The Incarnation And The Trinity

Huic enim limo terreno vim vitalem miscuit, ut in arboribus, unde surgit venustas in foliis, in floribus pulchritudo, sapor in fructibus et medicina. Nec hoc contentus, adjecit etiam vim sensibilem limo nostro, ut in pecoribus, quae non solum vitam habeant, sed et sentiant quinquepertita sensificatione vigentes. Addidit adhuc honorare limum nostrum, et ei vim rationalem immisit, ut in hominibus, qui non solum vivunt, sentiunt, sed et discernunt inter commodum et incommodum, inter bonum et malum, inter verum et falsum. Voluit quoque infirmiora nostra abundantiori gloria sublimare, et contraxit se Majestas: ut quod melius habebat, videlicet seipsum, limo nostro conjungeret, et in persona una sibi invicem unirentur Deus et limus, majestas et infirmitas, tanta vilitas et sublimitas tanta. Nihil enim Deo sublimius, nil vilius limo: et tamen tanta dignatio e Deus descendit in limum,  tantaque dignitate limus ascendit in Deum, ut quidquid in eo Deus fecit, limus fecisse credatur; quidquid limus pertulit, Deus in illo pertulisse dicatur tam ineffabili quam incomprehensibili sacramento. Et attende, quia sicut in illa singulari divinitate trinitas est in personis, unitas in substantia; sic in ista speciali commistione trinitas est in substantiis, in persona unitas: et sicut ibi personae non scindunt unitatem, unitas non minuit Trinitatem; ita et hic persona non confundit substantias, nec substantiae ipsae personae dissipant unitatem. Summa illa Trinitas hanc nobis exhibuit trinitatem, opus mirabile, opus singulare inter omnia, et super omnia opera sua! Verbum enim, et anima, et caro in unam convenere personam; et haec tria unum, 0099A et hoc unum tria, non confusione substantiae, sed unitate personae. Haec est prima et superexcellens mistura; et haec prima inter tres. Adverte homo quia limus es, et non sis superbus; quia Deo conjunctus es, et non sis ingratus. Sanctus Bernardus Clarae Vallensis, Sermones De Tempore, In Vigilia Nativitatis Domini, Sermo III Source: Migne PL 183.98b-99a

For He even mixed the vital power with terrestrial mud, as with plants, from whence the beauty of leaves rises and the fairness of flowers and the sweet aromas of fruits and medicines. But do not be content with just that. Add the sensible power to our mud, as in animals, that not only have life but are empowered with the awareness of sensation. And then add honour to our mud with the mixing of the rational power in it, as in men, who not only live and sense but discern between what is fitting and unfitting, and good and evil, and true and false. Then He wished to make our infirmity yet more glorious, and He narrowed his majesty, for what was better that He had joined Himself to our mud, and in one person was unified to both God and mud, as was majesty to infirmity, and such great vileness to such great sublimity. Nothing is more sublime than God, nothing so vile as mud, and yet such dignity from God descended into mud, and mud with such dignity ascended to God, so that whatever God did mud was thought to do, and whatever mud bore God was said to bear, a most ineffable and incomprehensible mystery. And attend, because as there is one divinity in the Trinity of the persons, and there is unity in substance, so in this special mixing there is a trinity in substance, and a unity in person. So in the former the persons and are not separated in unity and unity does not diminish the Trinity, and in the latter the person does not confuse the substances, nor do the substances disturb the unity of that person. That high Trinity exhibits to us this later trinity, a wonderous work, a singular work among all things, and above all things His. For the Word and the soul and the flesh come together in one person, and these three are one, and this one is three, not to the confusion of the substances, and with the unity of the person. Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, Sermons for the Year, On The vigil of The Nativity of the Lord, from the Third Sermon

Angelic Visitations

Attendite, fratres, medicinalis gratia lineas, divina nobis benignitate monstratas. Tunc ad Eva angleus malus accessit, ut per eam homo, quem Deus fecerat, a Deo separaretur; nunc autem ad Mariam bonus angelus venit, ut in ea humanae naturae Deus Unigenitus uniretur. Venit ad Evam diabolus, ut vitam nobis malignus auferret; venit ad Mariam Gabriel, ut vitam reddendam hominibus nuntiaret. Per primi hominis culpam coepit diabolus homini dominari, per secundi hominis gratiam coepit ab homine superari: super primum superbus, sub secundo captivus. Per illum nos captivatos tenuit, per istum nos liberatos amisit. Primus Adam nobis auctor exstitit culpae, novissimus Adam nobis auctor exstitit gratiae. Ille de limo plasmatus terrenos protulit, iste de Spiritu sancto natus coelestes effecit. Per illum perdidimus gratiam priorem, per istum recepimus ampliorem. Ille quippe nobis intulit peccati maculam, cum qua nasceremur ad supplicium; iste nobis contulit justificationis gratiam, ut renasceremur ad regnum. Per illum nos filios saeculi generatio carnalis effecit, per istum nos filios Dei generatio spiritalis exhibuit. Ille nos vitiis subdidit, iste nos florere virtutibus fecit. Ille nos per vitia dejecit, quo primus cecidit: iste nos per virtutes elevat, quo primus ascendit. Ille quippe primus cecidit in infernum, iste primus conscendit in coelum. Sanctus Fulgentius Ruspensis, Sermo II, De duplici Nativitate Christi , una aeterna ex Patre, altera temporali ex Virgine Source: Migne PL 65.728d-729b

Observe, brothers, the lineaments of medicinal grace shown to us by the Divine benevolence. Once an evil angel came to Eve so that through her the man whom God had made might be separated from God, and now a good angel comes to Mary so that in her the only begotten God might be joined to human nature. 1 The devil came to Eve so that the wicked one might take away life from us, Gabriel came to Mary to announce that life is to be restored to man. Through fault the devil began to rule over the first man, by the grace of the second man he began to be conquered by man. Over the first man the devil vaunted, beneath the second man he was made captive. By the first he took us into captivity, by the second he lost us to freedom. The first Adam was our author of fault, the second Adam was the author of our grace. The former shaped from mud made us earthly, the latter man born of the Holy Spirit made us heavenly. Through the first man we destroyed the grace that had been given, by the second we received greater grace. The former brought the stain of sin, because of which we are born to suffering, the latter brought the grace of justification so that we might be reborn to the kingdom. Through the first man carnal generation made sons of the world, through the second man spiritual generation exhibited us as sons of God. The former subdued us to the vices, the latter made us flower with the virtues. The former cast us down among faults, by which the first fell, the latter lifts us up through the virtues by which the first arose. The former was the first to fall into hell, the latter was the first to rise into heaven. Saint Fulgentius of Ruspe, from Sermon 2, On The Twofold Nativity of Christ, One Eternal from the Father, and One Temporal from the Virgin 1 Gen 3, Lk 1.26-35

Creation And Vanity

VERANUS. Quid est quod dicit Ecclesiastes: Vanitas vanitatum, et omnia vanitas; cum scriptum sit in libro Genesis: Vidit Deus cuncta quae fecit et erant valde bona? Si cuncta quae fecit Deus, valde bona sunt, quomodo ergo omnia vanitas; et non solum vanitas, sed etiam vanitas vanitatum? SALONIUS. Coelum et terra, maria et omnia quae in hoc circulo continentur, per se quidem bona sunt, quoniam a bono Deo creata sunt, sed comparata Deo, utique pro nihilo habenda sunt, quia semper Deus permanebit id quod est, illa vero omnia transibunt. Nam quae videntur temporalia sunt, quia transitoria; quae autem non videntur aeterna sunt. VERANUS. Quare bis replicavit sententiam suam dicens: Vanitas vanitatum, dixit Ecclesiastes; vanitas vanitatum et omnia vanitas? SALONIUS. Ad exaggerandam magnitudinem vanitatum iteravit sententiam suam, ut per hoc demonstraret quia omnis mundi gloria sicut flos feni marcescet, et sicut fumus pertransibit. Salonius Viennensis, Expositio Mystica in Ecclesiasten Source: Migne PL 53.994b-c

Veranus: Why is it that Ecclesiastes says, 'Vanity of vanities, everything is vanity,' when it has been written in the book of Genesis, 'God saw all the things He had made and they were very good.' 1 If everything which God made was very good, how then is everything a vanity, and not only a vanity, but even a vanity of vanities? Salonius: Heaven and earth, the sea and everything they is contained in its circuit, are in themselves good because they were created by God, but compared to God they are held as nothing because God always remains what He is, but they shall all pass away. For those things which are seen are temporal and pass away but the things which are not seen are eternal. 2 Veranus; Why does he twice repeat what he says, 'Vanity of vanities, says Ecclesiastes vanity of vanities and all a vanity?' Salonius: He repeats himself to exaggerate the greatness of the vanity, so that he might show that all the glory of the world withers away like a flower of the field, and as smoke they shall pass away. 3 Salonius of Geneva, A Spiritual Exposition of Ecclesiastes 1 Eccl 1.2, Gen 1.31 2 2 Cor 4.18 3 Isaiah 40.8, 1 Pet 1.24, Ps 36.20

