The Deaths Of Children

Τούτων τοίνυν οὕτως ἡμῖν διῃρημένων καιρὸς ἂν εἴη διεξετάσαι τῷ λόγῳ τὸ προτεθὲν ἡμῖν πρόβλημα· τοιοῦτον δέ τι τὸ λεγόμενον ἦν· εἰ κατὰ τὸ δίκαιον γίνεται τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἡ ἀντίδοσις, ἐν τίσιν ἔσται ὁ ἐν νηπίῳ τελευτήσας τὸν βίον μήτε ἀγαθόν τι μήτε κακὸν ἐν τῇ ζωῇ ταύτῃ καταβαλόμενος, ὥστε διὰ τούτων γενέσθαι αὐτῷ τὴν κατ' ἀξίαν ἀντίδοσιν; ᾧ πρὸς τὴν ἀκολουθίαν τῶν ἐξητασμένων ὁρῶντες ἀποκρινούμεθα, ὅτι τὸ προσδοκώμενον ἀγαθὸν οἰκεῖον μέν ἐστι κατὰ φύσιν τῷ ἀνθρωπίνῳ γένει, λέγεται δὲ κατά τινα διάνοιαν τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ ἀντίδοσις. τῷ δὲ αὐτῷ ὑποδείγματι πάλιν τὸ νόημα τοῦτο σαφηνισθήσεται· δύο γάρ τινες ὑποκείσθωσαν τῷ λόγῳ ἀρρωστήματί τινι κατὰ τὰς ὄψεις συνενεχθέντες. τούτων δὲ ὁ μὲν σπουδαιότερον ἑαυτὸν ἐπιδιδότω τῇ θεραπείᾳ, πάντα ὑπομένων τὰ παρὰ τῆς ἰατρικῆς προσαγόμενα, κἂν ἐπίπονα ᾗ· ὁ δὲ πρὸς λουτρά τε καὶ οἰνοφλυγίας ἀκρατέστερον διακείσθω, μηδεμίαν τοῦ ἰατρεύοντος συμβουλὴν πρὸς τὴν τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν ὑγίειαν παραδεξάμενος. Φαμὲν τοίνυν πρὸς τὸ πέρας ἑκατέρου βλέποντες ἀξίως ἀντιλαβεῖν ἑκάτερον τῆς προαιρέσεως αὐτοῦ τοὺς καρπούς, τὸν μὲν τὴν στέρησιν τοῦ φωτός, τὸν δὲ τὴν ἀπόλαυσιν. τὸ γὰρ ἀναγκαίως ἑπόμενον ἀντίδοσιν ἐκ καταχρήσεως ὀνομάζομεν. ταῦτα καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν κατὰ τὸ νήπιον ζητουμένων ἔστιν εἰπεῖν, ὅτι ἡ τῆς ζωῆς ἐκείνης ἀπόλαυσις οἰκεία μέν ἐστι τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ φύσει, τῆς δὲ κατὰ τὴν ἄγνοιαν νόσου πάντων σχεδὸν τῶν ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ ζώντων ἐπικρατούσης, ὁ μὲν ταῖς καθηκούσαις θεραπείαις ἑαυτὸν ἐκκαθάρας καὶ οἶόν τινα λήμην τοῦ διορατικοῦ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀποκλύσας τὴν ἄγνοιαν ἄξιον τῆς σπουδῆς ἔχει τὸ κέρδος ἐν τῇ ζωῇ τῇ κατὰ φύσιν γενόμενος, ὁ δὲ τὰ διὰ τῆς ἀρετῆς φεύγων καθάρσια καὶ δυσίατον ἑαυτῷ διὰ τῶν ἀπατηλῶν ἡδονῶν κατασκευάζων τῆς ἀγνοίας τὴν νόσον, παρὰ φύσιν διατεθεὶς ἠλλοτρίωται τοῦ κατὰ φύσιν καὶ ἀμέτοχος γίνεται τῆς οἰκείας ἡμῖν καὶ καταλλήλου ζωῆς· τὸ δὲ ἀπειρόκακον νήπιον, μηδεμιᾶς νόσου τῶν τῆς ψυχῆς ὀμμάτων πρὸς τὴν τοῦ φωτὸς μετουσίαν ἐπιπροσθούσης, ἐν τῷ κατὰ φύσιν γίνεται μὴ δεόμενον τῆς ἐκ τοῦ καθαρθῆναι ὑγιείας, ὅτι μηδὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν τὴν νόσον τῇ ψυχῇ παρεδέξατο. Ἅγιος Γρηγόριος Νύσσης, Περι Των Προ Ὥρας Ἀναρπαζομενον Νυπιων Source: Migne PG 46. 177a-d

Having considered these things, it is time to examine by them the problem set before us, which was expressed in such a way: 'If according to justice the reward of goods is given, in what class shall he be placed whose life has ended  in infancy, he who has not laid down any foundation in this life, good or bad, from which a reward according to its value may be given?' To this, attending to the consequences laid down by us, we shall answer that a good future, while it is according to its nature naturally suited to the race of man, may yet also be called in a certain sense a reward, and we will make our meaning clear again by the same example. Two individuals are afflicted by a sickness of the eyes, and one of them eagerly gives himself to a cure, and undergoes all that medicine can administer, even though it be painful, and the other without restraint gives himself to baths and the drinking of wine, and listens to no counsel from him who would cure him by giving health to his eyes. We may say, then, looking to the end of each that each duly receives the fruits of his own choice, the one in the loss of the light, the other in enjoyment of it; for by a certain misuse of the word we call that which necessarily follows a reward. And according to these things we may speak regarding the enquiry into infants, that is, that the enjoyment of that good life indeed belongs by its nature to the human being, but that, on account of the sickness of ignorance that has seized upon almost all living in the flesh, he who has purged himself of it by means of treatment and removed the affliction of ignorance from the perception of the soul receives the due reward of his diligence in the life that is according nature, while he who flees purgatives and makes the sickness of ignorance most difficult to cure through the pleasures that ensnare him is placed in an unnatural state, and so is a stranger to the natural life, and cannot partake in the life which is proper and appropriate to us, but the innocent child has no such sickness of the eyes of the soul obscuring its measure of light, and persists in the natural life, not needing the health which comes from purgation, because it never received the sickness into its soul. Saint Gregory of Nyssa, On The Deaths Of Infants