Wanting More

Quaestiones II. Item quaeritur de hoc quod dicit, quod nihil deest animae suae ex omnibus, quae desiderat. Contra: Supra quinto: Avarus non implebitur pecunia; et rursus Hieronymus: Avaro deest tam quod habet, quam quod non habet: male ergo dicit, cum ait: Et nihil deest. Respondeo: dicendum, quod deesse aliquid, hoc potest esse dupliciter: vel quantum ad sufficientiam secundum rem et naturam, vel secundum opinionem. Dico ergo, quod bene potest esse avarus ita dives, quod nihil desit ei secundum rem et naturam; sed tamen nunquam ita dives, quin aliquid ei desit secundum suam aestimationem, quia semper plus cupit habere; et ita sibi deest. Sanctus Bonaventura, Commentarius In Ecclesiasten, Caput VI Source: Here, p 51

Questions 2. The same must be asked of this which he says 'his soul wants nothing of all that it desires.' 1 For above in the fifth chapter he says that the avaricious man shall not be filled with wealth, 2 and again Jerome says, 'Lack comes to the avaricious man more by what he has than by what he does not have.' 3 Therefore it is wrongly spoken here when it is said that he wants nothing. I reply that it must be said that the lack of something may be twofold, either as much as it pertains to sufficiency for the thing and nature, or according to opinion. I say, therefore, that it is indeed possible that an avaricious, and so rich man, lacks nothing according to the thing and nature, and yet there is never a rich man but he lacks something according to judgement, because he always has a desire for something more, and so in his own mind he lacks. Saint Bonaventura, Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Chapter 6 1 Eccles 6.2 2 Eccles 5.9 3 Jerome Com Eccl PL 23.1055b

Desire, Hope And Ruin

Tελευτήσαντος ἀνδρὸς δικαίου οὐκ ὄλλυται ἐλπίς τὸ δὲ καύχημα τῶν ἀσεβῶν ὄλλυται. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι οὐ τὸ ἐπιθυμεῖν πονηρὸν, ἀλλὰ τὸ τοιῶσδε ἐπιθυμεῖν, πονηρόν; Τῶν δὲ ἀσεδῶν kαὶ ἐλπίδες πονηραί’ πᾶν γὰρ ὃ ἐλπίσει, ἀπὠλεια. Δίδυμος Αλεξανδρεύς, Εἰς Παροιμιας, Κεφ' IA’ Source: Migne PG 39.1633b

The death of the righteous man does not destroy hope, but the pride of the godless is ruined. 1 Do you see that it is not desire that is wicked, but the type of desire? And the hope of the godless is wicked, for everything they hope for is ruinous. Didymus the Blind, Commentary On Proverbs, Chapter 11 1 Prov 11.7 LXX

Desire And Rule

Sub te est, o homo, appetitus tuus, et tu dominaberis illi. Potest inimicus excitare tentationis motum: sed in te est, si volueris, dare seu negare consensum. In tua facultate est, si volueris, inimicum tuum facere servum tuum, ut omnia tibi cooperentur in bonum. Ecce enim inflammat inimicus desiderium cibi, vanitatis aut impatientiae cogitationes ingerit, aut excitat libidinis motum: tu solummodo ne consenseris; et quoties restiteris, toties coronaberis.Verumtamen negare non possumus, fratres, molesta sunt haec, et periculosa: sed, et in ipso certamine, si viriliter resistimus, quaedam pia tranquillitas de conscientia bona nascitur. Credo etiam, si cogitationes istas quam cito in nobis advertimus, non patimur remorari, sed in spiritu vehementi animus adversus illas excitatur, quoniam inimicus confusus abscedet a nobis, nec tam libenter illico revertetur. Sed qui sumus nos, aut quae fortitudo nostra, ut tam multis tentationibus resistere valeamus? Hoc erat certe quod quaerebat Deus, hoc erat ad quod nos perducere satagebat: ut videntes defectum nostrum, et quod non est nobis auxilium aliud, ad ejus misericordiam tota humilitate curramus. Propterea rogo vos, fratres, ut semper ad manum habeatis tutissimum orationis refugium. Sanctus Bernardus Clarae Vallensis, Sermones De Tempore, In capite Jejunii, Sermo V, De triplici modo orationis Source: Migne PL 183.179b-d