Thoughts On Giants

ΕΡΩΤ ΜΗ’ Τίνας καλεῖ γίγαντας ἡ θεία Γραφή; Τινές φασι τοὺς ἔτη πολλὰ βεβιωκότας· τινὲς δὲ τοὺς θεομισεῖς καὶ ἀντιθέους ἀνθρώπους . Οἱ ταῦτα οὕτω νενοηκότες , οὗ φασι τούτους μείζονα τῶν ἄλλων ἀνθρώπων σώματα ἐσχηκέναι . Ἐγὼ δὲ ὅταν ἀκούσω τῆς θείας Γραφῆς λεγούσης περὶ τοῦ Ἐνάκ , ὅτι ι ἀπόγονος ἦν τῶν γιγάντων· καὶ περὶ τοῦ Ὤγ, ὅτι « ἡ κλίνη αὐτοῦ σιδηρᾶ ἦν , ἐννέα πηχῶν τὸ μῆκος, καὶ τεσσάρων πήχεων τὸ εὗρος· καὶ ὅτε οὗτος ἐκ τῶν Ῥαφαῖν ὑπελείφθη. Καὶ τῶν καττασκόπων διηγουμένων , ὅτι ἦμεν ἐνώπιον αὐτῶν ὡσεὶ ἀκρίδες· καὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ βεβαιοῦντος τοὺς λόγους , καὶ λέγοντος , ὅτι ο Παραδέδωκά σοι τὸν ᾿Αμορῥαῖον, οὗ τὸ ὕψος ἦν ὡς κέδρου , καὶ ἰσχυρὸς ἦν ὡς δρῦς· καὶ περὶ τοῦ Γολιάδ, ὅτι ι τεσσάρων πήχεων καὶ σπιθαμῆς τὸ μῆκος εἶχεν· ἡγοῦμαι γεγενῆσθαι τινὰς παμμεγέθεις ἀνθρώπους. Τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ τοῦτο σοφῶς πρυτανεύσαντος , ἵνα γνῶσιν ὡς οὐκ ἀσθενῶν ὁ Δημιουργὸς τοσοῦτον τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἀπένειμε μέτρον ῥᾴδιον γὰρ ἦν αὐτῷ καὶ μείζους δημιουργῆσαι· ἀλλὰ τὸν τύφον εκκόπτων, και τὴν ἀλαζονείαν κωλύων, μέγιστα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις οὐκ ἔδωκε σώματα. Εἰ γὰρ ἐν σμικροῖς σώμασιν οὐ κατ' ἀλλήλων, ἀλλὰ κατ᾿ αὐτοῦ μεγαλαυχοῦσι τοῦ ποιητοῦ, τί οὐκ ἂν ἔδρασαν μεγίστων σωμάτων μετέλαχον; Θεοδώρητος Ἐπίσκοπος Κύρρος, Εἰς Τὴν Γένεσιν Source: Migne PG 80.152a-c

Question 48 Who does Sacred Scripture call giants? 1 Some say the giants were those who lived for many years, and some that they were the opponents of God and the adversaries of men of God. Thus these think that they should not be regarded as having bodies that were larger than other men. But I, when I hear Sacred Scripture say of the race of Enac that they were sprung from among giants, 2 and concerning Og, that his bed was made of iron and was nine cubits long and four cubits broad, and he was one of the Raphaim, 3 and likewise when I hear those explorers saying that there were like locusts in the sight of them, 4 and God confirming these words and saying, 'I gave the Amorites to you whose height was as the cedar and whose strength was like the oak,' 5 and that Goliath's height was four cubits and a palm, 6 I judge that they were very tall men and that God wisely arranged this so that they might know that the Creator was not incapable of giving men such a measure, for it was easy for Him to create men of greater size, but in order to restrain their swelling pride and to put a bridle on their arrogance, He did not give most men great bodies, for if with little bodies men will not only vaunt themselves over one another but even over God, what would they not do if they had been given bodies of the greatest size? Theodoret of Cyrrhus, Questions On Genesis 1 Genes 6.4 2 Numb 13.34 3 Deut 3.11 4 Numb 13.34 5 Amos 2.9 6 1 King 17.4

Creating The Devil

ΕΡΩΤ ΛϚ’ Διὰ τί δὲ τὸν διάβολον ἐποίησεν, εἰδὼς τοιοῦτον ἐσόμενον; Ο Θεὸς πᾶσαν τῶν ἀσωμάτων τὴν φύσιν έδημιούργησε, λογικὴν αὐτὴν καὶ ἀθάνατον ἀποφήνας· τοῦ λογικοῦ δὲ τὸ αὐτεξούσιον ἴδιον. Τούτων δὲ οἱ μὲν τὴν περὶ τὸν ποιητὴν ἐφύλαξαν εὔνοιαν, οἱ δὲ εἰς πονηρίαν ἀπέκλιναν. Τοῦτο δὲ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἔστιν εὑρεῖν. Οἱ μὲν γάρ εἰσι τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐρασταὶ, οἱ δὲ τῆς κακίας εργάται. Εἰ τοίνυν μέμφεταί τις τῇ τῶν πονηρῶν δημιουργίᾳ, ἀποστερεῖ ἄρα τῶν τῆς νίκης βραβείων τοὺς τῆς ἀρετῆς ἀθλητάς. Εἰ γὰρ μὴ ἐν τῇ αἱρέσει τῆς γνώμης εἶχον τὸν πόθον τῆς ἀρετῆς, ἀλλὰ ἐμπεφυκὸς τὸ ἄτρεπτον, ἔλαθον ἂν οἱ ἀξιόνικοι τῆς εὐσεβείας ἀγωνισταί· ἐπειδὴ δὲ τὴν αἵρεσιν τῶν ἀγαθῶν, καὶ τῶν ἐναντίων, ἔχει ἡ γνώμη, δικαίως καὶ οὗτοι τυγχάνουσι τῶν νικηφόρων στεφάνων, κἀκεῖνοι δίκας τιννύουσιν ὑπὲρ ὧν κατὰ γνώμην ἐξήμαρτον. Θεοδώρητος Ἐπίσκοπος Κύρρος, Εἰς Τὴν Γένεσιν Source: Migne PG 80.132b-c

Question 36 Why did God create the devil when He knew what would come to be? God created the whole incorporeal nature, making it rational and immortal, and it is the special property of rationality that it has free will. So it was that some of them cleaved to the benevolence of God and others fell into wickedness, which it is possible to observe even among men, for some are lovers of virtue and others exert themselves in wickedness. If, then, someone is troubled by the creation of wicked things, he deprives the athlete of virtue of the rewards of victory, for if in the choices of the will they had no desire for virtue, but their nature was fixed for it, they would be utterly ignorant of the excellence of the holy athlete, but when the will has the choice of good and evil, some rightly gain the crown of victory, and those who do not choose such things suffer punishment. Theodoret of Cyrrhus, Questions On Genesis

Bringing Into Being

Εἰ τα μὴ ὄντα ποιεῖ γενέσθαι Θεὸς, καὶ τοῖς μηδαμοῦ μηδαμῶς φαινομένοις χαρίζεται τὸ εἴναι, πολλῷ μᾰλλον τὰ ὄντα ἀνορθώσασθαι δύναται. Ἅγιος Νειλος, Βιβλίον Πρῶτον, Ἐπιστολή ΣΛϚ’ Σοφιανῳ Σκολαριῳ Source: Migne PG 79.169c

If God brings into being what is not, 1 and grants being to those things which appear to be nothing at all, how much more is He able to raise up the things which are? Saint Nilus of Sinai, Book 1, Letter 236 to Sophianus the Scholarius 1 Rom 4.17

Day And Night, Men And Beasts

De die ista, dilectissimi,quae mane tertia, sexta, nona, undecima, et vespera, in evangelica parabola distinguitur ad laborem laborisque mercedem, quod heri diximus, nequaquam hodie permutamus, videlicet conversionem ad Deum sensu et affectu diem accipi, sicut aversionem noctem, qua nemo potest operari. Sunt enim in hominibus sensus et appetitus, secundum quos animalia dicuntur, nec a bestiis ulla per hos eminentia secernuntur: quibus tamen si supponitur ratio, ut utrique principetur, existent quidem simul sensu et affectu animalia, ac mente rationali, mortalitateque poenali, homines necessario post peccatum, ac pro peccato morituri: qui ante peccatum, et sine peccato poterant non mori. In quibus ergo sensus vel affectus rationem nondum sequitur, sed reluctatur, et ut, proh pudor, in nonnullis obtingit, ipsa contra ipsam ratione abutitur: hi nimirum, quamlibet astuti, callidi, sensati, gratiosi, placidive, nondum homines sunt: aut si ob rationem dicendi homines asseruntur, utique quia capite deorsum gradiuntur, non tam homines quam de hominibus monstra esse convincuntur. Os, inquit poeta, homini sublime dedit.  In talibus, dilectissimi, aliquando reluctatur quidem, sed tamen superatur, ac trahitur captiva, quae sola est ratio. Vae enim soli, quia si ceciderit, non est qui sublevet eum. Aliquando vero sponte enervis, effracta, et evirata sequitur, succumbuit, a omni spurcitiae libenter se contradit. Primi ergo mali, secundi pessimi: utrique noctis et tenbrarum filii, sed alii noctem suam amant, alii diem desiderant, alii nihil habentes hominis, alii parum, alii soluti, alii vincti. Utrique in tenebris sunt, in tenebris ambulant, bestiis silvae, id est carnalibus passionibus, ac saecularibus desideriis: et catulis leonum, id est spiritualibus nequitiis in coelestibus nocturna praeda effecti, sicut scriptum est: Posuisti tenebras, et facta est nox, in ipsa pertransibunt omnes bestiae silvae, catuli leonum, etc. Dum igitur ad seipsum advertitur homo, sive ad suum sensum, sive ad viluntatem, sive etiam ad rationem, licet eo usque profecerit, ut jumentum exuens, hominem induat: utique nec noctem evadit, nec in diem vadit. Ad meipsum, ait Videns, contrubata est anima mea: propterae memor coepit esse Dei tanquam diei. Deus enim totus lux est, et in eo solo tenebrae non sunt ulla. Nam sancti angeli etsi in ipso mane inveniant, in se tamen vespere offendunt: quibus verpere sui, et mane Dei, perficitur dies unus, seu primus. In se ergo solus Deus diem invenit: qui dum menti rationali praeveniente gratia illucere incipit, ei mane facit; et inter tenbras ac lcuem dividit. Est itaque spiritualis diei antelucanam mane gratia, quae rationem praevenit, et a se ad Deum convertit; ac de tenebris ignorantiae, vel ut dictum est, impotentiae, seu etiam malitiae, in die sapientiae, virtutis ac justitiae, id est Christi Domini, inducit. Isaac, Cisterciensis Abbas, Sermo XVII, In Septuagesima II Source: Migne PL 194.1745b-1746a

