corde tuo, et ex tota anima tua, et ex tota virtute tua, recte intras cubiculum mentis, ubi Deus Trinitas per fidem colitur, per charitatem amplectitur, per spem quoque profundius solidatur. Tale quippe templum jam sacrum est, sicut ait Apostolus: Templum Dei sanctum est, quod estis vos. Quid igitur prodest introire, orandi gratia, quo nullus est religionis locus? Idcirco, quia gratis venit Christus pulsans ad ostium, suscipiatur, et per charitatem interius tacita conscientia amplectatur Deus Trinitas: tum utique, sicut praecipitur, claudatur ostium, et oretur Deus Pater. Oretur autem non strepitu verborum tantum, sed fide ac spe et charitate intus quod quaerimus impetretur. Haec est, inquam, vera religio Christianitatis, non ut ultra coelos aut infra abyssum, vel circa fines terrarum quaerendo Deum animus se diffundat, sed intus quem diligit fide teneat, et eisdem virtutibus quibus eum colit attentius exoret. Sic itaque decet adorare eum, qui nec loco clauditur, nec fine terminatur. Sanctus Paschasius Radbertus Corbeiensis, Expositio In Evangelium Matthaei, Liber IV, Caput VI Source: Migne PL 120.275b-276a

But you, when you pray, go into an inner room... 1 He speaks of the inner room as the secret place of the heart, where no one can see what is there unless the spirit of a man that is in him. 2 Certainly concerning this David exhorts when he says, 'What you say in your hearts, struggle with in your inner rooms.' 3 for it seems there is something more secret he wishes to signify with this, that while we bring forth things from the heart, we are first commanded to struggle. And therefore the wisdom of God the Father knocks at this door, saying, 'Behold, I stand at the door and knock.' 4 Which door is opened through faith, concerning which the bride says in the Song of Songs, 'I opened the bolts of my door to my beloved.' 5 Therefore Christ knocks at the door as many times as we fix the mind in hope of good works, the voice of whom often encourages with love, saying, 'Open to me, my sister, my friend, my dove, my flawless one.' 6 which unless she shall open to him who knocks she will remain within empty in herself. For what does it profit to pray in the secret place of the mind, when there is no Father, no Son, no Holy Spirit coming and received, nor a resting place made for them? 7 Therefore whoever wishes to pray to God within the inner room of his heart, he first in faith opens the door to Him who knocks, and he embraces Him in love, even within the inner room of her who bore him, 8 where he may be taught by Him, he devoutly indicates. Besides what does it profit to pray when you have not care for the one to whom you pray? Only if in faith you hold to Him you love with your whole heart, and your whole soul and your whole strength, do you rightly enter into the inner room of your mind where God the trinity is worshipped in faith, and embraced in love, and in hope made more firm. Such then is the holy temple about which the Apostle speaks, saying, 'Because you are a holy temple of God.' 9 How could it profit to enter for the sake of prayer into a place where there is no religion? Therefore, because Christ comes knocking at the door, let Him be received, and in the love of a silent conscience within let God the Trinity be embraced. In this way, as commanded, there is prayer to God the Father. For one does not pray to Him with the sound of words only, but within in faith and hope and charity, which we are bidden to seek. This, I say, is the true Christian religion. It is not beyond the sky, or deep within the abyss, or somewhere at the ends of the world that the soul must scatter itself in the search for God, but within let it hold to Him whom it loves, and with the same efforts which it worships let it attentively pray. Thus it befits to adore Him, whom no place encloses, nor limitation constrains. Saint Paschasius Radbertus, Commentary On The Gospel of Saint Matthew, Book 4, Chapter 6 1 Mt 6.6 2 1 Cor 2.11 3 Ps 4.5 4 Apoc 3.20 5 Song 5.6 6 Song 5.2 7 Jn 14.23 8 Song 3.4 9 1 Cor 3.17