But your desire is beneath you, O man, and you may rule over it. 1 The enemy is able to stir up the trial of temptation, but it is for you, as you choose, to give or to refuse consent. You have the ability, if you wish, to make your enemy your slave, so that everything works for your good. For behold, the enemy inflames you with a desire for food, he fills your thoughts with vanity or impatience, or he excites lust, but you may not consent, and then as many times as you resist, so as many times you are crowned. We are not able to refuse these troubles and perils, brothers, but if we bravely resist in the struggle a certain pious tranquility shall be born from a good conscience. Indeed I believe that these thoughts which suddenly come to you should not be suffered to remain with you, but the soul should rise against them with an ardent spirit, because a foe that is confused withdraws from us, nor does he eagerly return there. But who are we, or what is our power, that we might have the strength to resist so many temptations? This is certainly what God asked, this was what He troubled us to consider, so that looking on our defects and noting that there is no other help for us, we should hasten to His mercy in all humility. Therefore I entreat you, brothers, always have that most secure refuge of prayer to hand. Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, Sermons For The Year, At the Beginning of the Fast, from the Fifth Sermon, Concerning the three ways of prayer 1 Gen 4.7

The Two Gates Of Death

Qui cupiditate peccant sumant David exemplum, ut resurgent. Qui timore peccant sumant Petrum exemplum, ut resurgent. Uterque cecidit, et uterque resurrexit, quia Christus utrumque respexit, alterum per se, alterum per prophetam suum. Istae sunt duae portae mortis: cupiditas et timor; quae si cui clauduntur, non erit quo mundus ingrediatur. Hugo De Sancte Victore, Miscellanea, Liber I, Tit CXXXIII, De mortis duabus portis Source: Migne PL 177.549d-550a

They who sin because of desire may take up David as an example, so that they may rise. They who sin because of fear may take up Peter as an example, that they may rise. For both fell, and both rose, because Christ looked upon both, one through himself, another through his prophecy. 1 Desire and fear, these are the two gates of death, and to whom they are closed the world shall not find a way to enter. Hugh Of Saint Victor, Miscellanea, Book 1, Chapter 133, On The Two Gates Of Death 1 Lk 22.61-62, 2 Kings 11-12

Desires Of Earth And Heaven

Ὅπου γὰρ ὁ θυσαυρὸς ὑμῶν, ἐκεὶ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται... Φυσικῶς γὰρ πᾶς ἄνθρωπος περὶ ὃ σπουδάζει διάκειται, κἀκεῖ πάντα τὸν νοῦν ἔχει ἔνθα κεκτῆσθαι τὴν ὠφέλειαν νενόμικε· διὰ τοῦτο καὶ τὸν λογισμὸν ἐπάγει τοῦ μὴ δεῖν ἐπὶ γῆς θησαυρίζειν. Εἰ μὲν γάρ τις, φησὶν, ἐν τῷ θνητῷ βίῳ τὰς κτήσεις καὶ πᾶσαν ὕπαρξιν συνείληχεν, ἀναρτήσας αὐτοῦ τὴν πᾶσαν ἐλπίδα ἐπὶ τὰ παρόντα τοῦ βίου πράγματα, ἐξ ἀνάγκης οἷα δὴ δεσμοῖς τοσούτοις πεπεδημένος, πάντα τὸν αὐτοῦ λογισμὸν καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν διάνοιαν, ἣν δὴ καρδίαν ὠνόμασε, κάτω που πρὸς τῇ γῇ κέκτηται, κἀκεῖ φύρεται καὶ καλινδεῖται, ἔνθα κεκτῆσθαι τὸν αὐτοῦ θησαυρὸν νενόμικεν· εἰ δὲ τοῖς οὐρανίοις μαθήμασιν ἐντραφεὶς πάντα πράττοι, τὸν αὐτοῦ σκοπὸν ἄνω προσαναρτήσας, καὶ τὴν ἐλπίδα ῥίψας ἐπὶ τὰς οὐρανίους ἐπαγγελίας, τοῦ μὲν συνάγειν ἐπὶ γῆς οὐδεμίαν ποιούμενος φροντίδα, τὴν ἄκραν δὲ μετιὼν ἀκτημοσύνην, καὶ ὅλος γινόμενος πρὸς τοῖς κρείττοσιν, ἐν οὐρανῷ τε πάντα συνάγειν, κἀκεῖ τὸν αὐτοῦ πλοῦτον ταμιεύεσθαι, καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν ὕπαρξιν ἐκεῖ προπέμπειν σπουδάζων· εἰκότως ὁ τοιοῦτος ὄνοιτ' ἂν ἐντεῦθεν τῆς ἀγαθῆς ἐλπίδος, τῷ τὴν διάνοιαν καὶ τὸν λογισμὸν οἰκειοῦν ἑαυτοῦ τοῖς οὐρανίοις· ἔνθα γὰρ ἔχει τὸν θησαυρὸν, ἐκεῖ καὶ τὴν διάνοιαν ἕξει· ὡς δοκεῖν μὲν ἐπὶ γῆς παρεπιδημεῖν, καὶ τῷ σώματι μόνῳ συνεῖναι ἀνθρώποις, τῇ δὲ δυνάμει τὰς οὐρανίους ἤδη διατριβὰς μετιέναι· ὥστε ἄνω βλέπειν δεῖ, καὶ τὰς ἐλπίδας ἔχειν, ὅπου καὶ τὸν θησαυρὸν αὐτοῦ συναγήοχεν. Εὐσέβιος ὁ Καισάρειος, Τὸ Κατὰ Λουκαν Ἐπαγγελιον, Ἐκλογή Source: Migne PG 24.559c-561a