Concerning that day which the parable divides into the morning, and the third hour and the sixth hour and the ninth hour and the eleventh hour and the evening, for labour and the reward of labour, 1 which we spoke of yesterday, we shall not dismiss today, that is, turning to God with the mind and with the heart will still be understood as the day and turning away as the night 'in which no one is able to work.' 2 Men possess sense and appetite, according to which they are said to be animals, and by which they cannot be distinguished from beasts, but if reason is added so that it rules both, with animal senses and appetite existing at the same time with the rational mind, then with the penalty of death men perish after sin and because of sin, who before sin and without sin did not die. 3 In those, then, who possess sense and appetite, yet who do not follow reason but rather fight against it, as, alas, happens in many, reason is used against itself. These sort, however clever they are, however learned, however sensible, however charming or gentle, are not human, or if by a habit of speech they are called men, yet because they walk with their heads thrust down, so they are convicted of being men who are monsters among men. 'Man was given a face for the heights,' as a poet says. 4 In such folk, dearest brothers, forsaken reason is dragged off to captivity, for though they may sometimes struggle yet they are overthrown. 'Alas for the man who is alone, because if he falls there is no one to lift him up.' 5 Then sometimes reason is so enervated, daunted, and unmanned, that of its own accord it follows, succumbs to, and happily gives itself to any sort of vileness. The former sort are wicked, the latter worse, and both are children of the night and of the darkness. The latter love the night and the former desire the day. The latter have nothing human about them, the former retain a little. The former wear loose bonds, the latter are utterly conquered. But both are in darkness, and 'in darkness they walk,' 6 beasts of the wood, that is, they walk in the carnal passions and in worldly desires, and are made the prey of the whelps of the lion, that is, of 'the wicked spirits of the heavens.' 7 As it is written, 'You have placed the darkness and night falls, in which pass all the beasts of the wood, the whelps of lions.' 8 When, therefore, a man turns to himself, or even to reason, so that he might improve himself by stripping off the animal and putting on the man, he neither escapes the night nor does he come to the light of the day. 'My soul has troubled me,' he says looking about himself, and because of this he begins to think of God as of the day. 'For God is all light and there is no darkness at all in Him.' 9 For even if the holy angels find the morning in Him, yet in themselves they stumble in the evening, which evening of theirs and the morning of God make one day, the first day. 10 Therefore God alone has the day in Himself, and when He begins to shine grace into rational minds, He creates the morning and separates the light from the darkness. 11 Thus grace is the dawn of the spiritual day, which not only precedes reason but turns it from itself to God and leads it from the darkness of ignorance or, as has been said, of impenitence, and even of wickedness, into the daylight of wisdom, and virtue, and righteousness, that is, into the day of Christ our Lord. Isaac of Stella, from Sermon 17, The Second Sermon for Septuagesima 1 Mt 20.1-16 2 Jn 9.4 3 Rom 8.10 4 Ovid Meta 1.84 5 Eccl 4.10 6 Ps 81.5 7 Ephes 6.12 8 Ps 103.20-21 9 Ps 41.7, 1 Jn 1.5 10 Gen 1.5 11 Gen 1.4

Speech And Understanding

Quare loquelam meam non cognoscitis? Nota, quod Dominus loquitur nobis aliquando per signa creaturae; aliquando per litteras Scriptarae; aliguando quasi per nuntios, et hoc in praedicatione; aliquando quasi voce viva, et hoc interna inspiratione. Loquitur ergo per signa creaiiirae; Proverbiorum primo: Sapientia foris praedicat, id est in creaturis; unde Proverbiorum sexto: Vade ad formicam, o piger , et considera vias eius. Loquitur per litteras Scripturae; unde Exodi vigesimo: Locutus est Dominus cunctos sermones hos; et leremiae trigesimo sexto: Tolle volumen et scribe in eo omnia verba, quae locutus sum tibi adversus Israel et ludam . Loquitur per nuntios in praedicatione, quibus dicitur Matthaei decimo: Non vos estis, qui loquimini, sed Spiritus Patris vestri, qui loquitur in vobis. Loquitur voce viva et interna inspiratione; unde in Psalmo: Audiam, quid loquatur in me Dominus Deus; et Osee secundo: Ducam eam in solitudinem et loquar ad cor eius. Cum igitur Dominus loquatur signis, litteris , nuntiis et verbis, recte improperat indoctis: Quare loquelam meam non cognoscitis? Quia non potestis audire sermonem meum. Nota, quod gravis fuit Christus malis ad audiendum; unde hic: Quia non potestis etc. Ad videndum; Sapientiae secundo: Gravis est nobis etiam ad videndum. Ad sustinendum; loannis undecimo: Quid facimus, quia hic homo multa signa facit? Si dimittimus eum sic, omnes credent in eum; hoc dicebant ludaei graviter ferentes Christum. Sanctus Bonaventura, Collationes In Evangelium Ioannem, Caput VIII, Collatio XXXV Source: Here, p577

'Why do you not understand what I say?' 1 Observe that the Lord sometimes speaks to us through the signs of created things, and something through the letters of Scripture, and sometimes through messengers, which is by preaching, and sometimes with the living voice, which is internal inspiration. Of the signs of created things it is said in the first chapter of Proverbs: 'Wisdom preaches outside,' that is, through created things, whence in the sixth chapter of Proverbs: 'Go to the ant, sluggard, and consider his ways.' 2 He speaks through the letters of Scripture in the twentieth chapter of Exodus: 'The Lord spoke all these words,' and in the thirty sixth chapter of Jeremiah: 'Take up the book and write in it all the words I have spoken to you against Israel and Judah.' 3 He speaks through messengers by preaching, concerning which it is said in the tenth chapter of Matthew: 'It is not you who speak but the Spirit of your Father who speaks in you.' 4 And He speaks with the living voice by internal inspiration, whence in the Psalm: 'I shall hear what the Lord God shall say in me.' And in the second chapter of Hosea: 'I shall lead her into solitude and I shall speak to her heart.' 5 When, therefore, the Lord speaks in signs and letters and messengers and words, rightly He reproves the unlearned with: 'Why do you not understand what I say?' 'Because you cannot hear my word.' Observe that hearing Christ was a burden to the wicked, whence here: 'You cannot...' and also in seeing, in the second chapter of Wisdom: 'It is burdensome for us even to see.' And in enduring, in the eleventh chapter of John, 'What shall we do, because this man makes many signs? If we leave him alone, everyone will believe in him.' 6 This they said who were bearing Christ as a burden. Saint Bonaventura, Observations On The Gospel Of Saint John, Chapter 8 1 Jn 8.43 2 Prov 1.20, Prov 6.6 3 Exod 20.1, Jerem 36.2 4 Mt 10.20 5 Ps 84.9, Hosea 2.14 6 Wisdom 2.15, Jn 11.47

Ruling The Waters

Σὺ δεσπόζεις τοῦ κράτους τῆς θαλάσσης τὸν δὲ σάλον τῶν κυμάτων αὐτῆς σὺ καταπραΰνεις... Τοῦ δεσπόζειν σὺν τῇ λοιπῇ κτίσει καὶ τῆς θαλάττης, πίστις τὸ λέγεσθαι ἐν Ἰωνᾷ· Ἐξήγεισε Κύριος κλύδωνα ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ· καὶ πάλιν· Θελήσει αὐτοῦ ἔστη ἡ θάλασσα ἐκ τοῦ σάλου αὐτῆς. Ταύτῃ δὲ καὶ Ἰησοῦς ἐπετίμησεν, δεικνὺς ὡς ἔστιν Υἱος τοῦ, Δεσπότου τοῦ κράτους αὐτῆς. Εἰ δὲ τὸν τῶν ἀνθρώπων βίον ἡ θάλασσα δηλοῖ, κράτος αὐτῆς ὁ Πονηρὸς, ἐν ᾧ ὁ κόσμος ὅλος κεῖται, τουτέστιν ἡ θνητὴ καὶ ἐπίκαιρος πολιτεία. Ὤν ἐκνευρίσας ὁ Κύριος, δέδωκε τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ πατεῖν ἐπάνω ὄφεων καὶ σκορπίω, καὶ ἐπὶ πᾶσαν τὴν δύναμιν αὐτοῦ, καταπραῦων τὰς ἀστάτους ὁρμὰς, κύματα καλουμένας αὐτῆς. Ὡς ἂν καὶ βάσιμος τοῖς ἐπιβαίνουσι γένηται· ὦν ὁ Πέτρος εἰκών. Οὑδεὶς γὰρ χωρὶς Ἰησοῦ πατεῖν δύναται τοῦ βίου τὴν θάλατταν, τὰς τούτου νικῶν ἡδυπαθείας τε καὶ μερίμνας, ἀλλ' οὖν συμβαδίζοντος. Αὐτὸς γάρ ἐστιν ὁ Περιπατῶν ὡς ἐπ' ἐδάφους ἐπὶ θαλάσσης, πρὸς ὄν εἴρηται· Ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ ἡ ὁδός σου, καὶ αἱ τρίβοι σου ἐν ὕδασι πολλοῖς. Τρίψαντος ἐν τῷ βίῷ τά τε πάθη καὶ τὰς μερίμνας, ὦν ἐπιβαίνειν ἔνεστι τοῖς ἴχνεσιν ἐπακολουθοῦντας αὐτοῦ. Δίδυμος Αλεξανδρεύς, Εἰς Ψαλμούς, Ψαλμος ΠΕ’ Source: Migne PG 39.1488d-1489b