Prayer And The Heart

Ἐκ βαθέων ἐκέκραξα σοι, Κύριε... Ἀντὶ τοῦ, Κάτωθεν καὶ ἐξ αὐτῆς τῆς καρδίας ἀναπέμπω τὴν ἱκετείαν. Τῶν γὰρ μόνοις κεχρημένων τοῖς χείλεσιν ἡ θεία κατηγορεῖ Γραφή. Καὶ νῦν μέν φησιν ὁ προφήτης Ἱερεμίας πρὸς τὸν τῶν ὅλων Θεόν· Ἐγγὺς εἶ οι στόματτος αὐτῶν, καὶ πόῤῥω ἀπὸ τῶν νεφρών αὐτῶν· νῦν δὲ αὐτὸς ὁ Θεὸς διὰ Ἡσαΐου τοῦ προφήτου Ἰουδαίων κατηγορεί λέγων· Οὗτος ὁ λαὸς τοῖς χείλεσί με τιμᾷ, τῇ δὲ καρδίᾳ πόῤῥω ἀπέχει ἀπ' ἐμοῦ. Οἱ δὲ νῦν ἱκετεύοντες ἀπὸ τοῦ βάθους τῆς καρδίας τὴν εὐχὴν ἀναπέμπουσι. Θεοδώρητος Ἐπίσκοπος Κύρρος, Ἑρμηνεία εἰς Τους Ψαλμούς, Ψαλμός ΡΚΘ’ Source: Migne PG 80.1900a-b

From the depths I cried out to you, O Lord... 1 That is, 'I sent forth my prayer from the depths of my heart,' for Holy Scripture condemns those who make use of their lips alone. And certainly now the prophet Jeremiah says to the God of all things, 'You are near to their mouths, and far from their hearts,' and now God says through the prophet Isaiah for the reproof of the Jews, 'This people honour me with their lips and the their hearts are far from me.' 2 Only those who pray from the depths of the heart send forth a prayer. Theodoret of Cyrrhus, Commentary on the Psalms, from Psalm 129 1 Ps 129.1 2 Jerem 12.2, Isaiah 20.13

Day And Prayer

In qucunque die invocavero te, exaudi me: multiplicabis in animam meam virtutem multam Dies hic significatur lucida sinceraque petitio, quam non cupiditas nubilat, non averitia ulla confundi; sed de illo Sole radiat, qui omes caligines mortalitatis emundat. In talibus ergo petitionibus devotus se ppopuus precatur audiri, quatenus virtute Domini completus, persecutorum evadere mereatur insidias. Nam si ad literam velis accepter, nunquid nobis tempore noctis orandum non est, maxime cum tunc diabolicis fraudibus impetamur? Fideli autem Christiano semper est dies, cum splendidis ac claris supplicationibus contendit audiri. Sed cum dicit: Multiplicabis in animam meam virtutem multam, passurum se ostendit innumera, contra quae tam multiplicia postulavit auxilia. Cassiodorus, Expositio In Psalterium, Psalmus CXXXVII Source: Migne PL 70.980c-981a

On whatever day I shall invoke you, hear me. Multiply much strength in my soul 1 The day here signifies a sincere and clear prayer which no cupidity clouds nor does any avarice obscure it, and it shines forth from that sun which brightens all mortal darkness. Therefore with such prayers a devout people prays that it might be heard, so that to the extent the power of the Lord is fulfilled it may merit to escape the plots of persecutors. For if you would understand this literally, shall it not be that we should not pray at night, at that time when we are most greatly assailed by devilish snares? But it is always day for the faithful Christian, when he strives to be heard with bright and clear supplications. When he says, 'Multiply much strength in my soul,' he shows that he is going to endure much, because of which he has asked for an abundance of aid. Cassiodorus, Commentary On The Psalms, from Psalm 137 1 Ps 137.4