For where is your treasure, there is your heart...1 Every man by nature is set on what he desires and there he has his mind fixed on that which he thinks will be of use to him. Because of this understanding He speaks, lest we should treasure something of the earth. For if, He says, someone should bind his whole existence to the things of this mortal life, and gather up all his hope in the affairs of this present life, it is necessary that he will be weighed down with heavy chains, even all his thoughts and mind, which He calls the heart, being driven down into the earth, and there he will be mixed and wallow, where he thinks to lay hold of his treasure. But he who is greatly nourished on the heavenly teachings, and so lifts up his desire and places his hope in heavenly things, he also sets aside any care for heaps of things on the earth and seeks the height of poverty, and with all his heart he turns himself to better things, desiring all his possessions to be in heaven, and there he establishes all his good fortune, and rightly this one has a wondrous hope by which he is profited, for his mind and thought is attached to heavenly things. For where he has his treasure, there his mind is set, so that even when he seems to turn to worldly things with men, yet he is intently occupied with the things of heaven. Therefore it is necessary that every man should look up, and there have his hope, where he has heaped up his treasure. Eusebius of Caesarea, Commentary On the Gospel of Saint Luke, Fragment 1 Lk 14.16 2 Mt 22.2-14

Persecutions And Death

Διώγμὸς δὲ ὁ μέν τις ἔξεωεν περιγίνεται, τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἤ δι' ἔχθραν, ἤ διὰ φθόνον, ἤ διὰ φιλοκέρδειαν, ἤ κατ' ἑνέργειαν διαβολικὴν τοὺς πιστοὺς ἑλαυνόντων· ὁ δὲ χαλεπώτατος ἔνδοθέν ἐστι διωθγμὸς, ἐξ αὐτῆς ἐκάστῳ τῆς ψυχῆς προπεμπόμενος, λυμαινομένης ὑπὸ ἐπιθυμιῶν ἀθέων καὶ ἡδονῶν ποικίλων καὶ φαύλων ἐλπίδων καὶ φθαρτῶν ὀνειροπολημάτων· ὅταν ἀεὶ τῶν πλειόνων ὀρεγομένη, καὶ λυσσῶσα ὑπὸ ἀγρίων ἐρώτων, καὶ φλεγομένη καθάπερ κέντροις ἤ μύωψι τοῖς προκειμένοις αὐτῇ πάθεσιν, ἐξαιμάσσηται πρὸς σπουδὰς μανιώδεις καὶ ζωῆς ἀπόγνωσιν καὶ Θεοῦ καταφρόνησιν. Οὕτος ὁ διωγμὸς βαρύτερος καὶ χαλεπώτερος, ἔνδοθεν ὁρμώμενος, ἀεὶ συνὼν, ὄν οὐδὲ ἐκφυγεῖν ὁ διωκόμενος δύναται· τὸν γὰρ ἐχθρὸν ἐν ἑαυτῷ περιαγει πανταχοῦ. Οὕτω καὶ πύρωσις, ἡ μὲν ἔξωθεν προσπίπτουσα δοκιμασίαν κατεργάζεταιἡ ἡ δὲ ἔνδοθέν θάνατον διαπραττεται. Κλήμης ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς, Τις Ὁ Σώζομενος Πλούσιος Source: Migne PG 9.629b-c