You have power over the might of the waters, and you calm the tumult of its waves... 1 That He rules over the sea just as He does the rest of creation, the faith of Jonah tells, saying, 'The Lord raised a storm in the sea,' and again, 'He willed that the sea become still from its raging.' 2 And Jesus commanded it, showing Himself to be the Son, He who has power over the sea. 3 Which if the sea stands for the life of men, yet His power is not something like the devil's, 4 to whom all the world is captive, that is, to the domination of mortality and transience, but opposing him the Lord gave power to His disciples to tread down serpents and scorpions, and over all his power, 5 restraining the assailing surging ones of his flood, who are called the waves of the sea. For which reason one can find a way through their assaults, of which an image is Peter, for it was not by his own strength apart from Jesus that he was able to tread on the sea of life, triumphing over the pleasurable passions and the troubles of the world, but it was possible because he was an associate of Jesus. 6 For He Himself walked on the sea as if on the earth, of whom it was said: 'In the sea is your way, and your path in the many waters.' 7 He trod down all the passions and cares in life, and so may you by following in His footsteps. Didymus the Blind, Commentary on The Psalms, from Psalm 88 1 Ps 88.10 2 Jonah 1.4, 1.15 3 Mt 8.24-27 4 1 Jn 5.19 5 Lk 10.19 6 Mt 14.24-31 7 Ps 76.20

Water And Trees

Plantaverat autem Dominus Deus paradisum voluptatis a principio, in quo posuit hominem quem formaverat. Produxitque Dominus Deus de humo omne lignum pulchrum visu, et ad vescendum suave... Ergo paradisus est plurima ligna habens, sed ligna fructifera, ligna plena succi atque virtutis, de quibus est: Exultabunt omnia ligna silvarum; ligna semper florentia viriditate meritorum, sicut illud lignum quod plantatum est secus decursus aquarum, cujus folium non defluet; quia totus in eo fructus exuberat. Hic ergo paradisus est. Locus autem ejus in quo est plantatus, voluptas dicitur. Unde et sanctus David ait: Ex torrente voluptatis tuae potabis eos. Legisti enim: Quia fons procedit ex Eden, qui rigat paradisum. Haec igitur sanctorum ligna, quae plantata sunt in paradiso, quasi profluvio quodam torrentis spiritus irrigantur. De quo etiam alibi ait: Fluminis impetus laetificat civitatem Dei. Est autem civitas illa quae sursum est Hierusalem libera, in qua diversa sanctorum merita pullularunt. Sanctus Ambrosius Mediolanensis, De Paradiso, Caput I Source: Migne PL 14.276a-b

And the Lord God had planted a paradise of pleasure from the beginning, in which He placed the man whom He had made. And from the ground the Lord God brought forth all manner of trees, fair to behold, and pleasant to eat... 1 Therefore paradise has many trees, but they are fruit bearing trees, trees full of vigour and virtue, concerning which it is said, 'Every tree of the wood shall exult.' 2 They are trees that are always flourishing with the bloom of merits, just like that tree which has been planted by the flowing waters, whose leaf does not fall, 3 because its every fruit comes forth in abundance. Here, then, is paradise. And this place which he planted is named 'delight,' whence the holy David says: 'From the stream of your delight you give them drink.' 4 And you read that a fount comes out of Eden which waters paradise. 5 These, then, are the trees of holy people, who have been planted in paradise, which are, as it were, watered by the flood of the rushing Spirit. Concerning which it is said elsewhere, 'The current of the river gives joy to the city of God.' 6 And that city is the free Jerusalem on high, 7 in which the various merits of the holy spring forth. Saint Ambrose, On Paradise, Chapter 1 1 Gen 1.8-9 2 Ps 95.12 3 Ps 1.3 4 Ps 35.9 5 Gen 2.10 6 Ps 45.5 7 Galat 4.26

Stones And Sons

Illis enim qui de Abraham gloriabantur dicit: Et ne incipiatis dicere vobismetipsis, patrem habemus Abraham. Et de gentibus rursum loquitur: Dico enim vobis, quia potest Deus de lapidibus istis suscitare filios Abrahae. De quibus lapidibus? Non utque lapides irrationabiles corporeosque monstrabat, sed homines insensibiles et quondam duros, qui quia lapides et ligna adorabunt, impletum est illud quod in psalmo cantabatur: Similis illis fiant qui faciunt ea, et omnes qui confidunt eis. Vere qui faciunt idola, et confidunt in eis, similes sunt diis suis, absque sensu, sine ulla ratione, in lapides lignaque conversi sunt. Cum enim tantum videant creaturarum ordinem, decorem, officium, tantam mundi pulchritudinem, nolunt de creaturis intelligere Creatorem, neque considerant tantae dispensationis aliquam providentiam, aliquem esse rectorem, sed sunt caeci, his tantum oculis mundum videntes, quibus irrationabilia jumenta et bestiae vident. Non enim animadvertunt in his quae vident ratione regi, aliquam inesse rationem. Haec propterea, quia Joannes dixerat: Potest Deus de lapidibus istis suscitare filios Abrahae. Et nos igitur obsecreumus Deum, ut si quando fuimus lapides, vertamur in filios Abrahae pro his filiis qui ejecti sunt, et repromissonem adoptionemque suo vitio perdiderunt. Unum testimonium adhuc de lapidibus ponam. Siquidem in cantico Exodi scribitur: Vertantur in lapides, donec pertranseat populus tuus, Domine, donec transeat populus tuus iste quem possedisti. Rogatur itaque Deus, ut paulisper convertantur in lapides; hoc enim Graecs sermo significantius sonat, λιθούσθωσαν, donec pertranseat populus Judaeorum. Haud dubium quin postquam illi transierint, gentes lapideae esse cessabunt, et pro duro corde recipient humanam in Christo rationabilemque naturam. Cui est gloria et imperium in saecula saeculorum. Amen. Origenes, Homiliae in Lucam, Homilia XXII, Interprete Sancto Hieronymo Source: Migne PG 13.1858d-1856c

To those who gloried in Abraham John says: 'Do not begin to say yourselves, we have Abraham for a father.' And again about the Gentiles he says, 'I say to you that God can raise up sons of Abraham from these stones.' 1 From what stones? He does not mean irrational material stones but senseless and hard hearted men who adore stones and wood, which fulfills what was sung in the Psalm: 'They who make them are made like them, and so are all who trust in them.' 2 Truly those who make idols and trust in them are made like their gods, without sense, without any reason, they are turned into stone and wood. For when they see only the forms of created things, and the fairness of them, and the usefulness of them, and the beauty of the world, they care not to understand the creator through creatures, nor do they consider any providence in such a great dispensation, or any maker, but they are blind, with their eyes seeing only the world, by which they see like mindless cattle and beasts. Nor are they admonished by these things they see to be ruled by reason, and to be in possession of some reason. Because regarding these things John said, 'God can raise up sons of Abraham from these stones,'  therefore let us entreat God that if we have been stones, that we are turned into sons of Abraham, in place of those sons who have been cast out and in their sin and have died to the promise of adoption. One testimony I shall set forth about stones. In the song in Exodus it is written: 'Let them be turned into stones, until your people pass by, O Lord, until your people pass by, whom you have taken up.' 3 Thus God is asked that they be turned into stone for a little while, (and here the Greek word 'lithousthosan,' that is, let them be petrified, is more meaningful,) until the people of the Jews passes by. Without doubt after they have passed by the Gentiles shall cease to be stone, and receive for a hard heart a human one 4 in Christ, and a rational nature, to whom be glory and power forever. Amen. Origen, Homilies on Luke, from Homily 22, Translated by Saint Jerome 1 Lk 3.8 2 Ps 115.8 3 Exod 15.16 4 Ezek 36.26

Free Will And Making

Ipse fecit nos, et non ipsi nos. Quare enim addidit: Et non ipsi nos, cum sufficeret dicere: ipse fecit nos? nisi quia illam facturam voluit admonere, ubi dicunt homines: Ipsi fecimus nos, id est, "ut iusti essemus, iustos nos libera voluntate fecimus". Quando conditi sumus, arbitrium liberum accepimus. Ut ergo iusti simus, libero id arbitrio agimus. Quid adhuc Deum invocamus ut iustos nos faciat, quod habemus in potestate ut nos iustos ipsi faciamus? Audite, audite: Et iustos ipse fecit nos, et non ipsi nos. Creatus est primus homo in natura sine culpa, in natura sine vitio. Creatus est rectus, non se fecit rectum. Quid se autem ipse fecerit, notum est: cadens a manu figuli fractum est. Regebat enim eum ipse qui fecerat. Voluit deserere a quo factus erat. Permisit Deus, tamquam dicens: Deserat me et inveniat se, et miseria sua probet quia nihil potest sine me. Hoc modo ergo ostendere voluit Deus homini quid valeat liberum arbitrium sine Deo. O malum liberum arbitrium sine Deo! Experti sumus quid valet sine Deo. Ideo miseri facti sumus, quia sine Deo quid valeat experti sumus. Experti ergo tandem aliquando, noverimus, et venite adoremus eum, et prosternamur ei. Venite adoremus, et prosternamur illi, et fleamus coram Domino qui nos fecit. Ut perditos nos per nos, reficiat nos qui fecit nos. Ecce bonus factus est homo, et per liberum arbitrium factus est malus homo. Quando facturus est bonum hominem malus homo per liberum arbitrium deserens Deum? Servare se non potuit bonus bonum, et facturus est se malus bonum? Cum esset bonus, non se servavit bonum, et cum sit malus dicit: "Facio me bonum"! Quid facis malus, qui peristi bonus, nisi te reficiat qui permanet bonus? Ipse ergo fecit nos, et non ipsi nos. Nos autem populus eius et oves pascuae eius. Ecce fecit nos homines populum suum qui nos fecit. Non enim creati homines iam populus eius eramus. Videte Fratres mei, et de ipsis psalmi verbis attendite unde dixerit: Ipse fecit nos, et non ipsi nos. Hinc dixit: Fecit nos, et non ipsi nos, ut simus populus eius et oves pascuae eius. Ipse fecit nos. Nam et pagani nascuntur et omnes impii, omnes adversarii Ecclesiae eius. Ut nascerentur, ipse fecit eos. Non enim alius deus creavit eos. Qui de paganis nascuntur, ab ipso facti sunt, ab ipso creati sunt. Et non sunt populus eius nec oves pascuae eius. Communis est omnibus natura, non gratia. Sanctus Augustinus Hipponensi, Sermo XXVI, De Verbis Psalmi XCIV, Venite adoremus, et prosternamur illi, et fleamus coram Domino qui nos fecit. Source: Migne PL 38.172