Fear And Prayer

Exaudi, Deus, orationem meam, cum tribulor; a timore inimici eripe animam meam. Ingruentibus his quae superius memoravimus, per quae fides nostra et spes periclitatur, ad eum qui solus mederi his potest refertur oratio. Metus est enim, ne infirmam per naturam et consortium carnis animam, undique subrepentium illecebrarum aestus absorbeat. Adsunt namque quotidie, et pugnant blandimentis fallacibus, quasdam machinas excidii admoventes. Itaque per doctrinam coelestis eruditionis, pervigilem curam fidei impendere admonemur, timere insidiantem semper hostem, ne incautam securitatem nostram ipse in speculis positus incurset. Vigilandum ergo in oratione Dei est, et semper orandum: ut cum fatigari anima et affligi subrepentium illecebrarum aculeis coeperit, Deus semper oratus exaudiat, nosque ab his quae timemus eripiat. Ait enim: A timore inimici eripe animam meam. Deus enim non tum tantum orandus est, cum quae timentur ingruerint; sed timenda ea sunt, quae cum coeperint adesse dominantur: et semper atque indefessis precibus orandus est, ut nos a timore eorum, quorum dominatum timemus, eripiat. Scriptum est enim in Proverbiis: Cum vocarem, non exaudistis; et cum extenderem verba, non intendistis; sed inania fecistis consilia mea, et consiliis meis non intendistis. Et ego perditionem vestram irridebo. Erit ergo, cum invocabitis me, et ego non exaudiam. Propheta ergo, licet prior tempore, non tamen eorum quae postea dicerentur ignarus est; sed impendentibus semper tribulationibus anxius, et ad omnem timorem inimici sollicitus, Deum orat ob ea quae timet: et ut secum in tribulatione sit, et ut exaudiat, deprecatur. Neque enim Dei misericordiam metus noster, sed fides promeretur: et longae praeparationis documento opus est, ut mereamur audiri. Meminit ergo propheta ab his se omnibus precatu liberari: et docet orationem suam non ex dominatu eorum quae timuerit, sed ex metu esse dominatus. Sanctus Hilarius Pictaviensis, Tractatus super Psalmos, Tractatus in Psalmum LXIII Source: Migne PL 9.409c-410b

Hear, O God, my prayer when I am trouble, from the fear of the enemy deliver my soul. 1 Because of the attackers we have mentioned, through which our faith and hope is imperiled, prayer is directed to Him who alone is able to provide aid. There should always be fear lest our weak souls, which are by their nature a consort of the flesh, are absorbed by the blaze of snares set everywhere about us. For they are near every day and they fight with deceitful charm, inclining us to ruin with certain machinations. Thus through the teaching of heavenly wisdom we are admonished to have care for the faith and always fear the plots of the enemy, lest careless for our security the foe storm our watchtowers. One must, then, be vigilant in prayer to God and always pray, so that when our soul begins to become fatigued and afflicted with the barbs of hidden snares, God who always hears those who have prayed, delivers us from those things which we fear, whence it says, 'from the fear of the enemy deliver my soul.' And one must pray to God not only when those we fear fall upon us, but the enemy must be feared even when he has only drawn near to conquer. One should always pray with unwearying prayers, so that He shall deliver us from the fear of those who we fear to be ruled by. It has been written in Proverbs: 'When I called you did not hear, and when I set forth my words you did not attend to them, but you treated my counsel as worthless and you had no care for my advice. I shall laugh at your ruin, and when you call on me, I shall not hear you. 2 Therefore the prophet prays to God because of what he fears in the time before, and not for later things of which he is unaware, but always for those pressing tribulations over which he frets with every fear of the enemy, even entreating God to be near in tribulations and that He might hear. For the mercy of our God is not something fearful but faith merits it, and the proof of long preparation is the work that makes us worthy of being heard. Therefore the prophet is mindful that prayer delivers us from all these things, and he teaches us his own prayer, and that not because he has been conquered by the things he fears, but because of the fear of being conquered. Saint Hilary of Poitiers, Homilies on the Psalms, from Psalm 63 1 Ps 63.2 2 Prov 1.24-26