There is a persecution that comes from outside, from men who assail the faithful, because of hatred, or envy, or avarice, or through diabolic agency. But the most grievous is the persecution that comes from within, which proceeds from each man's soul, when it is vexed by unholy desires and shifting pleasures and vile hopes and ruinous dreams, when always desiring more and maddened by brutish loves and inflamed by the passions that strike it like goads and stings, soaked in blood, it rushes to insane pursuits and to despair of life and to contempt of God. This persecution is more grievous and painful, which arises from within, which is ever with a man and which the persecuted cannot escape, for a man carries the enemy about everywhere in himself. Thus the burning which comes from persecution from outside works proof, but that from within accomplishes death. Clement of Alexandria, Who Is The Rich Man That Shall Be Saved?

The Law And Sin

Occasione autem accepta, peccatum per mandatum operatum est in me omnem concupiscentiam. Erat enim et ante peccatum concupiscentia, sed non omnis erat. Fluvius per legem frenatus est, non siccatus. Quae te ducebat obicibus nullis, obruit te, obicibus ruptis. Minor erat, quando tuam movebat libidinem; omnis est, quando transcendit legem. Vis nosse quam magnus sit? Attende quid rupit. Praeceptum Dei dicentis, Non concupisces. Sine lege enim peccatum mortuum erat, id est latebat, non apparebat, omnino tanquam sepultum erat in quibusdam ignorantiae suae tenebris. Ego autem vivebam sine lege aliquando, id est nulla ex peccato morte terrebar, quia non apparebat, cum lex non esset. Vivebam, id est vivere mihi videbat. Sed cum venisset mandatum, peccatum revixit. Eminuit, apparuit; non tamen vixit, sed revixit. Vixerat enim aliquando in paradiso, quando contra datum praeceptum, satis apparebat admissum. Cum autem a nascentibus trahitur, tanquam mortuum sit, latet, donec repugnans justitiae malum ejus prohibitione sentiatur. Cum enim aliud jubetur atque probatur, aliud delectat atque dominatur; peccatum quodammodo in notitia nati homnis revixit, quod in notitia primi facti hominis aliquando vixerat. Revixit, hoc est sentiri coepit: coepit rebellare, coepit apparere. Ego autem mortuus sum, id est praevaricator factus sum, vel quia mortuum me cognovi, vel quia reatus praevaricationis certum mortis supplicium comminavatur: quae ignorabam, cum concupiscentias meas sequerer sine cognitione, quia sine cohibitione. Et inventum est mihi mandatum quod erat ad vitam, si obedieretur, esse ad mortem, dum fit contra mandatum; et non solus peccatum fit sicut prius, sed etiam sciente et praevaricante peccatur. Bene autem mandatum est ad vitam, non concupiscere. Sola enim vera vita est non concupiscere. O vita dulcis et dulcior quam voluptas concupiscentiae. Felix anima, quae hujusmodi delectationibus oblectatur, ubi turpitudine nulla inquinetur, et veritatis serenitate purgetur, scilicet quando delectat lex Dei, et sic delectat, ut omnes lascivae delectationes vincantur. Hoc autem non fit statim cum venit homo ad gratiam, sed concupiscentia tanto fit in proficiente lentior, quanto justitiae fit proficiendo propinquior. Guillelmus S Theodorici Abbas, Expositio In Epistolam Ad Romanos, Liber IV, Caput VII Source: Migne PG 180.615c-616b