'He made us and not we ourselves.' 1 But why should he add 'and not we ourselves,' when it would have been enough to say, 'He made us?' Why indeed, but because he wanted to warn against that fiction when men say 'We made ourselves,' that is, 'we are righteous, we have made ourselves righteous by our free will. When we were created we received free will, therefore we may be righteous by the work of our free will. Why should we go on calling on God to make us righteous when we have it in our power to make ourselves righteous?' Listen, listen: even He made us righteous and not we ourselves. The first man was created with a blameless nature, in a nature without fault. He was created upright, he did not make himself upright. What he did make himself is known, for falling from the potter's hand he was broken. He who made him was guiding him, and the man chose to forsake the one by whom he was made. God permitted it, as though saying, 'Let him forsake me and find himself, and let his wretchedness prove to him that he can do nothing without me.' 2 Therefore in this way God wished to show man the worth of free will without God. O what an evil free will is without God! We have experienced what it is worth without God. Therefore we have been made wretched, because we have experienced what it is worth without God. Therefore, having experienced it, let us at last, at some time, know it, and, come, let us adore Him and bow down before Him. 'Come, let us adore and down before Him, and weep before the Lord who made us.' 3 Thus we who have ruined ourselves may be remade by Him who made us. Behold, man was made good and then by free will he was made evil. When shall the wicked man make the good man, he who with his free will forsakes God? When he was good he could not keep himself good, and becoming evil shall he make himself good? 'I shall make myself good!' What can you, the evil man make, who when he was good made a ruin, unless He remakes you who remains good? Therefore He made us and we did not make ourselves. But we are His people and the sheep of His pasture. Behold, He who made us men is He who made us His own people. We were not already His people when created as men. See, my brothers and look to the very words of the Psalm, why he said. 'He made us and not we ourselves.' He says, 'He made us and not we ourselves,' so that we might be His people and the sheep of His pasture. 'He made us.' For even pagans are born, and all the godless, and all the enemies of His Church. That they might be born He made them. No other god created them. Those who are born of pagans were made by Him, by Him they were created. And they are not His people, nor the sheep of His pasture. Nature is common to all, but grace is not. Saint Augustine of Hippo, from Sermon 26 On The Scriptures, On the words of Psalm 94, 'Come let us adore and bow down before Him, and let us weep before the Lord who made us' 1 Ps 99.3 2 cf Jn 15.5 3 Ps 94.6 4 Ps 94.7

The Word And Creation

Ταῦτα καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα διεξελθὼν ἐπάγει καὶ περὶ τῆς κατὰ τὸν ἄνθρωπον οἰκονομίας διδασκαλίαν, διὰ τί σὰρξ ὁ λόγος ἐγένετο. Φανεροῦ γὰρ ἅπασιν ὄντος ὅτι οὐδὲν ἐν ἑαυτῷ κτιστὸν ἢ ἐπείσακτον ὁ ἐπὶ πάντων ἔχει Θεός, οὐ δύναμιν, οὐ σοφίαν, οὐ φῶς, οὐ λόγον, οὐ ζωήν, οὐκ ἀλήθειαν οὐδὲ ὅλως τι τῶν ἐν τῷ πληρώματι τοῦ θείου κόλπου θεωρουμένων, ἅπερ πάντα ἐστὶν ὁ μονογενὴς Θεός, ὁ ὢν ἐν τοῖς κόλποις τοῦ Πατρός, οὐκ ἄν τινι τῶν ἐν τῷ Θεῷ θεωρουμένων εὐλόγως ἐφαρμοσθείη τὸ τῆς κτίσεως ὄνομα, ὥστε εἰπεῖν τὸν ἐν τῷ Πατρὶ Υἱὸν ἢ τὸν ἐν τῇ ἀρχῇ λόγον ἢ τὸ ἐν τῷ φωτὶ φῶς ἢ τὴν ἐν τῇ ζωῇ ζωὴν ἢ τὴν ἐν τῇ σοφίᾳ σοφίαν ὅτι Κύριος ἔκτισέ με. Eἰ γὰρ κτιστὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡ σοφία, Χριστὸς δὲ Θεοῦ δύναμις καὶ Θεοῦ σοφία, ἐπείσακτον ἔσχε πάντως ὁ Θεὸς τὴν σοφίαν, ὕστερον ἐκ κατασκευῆς προσλαβὼν ὃ μὴ παρὰ τὴν πρώτην εἶχεν. Ἀλλὰ μὴν ὁ ἐν τοῖς κόλποις ὢν τοῦ Πατρὸς οὐδέποτε κενὸν ἑαυτοῦ δίδωσι νοεῖν τὸν Πατρῷον κόλπον. Ἄρα οὐ τῶν ἔξωθεν ἐγγενομένων ἐστὶ τῷ κόλπῳ, ἀλλὰ παντὸς ἀγαθοῦ πλήρωμα ὢν πάντοτε ἐν τῷ Πατρὶ νοεῖται ὁ ἐν ἀρχῇ ὤν, οὐκ ἀναμένων τὸ διὰ κτίσεως ἐν αὐτῷ γενέσθαι, ὡς ἂν μήποτε κενὸς ἀγαθῶν ὁ Πατὴρ νοηθείη, ἀλλ' ὁ ἐν τῇ ἀϊδιότητι τῆς πατρικῆς θεότητος εἶναι νοούμενος ἀεὶ ἐν αὐτῷ ἐστι, δύναμις ὢν καὶ ζωὴ καὶ ἀλήθεια καὶ φῶς καὶ σοφία καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα. Oὐκοῦν οὐκ ἐκ τοῦ θείου τε καὶ ἀκηράτου ἐστὶν ἡ τοῦ ἔκτισέ με φωνή, ἀλλά, καθὼς εἴρηται, ἐκ τοῦ ἀνακραθέντος κατ' οἰκονομίαν ἀπὸ τῆς κτιστῆς ἡμῶν φύσεως. Πῶς οὖν ἡ αὐτὴ καὶ τὴν γῆν θεμελιοῖ καὶ τοὺς οὐρανοὺς ἑτοιμάζει καὶ τὰς ἀβύσσους ἀναρρήγνυσι, σοφία καὶ φρόνησις καὶ θεία αἴσθησις καλουμένη, καὶ ἐνταῦθα κτίζεται εἰς ἔργων ἀρχήν; οὐκ ἄνευ, φησίν, αἰτίας μεγάλης ἡ τοι αύτη συνεργεῖται οἰκονομία. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ τῶν παραφυλακτέων ἡμῖν τὴν ἐντολὴν λαβόντες οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐξέβαλον τῆς μνήμης τὴν χάριν, διὰ τῆς παρακοῆς ἐν τῇ τῶν ἀγαθῶν λήθῃ γενόμενοι, διὰ τοῦτο, ἵνα ἀναγγείλω πάλιν ὑμῖν τὰ καθ' ἡμέραν ἐπὶ σωτηρίᾳ γινόμενα καὶ ἀναμνήσω τὰ ἐξ αἰῶνος ἀπαριθμησάμενος ὧν ἐπελάθεσθε· οὐ γὰρ καινόν τι καταγγέλλω νῦν εὐαγγέλιον, ἀλλὰ τὴν εἰς τὸ ἀρχαῖον ἀποκατάστασιν ὑμῶν πραγματεύομαι· τούτου χάριν ἐκτίσθην ὁ ἀεὶ ὢν καὶ μηδὲν τοῦ κτισθῆναι πρὸς τὸ εἶναι δεόμενος, ὥστε με γενέσθαι ἀρχὴν ὁδῶν εἰς τὰ ἔργα τοῦ θεοῦ, τοὺς ἀνθρώπους λέγω. Tῆς γὰρ ὁδοῦ τῆς πρώτης καταφθαρείσης, ἔδει πάλιν ἐγκαινισθῆναι τοῖς πλανωμένοις ὁδὸν πρόσφατόν τε καὶ ζῶσαν, αὐτὸν ἐμὲ ὅς εἰμι ἡ ὁδός. Καὶ ὅτι πρὸς τὸ ἀνθρώπινον ἡ τοῦ ἔκτισέ με διάνοια βλέπει, σαφέστερον ἡμῖν τοῦτο παρίστησι διὰ τῶν ἰδίων λόγων ὁ θεῖος ἀπόστολος, ἐν οἷς διακελεύεται ὅτι Ἐνδύσασθε τὸν Kύριον Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν, καὶ πρὸς τούτοις ὅπου τὸν αὐτὸν ἐπαναλαβὼν λόγον φησὶν Ἐνδύσασθε τὸν καινὸν ἄνθρωπον τὸν κατὰ θεὸν κτισθέντα. Eἰ γὰρ ἓν μέν ἐστι τὸ σωτήριον ἔνδυμα, τοῦτο δέ ἐστιν ὁ Χριστός, οὐκ ἂν ἄλλον τις εἴποι παρὰ τὸν Χριστὸν εἶναι τὸν καινὸν ἄνθρωπον τὸν κατὰ θεὸν κτισθέντα, ἀλλὰ δῆλον ὅτι ὁ τὸν Χριστὸν ἐν δυσάμενος τὸν καινὸν ἐνδέδυται ἄνθρωπον τὸν κατὰ θεὸν κτισθέντα. Mόνος γὰρ οὗτος ὡς ἀληθῶς καινὸς κυρίως ὀνομάζεται ἄνθρωπος, ὃς οὐχὶ διὰ τῶν γνωρίμων τε καὶ συνήθων τῆς φύσεως ὁδῶν ἐν τῷ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐφάνη βίῳ, ἀλλ' ἐξηλλαγμένη τις καὶ ἰδιάζουσα ἐπὶ μόνου τούτου ἐκαινοτομήθη ἡ κτίσις. Διὰ τοῦτο τὸν αὐτὸν πρός τε τὸ παράδοξον τῆς γεννήσεως βλέπων καινὸν ἄνθρωπον κατὰ θεὸν κτισθέντα κατονομάζει, καὶ πρὸς τὴν θείαν φύσιν ὁρῶν τὴν ἐγκραθεῖσαν τῇ κτίσει τοῦ καινοῦ τούτου ἀνθρώπου Χριστὸν προσαγορεύει, ὡς καθ' ἑνὸς καὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ τὰς δύο κεῖσθαι φωνάς, τήν τε τοῦ Χριστοῦ λέγω καὶ τὴν τοῦ καινοῦ ἀνθρώπου τοῦ κατὰ θεὸν κτισθέντος. Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος Νύσσης, Κατά Εὐνομίου, Λογός Γ´ Source: Migne PG 45.581b-584c