Arrows And Words

Eπὶ τῷ Kυρίῳ πέποιθα πᾶς ἐρεῖτε τῇ ψυχῇ μου μεταναστεύου ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη ὡς στρουθίον, ὅτι ἰδοὺ οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἐνέτειναν τόξον ἡτοίμασαν βέλη εἰς φαρέτραν τοῦ κατατοξεῦσαι ἐν σκοτομήνῃ τοὺς εὐθεῖς τῇ καρδίᾳ. Κατὰ θεωρίαν δὲ, πολλῶν σοφιστικῶς παρεσκευασμένων ὁρατῶν τε καὶ ἀοράτων ἐχθρῶν, ὡς ἤδη τὸ ἡγεμονικὸν ἔχειν τεταμένον, δι᾿ ἑτοιμασίαν τόξῳ ἐντεταμένῳ ἑοικός. Ἀλλὰ καὶ βέλη ἔτοιμα, λόγοι δὴ πιθανοί· ταῦτα πρὸς τὸ κατατοξεῦσαι σε. Ἔχεις διατριβὴν ἐν ὑψηλοῖς ὄρεσιν· ἐνταῦθα γενομένη οὐ τρωθήσῃ. Εἴρηται δὲ ὡς τὰ θειότερα τῶν Γραφῶν νοήματα τῇ τῶν ὀρῶν προσηγορίᾳ σημαίνεται. Πρὸς τούτοις καὶ οἱ σοφοὶ διδάσκαλοι ἀπόστολοι καὶ προφῆται , δυνατὸν ὑπὸ τοῦ Πνεύματος εἰρημένον ἐκλαβεῖν τὸ, Μετανάστευε ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη ὡς στρουθίον, προτρεπομένου ἀναχωρεῖν, τὸν διαδράναι θέλοντα τὴν ἰοβόλον τρῶσιν τῶν τοξοτῶν. Εἰ δὲ καὶ ἀόρατοι δυνάμεις αἱ αὐταὶ οὖσαι, ἢ συγγενεῖς τοῖς τοξόταις, λέγοιεν τὸ, Μετανάστευε ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη ὡς στρουθίον, χλευαστικῶς αὐτὸ εἰρημένον ἐκληψόμεθα, ὑποδηλῶσαι θελόντων τοὺς ἐν ὅλῃ καρδίᾳ ἐπὶ Θεὸν πεποιθότας. Εἴτ᾿ ἐπεὶ σκότους υἱοὶ καὶ νυκτός εἰσιν οἱ πρὸς τὸ οὕτως σοφιστεύειν παρεσκευασμένοι , τοξόται ἐν ἀφεγγεῖ νυκτὶ κατατοξεύειν προτέθεινται τοὺς εὐθεῖαν καρδίαν ἔχοντας. Δίδυμος Αλεξανδρεύς, Εἰς Ψαλμούς, Ψαλμος I’ Source: Migne PG 39.1208b-d

In The Lord I trust, how do you say to my soul, 'Fly off like a sparrow to the mountains,' For behold the sinners have bent their bows and prepared their arrows in their quivers, to shoot in darkness at the righteous in heart. 1 In a spiritual sense there are many clever foes who have prepared themselves, whether seen or unseen, and who are like those who have prepared to shoot with the bow. These arrows which have been prepared are persuasive words. These are the things which are near to striking you. You however, O soul, have your resting places in the mountains, and placed there you shall not be wounded. It has been said that the teachings of the Scriptures have been designated with the name of mountains, and these are even the wise apostolic teachers and prophets. We may think that this line, 'Fly off like a sparrow to the mountains,' was said by the Spirit with this meaning, that is it is an exhortation for the soul's withdrawal, which is wished so that the arrows of the hunters might be avoided. But if perhaps it is the unseen powers, those who are like those wielding bows, who say, 'Fly off like a sparrow into the mountains,' we must reckon that this is said in a mocking manner, and directed at those who trust in God with the whole heart. These are the sons of night and darkness, who make use of clever speech, and as archers in obscuring night they set themselves to shoot their shafts at those who are righteous in heart. Didymus the Blind, Commentary on The Psalms, from Psalm 10 1 Ps 10.2-3 2 Jn 8.51