Taking the opportunity, sin through the commandment worked in me all covetousness... 1 There was desire before sin, but it was not everything. The flow was bridled by the Law, not dried up, that which had carried you off without any check, rushing over you, bursting through all obstacles. It was little once when it stimulated your lust, it is everything when it passed over to the Law. You wish to know how it becomes great? Attend to how it burst forth. The law of the Lord said, 'You shall not covert.' 2 Without the law sin was dead, that is, it was hidden, it did not appear, indeed it was as if it were buried in a tomb in the darkness of ignorance 'But I was living for a time without the Law.' 3 That is, I was not distressed by mortal sin, because it did not appear when there was no Law. 'I was living,' that is, it seemed to me that I was living. But when the commandment came, sin revived. It became manifest, it appeared, but it did not live, it revived. For it lived once in paradise, when against the commandment given, it appeared overtly by offence. When it is acquired from birth, as death is, it is hidden, until by the opposition of the prohibition of justice the evil is known. For when there is something which is commanded and approved and another thing which desires and dictates, sin, which is as born by knowledge, is revived in a man, because in the knowledge of the first made man it once lived. It revived, that is, it began to be known, it began to revolt, it began to appear. 'And I died,' 3 that is, I became a sinner, or because I knew my death, or because the guilt of the sinner threatened the sure punishments of death, which I had been ignorant of, when I followed my desires without sense, without restraint. 'And there was found in me a commandment to life, ' if he had obeyed it, 'which was to death,' 4 while he acted in opposition to the commandment. And he did not only sin as he had done at first, but now he even sinned with knowledge of trespass. Good indeed is the commandment to life, that one not covert. The only true life is not to covert. O sweet life, even sweeter than the pleasure of desire. Happy soul, which takes joy when it is not defiled by any lust and it is purged for the serenity of truth, that is, what delights the law of God, delights it, so that it it may conquer every delight of lust. But this does not happen instantly to a man, but as much as he has been tardy to advance in lust, so he is nearer to advancing in righteousness. William of St Thierry, Commentary on Saint Paul's Letter to the Romans, Book 4 Chapter 7 1 Rom 7.8 2 Exod 20.17 3 Rom 7.9 4 Rom 7.10

The Bread Of Idleness

Στεγναὶ διατριβαὶ οἴκων αὐτῆς σῖτα δὲ ὀκνηρὰ οὐκ ἔφαγεν.  Σῖτα ὀκνηρὰ, τὰ ὀκνοποιοῦντα τυχεῖν τῆς βασιλείας τοὺς ἀπλουστέρους καὶ ἀφελεστέρους, ἡ εὐγνώμων καὶ θεοφιλὴς ψυχὴ οὐκ ἐσθίει, οὔτε μὴν τούτων γεύεται, εἰ τάχα τύχοι αὐτῶν ἐπιθυμῆσαι· τὰς κακίας γάρ φησι σῖτα ὀκνηρά. Ὠριγένης, Ἐκλογαὶ Εἰς Παροιμίας Source: Migne PG 17.252b

She watches the ways of her house and she has not eaten the bread of idleness. 1 Idle bread is the kingdom of indolence of the more foolish and inept, which the faithful and pious soul does not eat; it does not even taste it, unless perhaps we may say that 'a taste' is when the desire for it comes upon us, for evils he speaks as idle bread. Origen, On Proverbs, Fragment 1 Prov 31.27

Handing Over To Desire

Propter quod tradidit illos Deus in desideria cordis illorum, in immunditiam, ut contumeliis afficiant corpora sua in semetipsis. Quoniam, inquit, ad injuriam creatoris Dei figmenta et similitudines rerum deificaverunt, traditi sunt illudendi; et traditi non ut illa agerent quae nolebant, sed ut illa perficerent, quae desiderabant. Et hic bonitas Dei est, cum enim dignum fuisset subjici illos, ut facerent quae nolebant et cruciarentur; quia licet bonum, si contra voluntatem fiat, amarum et malum est. Isti autem avertentes se a Deo, traditi sunt diabolo. Tradere autem est permittere, non incitare aut immittere; ut ea quae in desideriis conceperent, adjuti a diabolo explerent in opere: nec enim possent hujusmodi bonum cogitatum habere. Ambrosiaster, In Epistolam Ad Romanos, Caput Primum Source: Migne PL 17 59b-c