After recounting these and the similar things, he brings into his teaching of the dispensation with regard to man why the Word was made flesh. 1 For because it is clear to everyone that the God who is over all has nothing created or added in Himself, neither power, nor wisdom, nor light, nor word, nor life, nor truth, nor anything at all of those things which are contemplated in the fullness of the Divine bosom, all which things the Only Begotten God is, who is in the bosom of the Father, 2 so the name of 'creation' could not rightly be applied to any of those things which are contemplated in God, so that the Son who is in the Father, or the Word who is in the Beginning, or the Light who is in the Light, or the Life who is in the Life, or the Wisdom who is in the Wisdom, should say: 'the Lord created me.' 3 For if the Wisdom of God is created, and Christ is the Power of God and the Wisdom of God, 4 it would follow that God must have His Wisdom as something added to Him, and thus later receive from something made that which He did not have at first. But indeed He who is in the bosom of the Father never allows us to think that the bosom of the Father could be empty of Himself. He is surely not something that comes to be in that bosom from outside, but being the fullness of all goodness, He who is in the beginning is conceived as being always in the Father, and does not wait to become in Him by creation. Whence the Father should never be thought of being empty of any good, for He who is conceived as being in the eternity of the paternal Godhead is always in Him, being Power and Life and Truth and Wisdom, and the like. Thus the words 'created me' do not refer to the Divine and immortal nature, but, so to speak, that which is mingled with it from our created nature in the Incarnation. How is it, then, that the same one who is called Wisdom, and Understanding, and Divine Perception, and He who establishes the earth and prepares the heavens and breaks open the depths, yet here is 'created at the beginning of His works?' 3 Such a dispensation, he tells us, is not given without a weighty cause. But because men, having received the commandment that should be guarded closely, yet cast off the grace of memory by disobedience and thus became forgetful of good things, and so it is for this, 'that I may again declare to you the things that are done daily for salvation, and may make you mindful by recounting the things from eternity which you have forgotten, for it is no new gospel that I now proclaim, but I labour for the restoration of that which was at first, for the sake of which I was created, I who always am, and need no creation in order to be, so that I am the beginning of ways for the works of God, that is, for men. For with the first way ruined, a new and living way must again be consecrated for the wanderers, even I myself, who am the way.' And that it be seen that the meaning of 'created me' refers to His humanity, the blessed Apostle more clearly sets before us with his own words in which he exhorts: 'Put on the Lord Jesus Christ.' 5 And also where, making use of the same words, he says, 'Put on the new man created after God.' 6 For if the garment of salvation is one, and it is Christ, it cannot be said that 'the new man created after God' is anyone else but Christ, and it is clear that he who has 'put on Christ' has 'put on the new man created after God.' For in truth He alone is rightfully named 'the new man,' who did not appear in the life of man by the known and customary ways of nature, but for whom alone was established anew a creation of a strange and special form. Because of which, in consideration of the wonder of this birth, he entitles it 'the new man created after God,' and looking to the Divine nature, which was blended in with the creation of this 'new man,' he calls Him 'Christ,' so that the two names are applied to one and the same thing, I mean, the name of Christ and the name of 'the new man created after God.' Saint Gregory of Nyssa, Against Eunomius, Book 3 1 Jn 1.14 2 Jn 1.18 3 Prov 8.22 4 1 Cor 1.24 5 Rom 13.14 6 Ephes 4.24

Man And Nature

Βούλομαί σοι σφοδρότερον τῆς κτίσεως ἐνιδρυνθῆναι τὸ θαῦμα, ἵν᾿ ὅπου περ ἂν εὑρεθῇς, καὶ ὁποίῳ δήποτε γένει τῶν φυομένων παραστῇς, ἐναργῆ λαμβάνῃς τοῦ ποιήσαντος τὴν ὑπόμνησιν. Πρῶτον μὲν οὖν ὅταν ἴδῃς βοτάνην χόρτου καὶ ἄνθος, εἰς ἔννοιαν ἔρχου τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως, μεμνημένος τῆς εἰκόνος τοῦ σοφοῦ Ἡσαΐου, ὅτι Πᾶσα σὰρξ ὡς χόρτος, καὶ πᾶσα δόξα ἀνθρώπου ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου. Τὸ γὰρ ὀλιγοχρόνιον τῆς ζωῆς, καὶ τὸ ἐν ὀλίγῳ περιχαρὲς καὶ ἱλαρὸν τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης εὐημερίας, καιριωτάτης παρὰ τῷ προφήτῃ τετύχηκε τῆς εἰκόνος. Σήμερον εὐθαλὴς τῷ σώματι, κατασεσαρκωμένος ὑπὸ τρυφῆς, ἐπανθοῦσαν ἔχων τὴν εὔχροιαν ὑπὸ τῆς κατὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν ἀκμῆς, σφριγῶν καὶ σύντονος, καὶ ἀνυπόστατος τὴν ὁρμήν, αὔριον ὁ αὐτὸς οὗτος ἐλεεινὸς, ἢ τῷ χρόνῳ μαρανθεὶς, ἢ νόσῳ διαλυθείς. Ὁ δεῖνα περίβλεπτος ἐπὶ χρημάτων περιουσίᾳ· καὶ πλῆθος περὶ αὐτὸν κολάκων· δορυφορία φίλων προσποιητῶν τὴν ἀπ᾿ αὐτοῦ χάριν θεραπευόντων· πλῆθος συγγενείας, καὶ ταύτης κατεσχηματισμένης· ἑσμὸς τῶν ἐφεπομένων μυρίος τῶν τε ἐπὶ σιτίων καὶ τῶν κατὰ τὰς χρείας αὐτῷ προσεδρευόντων, οὓς καὶ προϊὼν καὶ πάλιν ἐπανιὼν ἐπισυρόμενος ἐπίφθονός ἐστι τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσι. Πρόσθες τῷ πλούτῳ καὶ πολιτικήν τινα δυναστείαν, ἢ καὶ τὰς ἐκ βασιλέων τιμάς· ἢ ἐθνῶν ἐπιμέλειαν· ἢ στρατοπέδων ἡγεμονίαν· τὸν κήρυκα μέγα βοῶντα πρὸ αὐτοῦ· τοὺς ῥαβδούχους ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν βαρυτάτην κατάπληξιν τοῖς ἀρχομένοις ἐμβάλλοντας τὰς πληγάς· τὰς δημεύσεις· τὰς ἀπαγωγάς· τὰ δεσμωτήρια, ἐξ ὧν ἀφόρητος ὁ παρὰ τῶν ὑποχειρίων συναθροίζεται φόβος. Καὶ τί μετὰ τοῦτο; Μία νὺξ, ἢ πυρετὸς εἷς, ἢ πλευρῖτις, ἢ περιπνευμονία, ἀνάρπαστον ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ἀπάγουσα τὸν ἄνθρωπον οἴχεται, πᾶσαν τὴν κατ᾿ αὐτὸν σκηνὴν ἐξαπίνης ἀπογυμνώσασα, καὶ ἡ δόξα ἐκείνη ὥσπερ ἐνύπνιον ἀπηλέγχθη. Ὥστε ἐπιτέτευκται τῷ προφήτῃ ἡ πρὸς τὸ ἀδρανέστατον ἄνθος ὁμοίωσις τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης δόξης. Ἅγιος Βασιλειος Καισαρείας, Εις Την ῾Εξαημερον, Ὁμιλὶα E' Source Migne PG 29.97c-100b

I want creation to infuse you with such great wonder that wherever you may be, you are brought to distinct remembrance of the Creator by whatever growing thing is at hand. Firstly when you see the grass of the fields and the flower of it, think of human nature, and recall the likeness of the wise Isaiah. 'All flesh is grass, and all the glory of man is as the flower of the field.' 1 For the shortness of the time of this life, and the brevity of the delight and pleasure of man's happiness, most appropriately suits the comparison of the prophet. Today a man is vigorous in body, he has been plumped up by luxury, and with a complexion like fair flowers, in the prime of life, he is strong and firm and has an energy that can hardly be resisted, but tomorrow this same man is pitiful, withered by age or ruined by sickness. Another man is celebrated for his abundant wealth, and a crowd of flatterers surround him, a guard of false friends prey on his favours, and a mob of dissembling kinsmen also, and a cloud of servants follow who attend to his nourishment and other needs, and in his comings and goings this troop which he drags after him arouses the envy of those he encounters. To wealth one may add political power, and honours given by royalty, or the government of a province, or the command of armies, and a herald going before him who cries out in a loud voice, with lictors on this side and that, whose blows fill his subjects with fear, and then confiscations, banishments, imprisonments, by which he imbues all those he rules with unbearable terror. And what then? One night, a fever, or a pleurisy, or an inflammation of the lungs, snatches him away from the midst of men, and in a moment he is stripped bare of all that he had on the stage, and all that glory is revealed to be a mere dream. Thus did the Prophet compare human glory to the frailest flower. Saint Basil of Caesarea, Hexameron, from Homily 5 1 Isaiah 40.6

