Disputing The Resurrection

Μετὰ ταῦτά φησιν ὁ Ἰουδαῖος πρὸς τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ πολίτας τῷ Ἰησοῦ πιστεύοντας· Φέρε δὴ καὶ πιστεύωμεν ὑμῖν τοῦτ' εἰρῆσθαι. Πόσοι δ' ἄλλοι τοιαῦτα τερατεύονται, πειθοῦς ἕνεκα τῶν εὐήθως ἀκουόντων ἐνεργολαβοῦντες τῇ πλάνῃ; Ὅπερ οὖν καὶ Ζάμολξιν ἐν Σκύθαις φασί, τὸν Πυθαγόρου δοῦλον, καὶ αὐτὸν Πυθαγόραν ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ καὶ Ῥαμψίνιτον ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ· τοῦτον μὲν καὶ συγκυβεύειν ἐν ᾅδου τῇ Δήμητρι καὶ ἀνελθεῖν δῶρον παρ' αὐτῆς χειρόμακτρον χρυσοῦν φέροντα· καὶ μὴν καὶ Ὀρφέα ἐν Ὀδρύσαις καὶ Πρωτεσίλαον ἐν Θεσσαλίᾳ καὶ Ἡρακλέα ἐπὶ Ταινάρῳ καὶ Θησέα. Ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνο σκεπτέον, εἴ τις ὡς ἀληθῶς ἀποθανὼν ἀνέστη ποτὲ αὐτῷ σώματι· ἢ οἴεσθε τὰ μὲν τῶν ἄλλων μύθους εἶναί τε καὶ δοκεῖν, ὑμῖν δὲ τὴν καταστροφὴν τοῦ δράματος εὐσχημόνως ἢ πιθανῶς ἐφευρῆσθαι, τὴν ἐπὶ τοῦ σκόλοπος αὐτοῦ φωνήν, ὅτ' ἀπέπνει, καὶ «τὸν σεισμὸν» καὶ τὸν σκότον; Ὅτι δὴ ζῶν μὲν οὐκ ἐπήρκεσεν ἑαυτῷ, νεκρὸς δ' ἀνέστη καὶ τὰ σημεῖα τῆς κολάσεως ἔδειξε καὶ τὰς χεῖρας ὡς ἦσαν πεπερονημέναι, τίς τοῦτο εἶδε; Γυνὴ πάροιστρος, ὥς φατε, καὶ εἴ τις ἄλλος τῶν ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς γοητείας, ἤτοι κατά τινα διάθεσιν ὀνειρώξας καὶ κατὰ τὴν αὐτοῦ βούλησιν δόξῃ πεπλανημένῃ φαντασιωθείς, ὅπερ ἤδη μυρίοις συμβέβηκεν, ἤ, ὅπερ μᾶλλον, ἐκπλῆξαι τοὺς λοιποὺς τῇ τερατείᾳ ταύτῃ θελήσας καὶ διὰ τοῦ τοιούτου ψεύσματος ἀφορμὴν ἄλλοις ἀγύρταις παρασχεῖν. Ἐπεὶ οὖν Ἰουδαῖός ἐστιν ὁ ταῦτα λέγων, ὡς πρὸς Ἰουδαῖον ἀπολογούμεθα περὶ τοῦ ἡμετέρου Ἰησοῦ, κοινοποιοῦντες ἔτι τὸν λόγον περὶ Μωϋσέως καὶ λέγοντες αὐτῷ· Πόσοι δ' ἄλλοι τοιαῦτα τερατεύονται, ὁποῖα Μωϋσῆς, πειθοῦς ἕνεκα τῶν εὐήθως ἀκουόντων ἐνεργολαβοῦντες τῇ πλάνῃ; Καὶ μᾶλλον κατὰ τὸν ἀπιστοῦντα Μωϋσεῖ ἐστι δυνατὸν παραθέσθαι τὸν Ζάμολξιν καὶ Πυθαγόραν τοὺς τερατευσαμένους ἤπερ τὸν Ἰουδαῖον, οὐ πάνυ φιλομαθῶς ἔχοντα πρὸς τὰς Ἑλλήνων ἱστορίας. Καὶ ὁ Αἰγύπτιος δὲ ἀπιστῶν τοῖς περὶ Μωϋσέως παραδόξοις πιθανῶς παραθήσεται τὸν Ῥαμψίνιτον, λέγων πολλῷ τοῦτον εἶναι πιθανώτερον εἰς ᾅδου καταβεβηκέναι καὶ συγκεκυβευκέναι τῇ Δήμητρι καὶ χρυσοῦν χειρόμακτρον παρ' αὐτῆς ἁρπάσαντα δεικνύναι σύμβολον τοῦ ἐν ᾅδου γεγονέναι κἀκεῖθεν ἀναβεβηκέναι Μωϋσέως, ἑαυτὸν ἀναγράψαντος εἰσεληλυθέναι εἰς τὸν γνόφον, ὅπου ἦν ὁ θεός, καὶ ὅτι μόνος ἤγγισε πρὸς τὸν θεὸν παρὰ τοὺς λοιπούς. Ἀνέγραψε γὰρ οὕτως· Καὶ Μωϋσῆς μόνος ἐγγιεῖ πρὸς τὸν θεόν, οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ οὐκ ἐγγιοῦσι. Φήσομεν οὖν ἡμεῖς οἱ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ μαθηταὶ πρὸς τὸν ταῦτα λέγοντα Ἰουδαῖον· ἀπολογοῦ δὴ ἡμῖν περὶ τῆς εἰς Ἰησοῦν πίστεως ἐγκαλῶν καὶ λέγε, τῷ Αἰγυπτίῳ καὶ τοῖς Ἕλλησι τί φήσεις πρὸς ἃ ἤνεγκας, κατὰ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ἡμῶν ἐγκλήματα, φθάσαντα ἂν καὶ ἐπὶ Μωϋσέα; Κἂν πάνυ δὲ ἀγωνίσῃ περὶ Μωϋσέως ἀπολογήσασθαι, ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ ἔχει πληκτικὸν λόγον καὶ ἐναργῆ τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ, λήσεις σαυτὸν ἐν οἷς περὶ Μωϋσέως ἀπολογήσῃ, ἄκων συστήσας τὸν Ἰησοῦν Μωϋσέως θειότερον. Ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰς ἡρωϊκὰς ἱστορίας περὶ τῶν εἰς ᾅδου καταβεβηκέναι λεγομένων κἀκεῖθεν ἀνεληλυθέναι τερατείας εἶναί φησιν ὁ παρὰ τῷ Κέλσῳ Ἰουδαῖος, ὡς τῶν ἡρώων ἀφανῶν ἐπί τινα γενομένων χρόνον καὶ ὑπεκκλεψάντων ἑαυτοὺς τῆς ὄψεως πάντων ἀνθρώπων καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἑαυτοὺς ἐπιδειξάντων, ὡς ἀπὸ ᾅδου ἀνεληλυθότων, τοιαῦτα γὰρ ἔοικε περὶ τοῦ ἐν Ὀδρύσαις Ὀρφέως καὶ τοῦ ἐν Θεσσαλίᾳ Πρωτεσιλάου καὶ τοῦ ἐπὶ Ταινάρῳ Ἡρακλέος ἔτι δὲ καὶ περὶ Θησέως ἐμφαίνειν αὐτοῦ ἡ λέξις, φέρε παραστήσωμεν ὅτι οὐ δύναται τὸ κατὰ τὸν Ἰησοῦν] ἱστορούμενον ἐκ νεκρῶν ἐγηγέρθαι [τούτοις παραβάλλεσθαι. Ἕκαστος μὲν γὰρ τῶν λεγομένων κατὰ τοὺς τόπους ἡρώων βουληθεὶς ἂν ἐδυνήθη ἑαυτὸν ὑπεκκλέψαι τῆς ὄψεως τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ πάλιν κρίνας ἐπανελθεῖν πρὸς οὓς καταλέλοιπεν· Ἰησοῦ δὲ [σταυρωθέντος ἐπὶ πάντων] Ἰουδαίων καὶ καθαιρεθέντος αὐτοῦ τοῦ σώματος ἐν ὄψει τοῦ δήμου αὐτῶν, πῶς οἷόν τε τὸ παραπλήσιον πλάσασθαι λέγειν αὐτὸν τοῖς ἱστορουμένοις ἥρωσιν εἰς ᾅδου καταβεβηκέναι κἀκεῖθεν ἀνεληλυθέναι; Φαμὲν δ' ὅτι μή ποτε πρὸς ἀπολογίαν τοῦ ἐσταυρῶσθαι τὸν Ἰησοῦν καὶ τοιοῦτον λέγοιτ' ἄν, μάλιστα διὰ τὰ περὶ τῶν ἡρώων ἱστορηθέντα τῶν εἰς ᾅδου καταβεβηκέναι βίᾳ νομιζομένων, ὡς εἰ καθ' ὑπόθεσιν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐτεθνήκει ἀσήμῳ θανάτῳ, οὐχ ὥστε δῆλος εἶναι ἀποθανὼν ὅλῳ τῷ δήμῳ τῶν Ἰουδαίων, εἶτα μετὰ τοῦτ' ἀληθῶς ἦν ἀναστὰς ἐκ νεκρῶν, χώραν εἶχεν ἂν τὸ ὑπονοηθὲν περὶ τῶν ἡρώων καὶ περὶ τούτου λεχθῆναι. Μή ποτ' οὖν πρὸς ἄλλοις αἰτίοις τοῦ σταυρωθῆναι τὸν Ἰησοῦν καὶ τοῦτο δύναται συμβάλλεσθαι τῷ αὐτὸν ἐπισήμως ἐπὶ τοῦ σταυροῦ ἀποτεθνηκέναι, ἵνα μηδεὶς ἔχῃ λέγειν ὅτι ἑκὼν ὑπεξέστη τῆς ὄψεως τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ ἔδοξεν ἀποτεθνηκέναι οὐκ ἀποτέθνηκε δὲ ἀλλ' ὅτ' ἐβουλήθη πάλιν ἐπιφανεὶς ἐτερατεύσατο τὴν ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀνάστασιν; Σαφὲς δ' οἶμαι καὶ ἐναργὲς εἶναι τὸ ἐκ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ ἐπιχείρημα, ἐπικινδύνῳ ὡς πρὸς τὸν τῶν ἀνθρώπων βίον διδασκαλίᾳ ἑαυτοὺς ἐπιδεδωκότων, ἣν οὐκ ἂν πλασσόμενοι τὸ ἐγηγέρθαι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐκ νεκρῶν οὕτως εὐτόνως ἐδίδαξαν, μετὰ τοῦ κατὰ τοῦτο οὐ μόνον ἑτέρους παρασκευάζειν πρὸς τὸ θανάτου καταφρονεῖν ἀλλ' αὐτοὶ πολὺ πρότερον τοῦτο ποιεῖν. Ὠριγένης, Κατὰ Κέλσου, Τόμος Δεύτερος Source: Migne PG 11.884a-888b

After these things the Jew says to those of his people who have faith in Jesus: 'Come now, let us allow that this was said to you. But how many others feign marvels in order to deceive simple minded listeners and profit by deception? So it is told of Zamolxis in Scythia, the slave of Pythagoras, and of Pythagoras himself in Italy, and of Rhampsinitus in Egypt. And they say that the last of those even 'played dice with Demeter' in Hades and for his going back received 'a gift of a golden napkin.' And it is told likewise of Orpheus among the Odrysians, and Protesilaus in Thessaly, and Hercules at Cape Taenarus, and Theseus. But one must consider if anyone who was really dead ever rose with his own body. Or do you think that such things which are told of others are myths and appear so, but you have found a befitting and believable end to your drama in the voice from the gibbet, when he breathed his last amid the earthquake and the darkness? That while living he could give no help to himself, but that when dead he could rise again, and he showed the marks of his punishment, even how his hands had been pierced; but who saw this? A demented woman, 1 as you say, and perhaps some other wrapped up in that same delusion, who in a dream state and according to his wish was deluded by appearances, as has happened to many, or rather, those who have wished to astonish others with a marvel and by such falsehood provide opportunity for other charlatans.' Since, then, it is a Jew who says these things, we shall defend our Jesus as if we were to do so to a Jew, returning again to the account concerning Moses, and saying to him, 'How many others are there who feign marvels like those