'On account of which God handed them over to the desires of their hearts, into uncleanliness, that they treat their bodies disgracefully among themselves.' 1   Because, he says, to the injury of God the creator they deified figures and the likenesses of things, they were handed over to foolishness, and handed over not that they do what they do not wish, but that they do what they desire. And here is the benevolence of God, who could have subjected them that they do what they do not wish to do and be grieved, because a good, if it is done against the will, is an evil and bitter. These, then, turning themselves away from God are handed over to the devil. And to hand over is to permit, not to incite or drive into, that these things which they have conceived in desire, joined to the devil, they fulfill in works, for they are not able to have one good thought. Ambrosiaster, On The Epistle To The Romans, Chapter 1 1 Rom 1.24

Desire and Fear

Εἰ οὔτε τῆς σὺν Χριστῳ αἰωνίου διαγωγῆς ἐπιθυμεῖτε, οὔτε τῆς ἀϊδίου φλογὸς τὴν κρίσιν δειλιᾶτε, ἢ πρὸς τοὺς καταφρονητὰς δαίμονας ἁμιλλᾶσθε, ἢ ἀνθρώπων ἰνδάλματα τυγχάνετε ἄψυχα, καὶ λόγου ἀμέτοχα, καὶ φόβου ἀναίσθητα Ἅγιος Ἰσίδωρος Του Πηλουσιώτου, Ἐπιστολὴ ΣΚΓ' Ζωσιμῳ, Εὐσταθιῳ, Μαρωνι

If you neither eagerly desire eternity with Christ nor fear the judgement of Hell's fire, either you vie with contemptible demons, or you are as the soulless images of men, irrational and senseless of fear. Saint Isidore of Pelusium, Letter 223, To Zosimos, Eustathius and Maron

Crooked Hearts

Si direxerit ad eum cor suum, spiritum illius et flatum ad se trahet.  Curva hominum corda, cum vult, ad se erigendo, dirigit. Curvum cor est cum ima appetit, dirigitur cum ad superna sublevatur. Si ergo homo cor suum ad Dominum dirigit, spiritum et flatum illius Dominus ad se trahit. Spiritum videlicet pro internis cogitationibus, flatum vero qui per corpus trahitur,  pro externis actionibus ponit. Deo ergo spiritum hominis et flatum a se trahere est ad conversionem sui desiderii et interiora nostra et exteriora commutare, ut nihil iam menti exterius libeat, nihil caro inferius, vel si appetit, adipisci conetur; sed omne quod homo est ad eum videlicet a quo est et interius desiderando ferveat, et exterius se edomando constringat. Sanctus Gregorius Magnus, Moralia, sive Expositio in Job, Liber XXIV, Cap XXI

If he has directed his heart towards Him, He will draw to Himself his spirit, and his breath. 1 The hearts of men are crooked when, as he wishes, stirred by self, it is directed. The heart is crooked when it desires things below. When it is directed to things above it is lifted up. If a man therefore direct his heart to the Lord, the Lord draws to Himself his spirit and his breath. Spirit here means inward thoughts, but breath, which is drawn through the body, is external actions. For God, then, to draw the spirit and breath of man to Himself, is for Him to change our own desires, both within and without, to turn towards Him, that nothing without may any longer please the mind, and that the flesh, even if it wishes, may not try to lay hold of any inferior object, but that the whole man may be inflamed by internal desire for Him from whom it is, and may be by greater control bound to Him. Saint Gregory the Great, Moralia, or Commentary on Job, Book 24, Chapter 21 1 Job 34.14