The Devil's House

Quae est domus illius? Mundus iste. Et vasa illius? Peccatores et infideles, habitantes in eo. Audiens ergo, mundum domum esse diaboli, fuge mundum, ne diutius habitans in domo diaboli, iterum fias servus ipsius. Sicut enim in domo Dei malum non est, ita in domo diaboli non invenitur bonum. Nam sicut Deus in domo sua non vult videre malum, sustinere autem videtur pro tempore malum, non quia delectatur in malo, sed ut convertat eum ad bonum: sic et diabolus in domo sua non vult videre bonum, sustinere vero videtur bonum, non quia delectatur in bono, sed ut suadeat eum in malum. Et Deus quidem per suam benevolentiam vocat malum ad bonum, ita non necessitate, sed voluntate corrigatur ad bonum. Diabolus autem per suam violentiam persequitur bonum, ut etsi non voluntate, vel ex necessiate cogatur ad malum. Fuge autem mundum, conversatione, non corpore. Nam et ipse mundus non natura diaboli est, sed corruptione. Nec ab initio fecit hunc mundum diabolus, sed Deus: postea corruptione factus est diaboli. Ergo mundus quidem ipse Dei est: corruptio autem mundi diaboli est. Si ergo de mala conversatione recesseris, etsi corpore sis in mundo, recessisse videris de mundo diaboli, et esse in mundo. Nunc quod vivimus, in Dei mundo vivimus: quod autem peccamus, in diaboli mundo peccamus. Fuge ergo de mundo, id est, de voluptatibus mundi, ne forte diutius vivens in possessione operum ejus, fias proprius servus ipsius. Sicut ingenuus homo si diutius in possessione vel domo potentis alicujus et violenti fuerit commortatus, per possessionem longi temporis usu capit eum in servitute: sic et homo si diutius fuerit in possessione diaboli, usu longi temporis vindicat sibi dominum super eum, ita ut nemo se possit a dominatione diaboli liberare, nisi sola potentia Dei. Opus Imperfectum in Matthaeum, Homilia XXIX Source: Migne PG 56.786

What is Satan's house? It is this world. And his vessels? Sinners and the faithless, those who dwell in it. Hearing, therefore, that the world is the house of the devil, flee the world, lest dwelling for a long time in the house of the devil you are made his slave. For as in the house of God there is no evil, so no good is found in the house of the devil. For as God does not wish to see evil in His own house, yet seems to endure evil for a time, this is not because He takes any joy in evil, but that He might convert a man to the good, and so the devil, who does not wish to see good in his house, is seen to suffer good there, not because he delights in goodness, but that he might persuade a man to become evil. And certainly God by His own benevolence calls evil to goodness, and thus correction to the good is not by necessity but by free will, but the devil by his own violence oppresses the good, so that if not by free will, then by necessity he will drive to evil. Flee the world, that is, its conduct, not the body. For even this world is not by nature the devil's, but it is his in its corruption. The devil did not make this world in the beginning, but God did, and later the devil corrupted it. Therefore certainly the world is God's, but the corruption of the world is the devil's. If, therefore, you withdraw from a wicked way of life, even if living in the body, you shall be seen to have withdrawn from the world of the devil, even while you are in the world. Now in that we live, we live in the world of God, but because we sin, we sin in the world of the devil. Flee, then, the world, that is, the pleasures of the world, lest living long in the possession of its works, you be made its slave. If a free born man is a strong man's possession, or if by violence he is constrained to stay in his house, the long duration of possession puts him in a state of servitude. So it is with a man who is in the long possession of the devil, for by the usage of long time the devil establishes himself as his master over him, so that no one is able to liberate him from the devil's domination, unless only the power of God. Opus Imperfectum on Matthew, from Homily 29 1 Mt 8.5-6 2 Lk 1.38

From Whom Is Everything

Nobis tamen unus Deus Pater, ex quo omnia, et nos in illo... Omnia enim ex illo quaeque sunt, ubicumque sunt. Cum autem dicit: Et nos in illo, discrevit nos a caeteris, qui cum ex illo sint, non tamen sunt in illo, dum adhuc non credunt. Et unus Dominus Jesus, per quem omnia, et nos per ipsum. Omnia enim ex Patre quidem, sed per Filium creata sunt. Sed cum dicit: Et nos per ipsum, reformatos nos per ipsum, per quem creati fueramus, significat in Dei cognitione; quia facti per ipsum cum caeteris, post stuporem mentis et ignorantiae nos per ipsum agnovimus mysterium unius Dei. Unum ergo Deum Patrem dixit, et unum Dominum Jesum Filium ejus; ut quia Deus non potest non esse Dominus, similiter et Dominus intelligatur esse et Deus, unum esse Deum et Dominum demonstraret, modum unius principii conservando. Ambrosiaster, In Epistolam Beati Pauli Ad Corinthios Primam, Caput VIII Source: Migne PL 17.227a-b

But to us God the Father is one, from whom is everything and we in Him... 1 Everything is from Him, whatever they are and wherever they are. But when he says: 'And we in Him,' he distinguishes us from others, who when they are from Him are yet not in Him while they do not yet believe. 'And one Lord Jesus through whom is everything and we though Him.' Certainly everything is from the Father but created through the Son. And when he says: 'And we through Him' it means us renewed through Him, through whom we had been created, in the knowledge of God, because made through Him with others, after the stupor of the mind and ignorance, through Him we come to know the mystery of the One God. Therefore he says that God the Father is one and one is Lord Jesus Christ His Son, for it is not possible  that God is not Lord, and likewise the Lord should be understood to be God, whence he demonstrates One God and Lord, in maintaining the way of one beginning. Ambrosiaster, Commentary On The First Letter of Saint Paul To The Corinthians, Chapter 8 1 1 Cor 8.6

The Carpenter's Son

Sed livoris nubilum, malitiae fumus, visum spectantium caligabant, ne lumen Christi, ne tempus Evangelii perviderent dicendo: Nonne hic est fabri filius? Dicebant, Hic est fabri filius; sed cujus fabri filius non dicebant; dicebant fabri filius, ut arte vili ars lateret auctoris, et deitatis nomen fabrile nomen absconderet. Christus erat fabri filius, sed illius qui mundi fabricam fecit non malleo, sed praecepto; qui elementorum membra non ingenio, sed jussione compegit; qui massam saeculi auctoritate, non carbone conflavit; qui solem non terreno igne, sed superno calore succendit; qui lunam, tenebras, noctem formavit, et tempora, qui stellas variata luce distinxit; qui cuncta fecit ex nihilo, et fecit, o homo, tibi, ut opificem operis aestimatione pensares. Sanctus Petrus Chrysologus, Sermo XLVIII, De Christo Fabri Filio Appellato, et de Invidia. Source: Migne PL 52.334c-335a

But with a cloud of spite and the smoke of malice darkening the vision of the onlookers so that they did not see the light of Christ, nor that it was the time of the Gospel, they said: 'Is this not the son of a carpenter?' 1 They were saying: 'He is the son of a carpenter,' but they did not say the son of which carpenter. They were saying 'son of a carpenter,' so that a common art might hide the Creator’s art, and so that the name of carpenter might conceal the name of the Deity. Christ was the Son of a carpenter, but of Him who fashioned the structure of the universe, not with a hammer, but with a command. With an order He joined together the parts of elements, not with cleverness. With His authority He fused together the mass of the world, not with coal. He did not kindle the sun with an earthly fire but with heat from heaven, He who fashioned the moon, the darkness, the night and the seasons, who made the stars distinct with differing light, who made everything from nothing, and made it, man, for you, so that by thinking on the work you think of Him who made it. Saint Peter Chrysologus, from Sermon 48, On Christ Being Called The Carpenter's Son 1 Mt 13.55

The Sixth Day

Post haec sexta die produxit terra animam vivam, quando caro nostra, abstinens ab operibus mortuis, viva virtutum germina parturit, secundum genus scilicet suum, id est, vitam imitando sanctorum, sicut Apostolus ait: Imitatores mei estote. Secundum nostrum quippe genus vivimus, quando in opere bono sanctos viros, quasi proximos, imitamur. Deinde produxit terra bestias, homines in potentia rerum, sive ferocitate superbiae. Similiter et pecora; fideles in simplicitate vitae viventes; serpentes quoque innoxios, sanctos videlicet viros, astutiae vivacitate bonum a malo discernentes, et in quantum fas est, reptando scrutantes terrena, per quae intelligant sempiterna, non illos venenosos qui se in hujus mundi cupiditatibus terrenis collocant. Sanctus Isidorus Hispalensis, Mysticorum Expositiones Sacramentorum Seu Quaestiones In Vetus Testamentum, In Genesin, Caput I Source: Migne PL 83.211c

After this, on the sixth day, the earth produced the living soul, which is when our flesh, withdrawing from the works of death, bears the living seed of the virtues, according to its type, 1 that is, life in imitation of the saints, as the Apostle said: 'Be imitators of me.' 2 Certainly we live according to our type when we imitate holy men by good works, like neighbours. Then the earth produced beasts, men powerful in the world, or wild with pride. Likewise cattle, who are the faithful living a simple life. Also serpents that are not venomous, who are holy men, who, possessing acute minds, are able to discern between good and evil, and in much as it is right, crawl around looking about at the things of the earth, through which eternal things are understood, and not as those venomous ones who amid the desires of this world gather to themselves the things of the world. Saint Isidore of Seville, Expositions of Sacred Mysteries or Questions on the Old Testament, On Genesis, Chapter 1 1 Gen 1.24 2 1 Cor 11.1