of Moses, in order to deceive simple minded listeners and profit by their deception?' Now the instancing of Zamolxis and Pythagoras, who feigned such marvels, would be more appropriate from one who did not believe in Moses than from a Jew who is not at all learned in the histories of the Greeks. But an Egyptian who did not believe in the miracles of Moses might persuasively cite Rhampsinitus, saying that it was far more believable that he had gone down to Hades and had played dice with Demeter, and after taking a golden napkin from her had displayed it as proof that he had been in Hades and returned from there, than that Moses should have recorded that he entered 'into the darkness, where God was,' and that he alone, and no other, drew near to God. For he writes: 'Moses alone shall come near to God, but the rest shall not come near.' 2 We, then, who are the disciples of Jesus, say to the Jew who has spoken so: 'While censuring our faith in Jesus, defend yourself and tell Egyptian and Greek objectors what you will say to those accusations which you brought against our Jesus, but which can also be spoken against Moses. And if you shall make a strong defence of Moses, for indeed his history does allow of a clear and powerful defence, that defence will also be an unwitting and unwilling support of the greater divinity of Jesus.' But since the Jew of Celsus says that these histories of the putative descent of heroes to Hades and of their return from there are a feigning of marvels, and that these heroes disappeared for a certain amount of time, and having hidden themselves from the sight of all men, claimed afterwards to have returned from Hades, for such is the sense of his words concerning Odrysian Orpheus, and Thessalian Protesilaus, and Taenarian Hercules, and Theseus also, let us show that it is not possible that the history of Jesus being raised from the dead is comparable to them. For each one of the heroes mentioned might have wished to hide himself from the sight of men and then have decided to return again to those he had left, but since Jesus was crucified before all the Jews and His body cast down in the presence of His nation, how can it be said that His was a similar deception like those heroes who are said to have gone down to Hades and returned from there? And we might say that in defence of the crucifixion of Jesus, especially in connection with the existence of those stories of heroes who are supposed to have been compelled to descend to Hades, that if we were to propose Jesus had died an obscure death, so that His death was not manifest to the whole nation of the Jews, and after this assert that He had truly risen from the dead, there would then indeed be room for that same suspicion concerning Him as there is with those heroes. It is possible, then, besides the other causes for the crucifixion of Jesus, that this also may be added to His dying a conspicuous death upon the cross, that no one might be able to say that having gone and hidden Himself away from the sight of men, and having appeared to have perished while not dying, that He chose to appear again and feign the marvel of His resurrection from the dead. And I think the undertaking of the disciples makes this clear and plain, for they gave themselves to the teaching of that which imperilled their lives, which they would not have taught with such vigour had they invented the raising of Jesus from the dead, according to which they not only prepared others to scorn death, but they were by far the first to do this. Origen, Against Celsus, Book 2 1 Mary Magdalen 2 Exod 20.21, 24.2