Beauty and the Soul

Τὸ θεωρητικών τε καὶ διακριτικὸν ἴδιον ἐστι τοῦ θεοειδοῦς τῆς ψυχῆς, ἐπεὶ καὶ τὸ Θεῖον ἐν τούτοις καταλαμβάνομεν. Εἰ τοίνυν εἴτε ἐκ τῆς νῦν έπιιμελείας, εἰτε ἐκ τῆς μετὰ ταῦτα καθάρσεως ελευθέρα γένοιτο ἡμῖν ἡ ψυχὴ τῆς πρὸς τὰ ἄλογα τῶν παθῶν συμφυΐας, οὐδέν πρὸς τὴν τοῦ καλοῦ θεωρίαν ἐναποδισθήσεται. Τὸ γὰρ καλὸν ἑλκτικόν πως κατὰ τὴν ἐαυτοῦ φύσιν παντὸς τοῦ πρὸς ἐκεῖνο βλέποντος. Εἰ οὖν πάσης κακίας ἡ ψυχὴ καθαρεύσειεν, έν τῷ καλῷ πάντως ἔσται. Καλὸν δὲ τῇ ἑαυτοῦ φύσει τὸ θεῖον πρὸς ὅ διὰ τῆς καθαρότητος τὴν συνάφειαν ἔξει τῷ οἴκείῷ συναπτομένη. Εἴ οὖν τοῦτο γένοιτο, οὐκέτι ἔσται χρεία τῆς κατ' ἐπιθυμίαν κινήσεως, ἢ πρὸς τὸ καλὸν ἡγεμονεύσει. Ὁ γὰρ ἐν σκότει τὴν διαγωγὴν ἔχων, οὔτος έν ἐπιθυμίᾳ τοῦ φωτὸς ἔσται· εἰ δὲ ἐν τῷ φωτὶ γένοιτο, τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν ἐκδέξεται ἡ ἀπόλαυσις, ἡ δὲ ἐξουσία τῆς ἀπολαύσεως ἀργὴν καὶ ἕωλον τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν ἐργάζεται. Ούκοῦν οὐδεμία τις ἔσται διὰ τούτων ζημία πρὸς τὴν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ μετουσίαν, εἰ τοιούτων ἡ ψυχὴ κινημάτων ἐλευθέρα γένοιτο, πρὸς ἑαυτήν πάλιν ἐπανελθοῦσα, καὶ ἑαυτὴν ἀκριβῶς εἰδοῦσα, οἰα τῇ φύσει ἐστὶ, καὶ οἶον ἐν κατὸπτρῳ καὶ εἰκόνι διὰ τοῠ οἰκείου κάλλους πρὸς τὸ ἀρχέτυπον βλέπουσα. Ἀληθώς γὰρ ἐν τούτῳ ἐστιν εἰπεῖν τὴν ἀκριβῆ πρὸς τὸ θεῖον εἶναι ὁμοίωσιν, ἐν τῷ μιμεῖσθαί πως τὴν ἡμετέραν ζωὴν τὴν ὑπερκείμενη οὐσίαν. Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος Νύσσης, Περὶ Ψψχης Και Ἀναστασεως Ὁ Λογος

The speculative and critical faculty, Macrina said, is of the soul's godlike part, for it is by these that we grasp the Divine also. If, then, whether by forethought now, or by cleansing after, the soul becomes free from any emotional connection with things irrational, there will be nothing to obstruct its contemplation of the Beautiful. For the beautiful by its own nature is attractive in a certain manner to everything that looks towards it. If, then, the soul is purified of every evil, it will most certainly be with Beauty. The Divine is in His own nature beautiful and the soul in its state of purity will have likeness with the Divine and will be linked to it. If then this happens, there will be no longer need of the movement of Desire to lead to the Beautiful. Whoever has passed time in darkness, he will have a desire for light, but when he comes into the light then enjoyment removes desire and the reality of enjoyment renders desire useless and stale. It will therefore be no loss in participation in the Good if the soul is free from such movements, and again returning to itself it knows itself accurately, what its true nature is, seeing in the mirror and in the figure of its own beauty the original beauty. For truly in this is the real likeness to the Divine, our own life being in some degree an imitation of the Higher Being. Saint Gregory of Nyssa, Dialogue on the Soul and Resurrection