Grass And Plants

Producens fenum jumentis, et herbam servituti hominum, ut educat panem de terra... Excolit quod superius dixit, ut terra illa coelesti imbre satiata producat fenum jumentis, id est eleemosynas faciat his qui passim petunt, de quibus dictum est: Omni petenti te tribue. Jumenta enim appellati sunt, quia verecundiam non habentes propter ingluviem ventris, in egentium voces petulanter erumpunt sicut jumenta, quae dum esuriunt, nequaquam possunt a propriis vocibus abstinere. Herbam vero servitui hominum, hoc est, ut illi necessari tribuantur, de quo scriptum est. Desudet eleemosyna in manu tua, donec invenias justum cui eam tradas. Hic enim homnies appellati sunt, qui ratione plenissimi indigentiam suam tolerantiae viribus tegunt. Sic duo genera egentium talibus allusionibus exprimuntur. Sequitur, ut educat panem de terra. Educitur panis de terra, quando Domini praecepta complentur, ut de istis carnalibus atque visualibus cibus fiat unde anima coelesti refectione pascatur. Panis enim vere noster est Christus, qui tunc de terra producitur, quando aliquid indigentibus ejus consideratione praestatur. Sive hoc potest de praedicatoribus dici, qui coelestibus divitiis imperitorum hominum indigentias misericorditer expleverunt. Cassiodorus, Expositio In Psalterium, Psalmus CIII Source: Migne PL 70.733a-c

Bringing forth grass for cattle, and plants for the service of men, that he may draw forth bread from the earth... 1 He develops what he has said previously, that from the earth which has been supplied with heaven's rain he might forth grass for cattle, that is, he might give alms to those who seek them everywhere, concerning which it is said, 'Give to everyone who asks from you.' 2 For they are called cattle because they lack self control regarding the gluttony of the stomach, and in want they burst forth with petulant voices like cattle, which, while they thirst, they have no power in themselves to silence. Plants, however, are for the service of men, that is, they are given to those who are in need, concerning which it has been written, 'Let alms grow damp with sweat in your hand until you know you give them to someone righteously.' 3 For here they are called men, who replete with reason cover up poverty in the support of men. So there are two classes of the needy expressed by such allusions. It follows, 'that he may draw forth bread from the earth,' Bread is drawn from the earth when the commandments of the Lord are fulfilled, as when food comes from things carnal and visible, so by that the soul may feed on heavenly refreshments. For our true bread is Christ, who is drawn forth from the earth when something is presented in consideration of His needy ones. Or it is possible to say this of those who preach, who mercifully satisfy with the riches of heaven the poverty of men. Cassiodorus, Commentary On The Psalms, from Psalm 103 1 Ps 103.14 2 Lk 6.30 3 Didache 1.6

The Word And The Earth

Καὶ ἐξήνεγκε, φησὶν, ἡ γῆ βοτάνην χόρτου, σπεῖρον σπέρμα κατὰ γένος, καὶ καθ᾽ ὁμοιότητα, καὶ ξύλον κάρπιμον ποιοῦν καρπὸν, οὗ τὸ σπέρμα αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ κατὰ γένος ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς. Ἐννόει μοι ἐνταῦθα, ἀγαπητὲ, πῶς τῷ ῥήματι τοῦ Δεσπότου τὰ πάντα ἐγένετο τῇ γῇ. Οὔτε γὰρ ἄνθρωπος ἦν ὁ ἐργαζόμενος, οὐκ ἄροτρον, οὐ βοῶν συνεργία, οὐκ ἄλλη τις περὶ αὐτὴν ἐπι μέλεια, ἀλλὰ μόνον ἤκουσε τοῦ ἐπιτάγματος, καὶ εὐθέως τὰ παρ᾽ ἑαυτῆς ἐπεδείξατο. Ἐκ τούτου μανθάνομεν, ὅτι καὶ νῦν οὐ τῶν γηπόνων ἡ ἐπιμέλεια, οὐδὲ ὁ πόνος, καὶ ἡ λοιπὴ ταλαιπωρία ἡ κατὰ τὴν γεωργίαν γινομένη τῶν καρπῶν ἡμῖν τὴν φορὰν χαρίζεται, ἀλλὰ πρὸ τού των ἁπάντων τὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ ῥῆμα, τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς πρὸς αὐτὴν γενόμενον. Ἄλλως τε δὲ καὶ τὴν μετὰ ταῦτα ἀγνωμοσύνην τῶν ἀνθρώπων διορθουμένη ἡ θεία Γραφὴ, ἀκριβῶς ἡμῖν ἅπαντα διηγεῖται κατὰ τὴν τάξιν τῶν γεγονότων, ἵνα ἀναστείλῃ τῶν μάτην φθεγγομένων τὰς ἀπὸ τῶν οἰκείων λογισμῶν ληρωδίας τῶν λέγειν ἐπιχειρούντων, ὅτι τῆς τοῦ ἡλίου συνεργίας δεῖ πρὸς τὴν τῶν καρπῶν τελεσφόρησιν. Εἰσὶ δέ τινες οἳ καὶ τῶν ἄστρων τισὶ ταῦτα ἐπιγράφειν ἐπιχειροῦσι. Διὰ τοῦτο διδάσκει ἡμᾶς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον, ὅτι πρὸ τῆς τῶν στοιχείων τούτων δημιουργίας, τῷ λόγῳ αὐτοῦ καὶ τῷ προστάγματι εἴκουσα ἡ γῆ πάντα τὰ σπέρματα ἐκδίδωσιν, οὐδενὸς ἑτέρου δεηθεῖσα πρὸς συνεργίαν. Ἤρκεσε γὰρ αὐτῇ ἀντὶ πάντων τὸ ῥῆμα ἐκεῖνο τὸ λέγον· Βλαστησάτω ἡ γῆ βοτάνην χόρτου. Κατακολουθοῦντες τοίνυν τῇ θείᾳ Γραφῇ, μηδέποτε ἀνεχώμεθα τῶν ἁπλῶς τὰ παριστάμενα λεγόντων. Κἂν γὰρ ἄνθρωποι τὴν γῆν ἐργάζωνται, κἂν τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν ἀλόγων συνεργίαν ἔχωσι, καὶ πολλὴν τῇ γῇ ἐπιμέλειαν ἐπιδείξωνται, κἂν ἀέρων εὐκρασία γένη ται, καὶ πάντα τὰ ἄλλα συνδράμῃ, εἰ μὴ τὸ νεῦμα τοῦ Δεσπότου γένοιτο, πάντα εἰκῆ καὶ μάτην, καὶ οὐδὲν ἔσται πλέον τῶν πολλῶν πόνων καὶ καμάτων, μὴ τῆς ἄνωθεν χειρὸς συνεφαπτομένης, καὶ τὴν τελεσφόρησιν χαριζομένης τοῖς γινομένοις. Τίς οὐκ ἂν ἐκπλαγείη καὶ θαυμάσειεν ἐννοῶν, ὅπως τοῦ Δεσπότου τὸ ῥῆμα τὸ λέγον, Βλαστησάτω ἡ γῆ βοτάνην χόρτου, εἰς αὐτὰς τῆς γῆς τὰς λαγόνας κατελθὸν, καθάπερ πέπλῳ τινὶ θαυμαστῷ, οὕτω τῇ τῶν ἀνθῶν ποικιλίᾳ τῆς γῆς τὸ πρόσωπον κατεκόσμησε; Καὶ ἦν ἰδεῖν ἀθρόον τὴν πρότερον ἄμορφον καὶ ἀκατασκεύαστον τοσοῦτον δεξα μένην τὸ κάλλος, ὡς μικροῦ δεῖν ἁμιλλᾶσθαι τῷ οὐρανῷ. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἐκεῖνος μετ᾽ οὐ πολὺ μέλλει κοσμεῖσθαι τῇ τῶν ἄστρων ποικιλίᾳ, οὕτω καὶ αὐτὴ τῇ διαφορᾷ τῶν ἀνθῶν οὕτως ἐκαλλωπίσατο Ἅγιος Ἰωάννης ὁ Χρυσόστομος, Εἰς Την Γενεσιν, Ὁμιλια E' Source: Migne PG 53.51-52

'And the earth produced,' it says, 'plants which bore their seed according to their kind, and fruit trees which contained their seed in themselves, each according to its kind.' 1 Think with me here, beloved, how the Divine word has done everything on earth. For there was no man who worked the land, no plough, no help of oxen, nor anything else for such care, but the earth alone heard the command and immediately brought forth these things from itself. From this we learn that even today it is not the care of farmers, or labour alone, or any other agricultural work, which grants the bringing forth of fruits, but before all these things the word of God, which from the beginning made it so. So to correct the future ungrateful minds of men, Holy Scripture carefully tells us everything according to the order of creation, lest rise up the vain things of the speech of those who manufacture such things from their own nonsensical thoughts, that the assistance of the sun is necessary for the bringing forth of fruits. And there are some who ascribe influence to the stars. But the Holy Spirit teaches us that before the formation of those elements, the earth, obedient to the word and command of God, produced all its seeds, having nothing else to assist it. The speech: 'Let the earth bring forth verdant plants' was enough for it for everything. Following, then, the Divine Scripture, let us not bear those who stand against these things. For even though men cultivate the land, and make use of the help of animals, and have great care for the earth, although the seasons may be agreeable, and all things happen as they wish, without the Lord's approval, everything else is in vain and falls into emptiness, and no labour nor sweat profits unless the hand of the Lord aids from above and brings all these things to their end. Who would not wonder and admire, thinking how this word: 'Let the earth produce verdant plants,' penetrates into the depths of the earth and, as with some wondrous garment, adorns the face of the earth with the variety of flowers that cover it. See that suddenly the earth, which before was without beauty and order, receives such beauty that it almost rivals the heavens. For as heaven was soon to be adorned with the variety of stars, the earth was embellished with the variety of flowers. Saint John Chrysostom, On Genesis, from the Fifth Homily 1 Gen 1.12