Endless Desires

Τὸ δ τὸν ἄπαντα χρόνον ὑποκεῖσθαι τῇ τῆς γαστρὸς λειτουργίᾳ, ποίας τιμωρίας οὐκ ἔστιν ἀνιαρώτερον; Ὂρᾶτε γάρ τοῦτον τὸν διηνεκῆ φορολόγον, τὴν γαστέρα λέγω, ὅσην ἐπάγει καθ’ ἡμέραν τὴν ἀνάγκην τῆς ἀπαιτήσεως; Ὡ κᾶν ποτε πλέον τοῦ τεταγμένου προκαταβάλωμεν, οὐδὲν τοῦ ἐφεξῆς χρέους προεξετίσαμεν· καθ’ ὁμοιότητα τῶν ἐν τῷ μυλωνι ταλαιπωρούντων ζώων κεκαλυμμένοις τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς, τὴν τοῦ βίου μύλην περιερχόμεθα, ἀεὶ διὰ τῶν ὁμοίων περιχωροῦντες, καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ αὐτὰ ἀναστρέφοντες. Εἴπε σοι τὴν κυκλικὴν ταύτην περίοδον, ὅρεξις, κόρος, ὕπνος, ἐγρήγορσις, κένωσις, πλήρωσις. Ἀεὶ ἀπ’ ἐκείνων ταῦτα, καὶ πάλιν ταῦτα, καὶ οὐδέποτε κύκλῳ περιιόντες παυόμεθα, ἔως ἄν ἔξω τοῦ μύλωνος γενώμεθα. Καλῶς ὁ Σολομὼν πίθον τετρημένον καὶ οἰκον ἀλλότριον ὀνομάζει τὸν ὥδε βίον. Ὄντως γὰρ ἀλλότριος οἶκος, καὶ οὐχ ἡμέτερος, ὅτι οὐκ ἐφ’ ἡμῖν ἐστιν ἤ ὅτε βουλόμεθα, ἤ ἐφ’ ὅσον ἐπιποθοῦμεν ἐν αὐτῷ εἶναι· ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰσαγὀμεθα ὡς οὐκ οἴδαμεν, καὶ ἐξοικιζόμεθα ὅτε οὐκ οἴδαμεν. Τὸ δὲ τοῦ πίθου αἴνιγμα νοήσεις, ἐὰν εἰς τὸ ἀπλήρωτον τῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν ἀποβλέψῃς. Ὀρᾷς πῶς ἐπαντλοῦσιν ἑαυτοίς οἱ ἄνθρωποι τὰς τιμὰς, τὰς δυναστείας, τὰς δόξας, καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα; ἀλλ’ ὑποῥῥεῖ τὸ βαλλόμενον, καὶ οὐ παραμένει τῷ ἔχοντι· ἡ μὲν γὰρ περὶ τὴν δόξαν, καὶ τὴν δυσατείαν καὶ τὴν τιμὴν σπουδὴ πάντοτε ἐνεργεῖτε· ὁ δὲ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας πίθος μένει ἀπλήρωτος. Τί δὲ ἡ φιλοχρηματία; οὐκ ἀληθῶς πίθος τετρημένος ἐστὶν, ὅλῳ τῷ πυθμένει ῥεων, ᾦ κᾶν πᾶσαν ἐπαντλήσῃς τὴν θάλασσαν, πληρωθῆναι φύσιν οὐκ ἔχει; Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος Νύσσης, Ἐπιτάφιος Λόγος Εἰς Πλακιλλαν Βασίλισσαν Source: Migne PG 46.888c-889a

What is more unpleasant than the exactions of the stomach, the vengeance of which is not less troubling? Do you see the ceaseless demands of its daily tribute ever slacken? What more regularly casts us down, and nothing is gained by its insistent debts. Like those beasts of the mill that are hidden from view, we tramp around the mill of life, always going round the same way and returning to the same place. I shall tell you about this circular way: it is hunger, satisfaction, sleep, wakefulness, movement, satiety. Always the same things, one succeeding the other, and never do we have rest in this circle until we are out of the mill. Solomon well names life a deep pit and a foreign house. It is a foreign house, and not ours, because it is not ours when we wish it, nor is it when we desire to be in it. We enter ignorant and we are ignorant of the time of our exit. You will understand the symbol of a pit if you turn away from desire as a thing insatiable. Do you see how men pour over themselves honors, power, glory and all such things? But such things given flow away, they are not permanent possessions. In that one who is always zealously striving after glory, power and honor is an unfilled pit of desire. What about avarice? Truly is not the pit's bottom now pierced, the whole emptying out, which not even all the seas can fill? Saint Gregory of Nyssa, from the Funeral Oration for the Empress Flacilla