Ascent And Jerusalem

Pervenit itaque vir iste ad tertium ascensionis gradum, id est in desiderium coelesis Hieusalem ad quam spe ascendere se gaudebat, licet adhuc hic in terrenis laboraret; ideo ait: Laetatus sum in his quae dicta sunt mihi, in domum Domini ibimus. Laetatus sum in prophetis, laetatus sum in apostolis, imo et in omnibus sanctis, qui mihi dicunt: In domum Domini ibimus; qui dicunt, currite, festinate in domum Domini, id est, in coelestem Hierusalem properate. Stantes erant pedes nostri in atriis tuis, Hierusalem. Stantes, id est permanentes; pedes nostri, id est, praemia bonorum operum: in atriis tuis, Hierusalem, id est, in coelestibus habitationibus. Atria dicit plurali numero, ipsa Veritate dicente: In domo Patris mei multae sunt mansiones. Quasi iste amator quaerat, quae sit ista Hierusalem, dictum est ei: Hierusalem quae aedificatur ut civitas, cujus participatio ejus in idipsum. Hierusalem, quae ex vivis lapidibus construitur; quae aedificatur ut civitas, non terreni regis, sed coelestis; non temporalis, sed aeterna Hierusalem. Cujus participatio ejus in idipsum. Quod semper idem est, idipsum est. Quis est, qui semper idem est, nisi Deus, qui dixit: Ego sum qui sum; qui descendit, ut ascenderemus; qui participavit nostrae mortalitati,nam Verbum caro factum est et habitavit in nobis, ut participare possemus suae aeternitati. Nam de plentitudine ejus omnes accepimus. Qui sunt autem qui ascensuri sunt in istam civitatem, ad istem participationem, consequenter exposuit, dicens, Illuc enim ascenderunt tribus, tribus Domini, testimonium Israel ad confitendum nomini Domini. Non tribus terrae, de quibus dicitur: Et plangent eum omnes tribus terrae, sed tribus Domini, quae duodecim apostoli judicaturi erunt, secernetnes eos ab illis quae sunt tribus diaboli: harum enim testimonium in Israel, id est, in illis qui vident Deum. Ad quid ascendunt? Ad confitendum nomini tuo, Domine: sicut dictum est: Confessio et pulchritudo in conspectu ejus. Alcuinus, Expositio in Psalmos Graduales, Psalmus CXXI Source: Migne PL 100.622c-623a

He comes to the third step of the ascent, that is, to the desire for the heavenly Jerusalem, in which hope of ascending to it he rejoices in himself, though he yet labours on the earth, and therefore he says, I rejoiced in those things that were said to me, we shall go into the house of the Lord. 1 I rejoiced in the prophets, I rejoiced in the apostles, and in all the saints, who say to me 'we shall go into the house of the Lord,' who say, run, hurry into the house of the Lord, that is, make haste to go into the heavenly Jerusalem. Our feet were standing in your courts, O Jerusalem. Standing, that is established, our feet, that is, in the rewards of good works, in your courts, O Jerusalem, that is, in the heavenly dwellings. Courts is in the plural, with the Truth Himself saying, 'In the house of my father there are many mansions.' 2 Then as if this lover asked what this Jerusalem might be, it was said to him, Jerusalem which is built up like a city closely fitted together, whose fellowship is united. Jerusalem, which is built up of living stones, 3 which is constructed as a city, not as some terrestrial kingdom, but a heavenly one; not a temporal but a heavenly Jerusalem. Because it is always the same, it is united. What is it that is always the same unless God, who says, 'I am who I am,' 4 who descended that we might ascend, who partook of our mortality, for 'the Word was made flesh and dwelt among us,' so that we might be able to participate in His eternity? For from His fullness we have received everything. 5 And who they are who ascend into this city, to this participation, he then explains, saying, From there the tribes went up, the tribes of the Lord, witness of Israel, to take joy in the name of the Lord. Not the tribes of the world, concerning whom it is said, 'And all the tribes of the earth cried out to Him,' but the tribes of the Lord, of whom the twelve Apostles will be the judges, separating them from those who are of the tribes of the devil. 6 For from these is the witness of Israel, that is, in those who see God. And to what do they ascend? To taking joy in your name, O Lord, as it has been said. 'Confession and beauty before Him.' 7 Alcuin of York, Commentary on the Gradual Psalms, from Psalm 121 1 Ps 121.1 2 Jn 14.2 3 1 Pet 2.5 4 Exod 3.14 5 Jn 1.14,16 6 Apoc 1.7, Mt 19.28 7 Ps 95.6

The Name Of Christian

Christiano a Christo nomen acceperunt; et opus est ut sicut haeredes sunt nominis,ita sint imitatores sanctitatis.Tria ergo sunt quae in Christo nobis expressa plenis viribus exercere debemus: videlicet improbare vivaciter saeculi vanitatem, quia et Christus ne rex constitueretur a trubis aufugit; exercere viriliter patientiam, quia et Jesus sicut agnus occisus est; et veraciter habere geminam charitatem, quia Jesus pro inimicis oravit. Hugo De Sancte Victore, Miscellanea, Liber VI, Tit CV, De Nomine Christiano Source: Migne PL 177.859b

The name of Christian was received from Christ, and thus it is incumbent of the inheritors of the name to be imitators of holiness. Therefore three things which are in Christ have been impressed on us which we should exert ourselves in with all our strength, that is, to scorn with zeal the vanity of the world, because even Christ fled when the crowds would make him king, 1 and to exert ourselves manfully in patience, because Jesus was slain as the lamb, and then to have a double love, because Jesus prayed for His enemies. Hugh Of Saint Victor, Miscellanea, Book 6, Chapter 105, On The Name Of Christian 1 Jn 6.11-15

First And Last

Multi autem erunt primi novissimi, et novissimi primi. Sed quia non omnes in eodem bono proposito perseverant, et ad vitia relabuntur, terribilis sententia subditur: Multi autem primi erunt novissimi. Vide Judam ab apostolatu in apostatam versum, et dicito, quia multi erunt primi novissimi. Vide latronem in cruce factum confessorem, eodemque die quo pro suis crucifixus est peccatis, gratia fidei cum Christo in paradiso gaudentem et dicito, quia novissimi erunt primi. Sed et quotidie videmus multos in laico habitu constitutos, magnis vitae meritis et praemiis excellere, et alios a prima aetate spirituali studio ferventes, ad extremum vitae otio torpentes lacessere, atque inerti stultitia quod spiritu coeperunt carne consummare. Anselmus Laudunensis, Enarrationes In Matthaeum, Caput XIX Source: Migne PL 162.1417a-b

But many who are first shall be last. 1 Because not all persevere in the same good intentions and fall back into vices, a terrible sentence follows, 'But many who are first shall be last.' Look to Judas who from an Apostle was turned into an apostate, and say, 'But many who are first shall be last.' Look to the thief on the cross made a confessor, and on that same day he was crucified for his sins, by the grace of faith, he rejoiced in paradise, and say 'But many who are last shall be first.' Even today we see many in the lay state with great merits in their lives and excelling in rewards, and others who from their youth were fervid for spiritual studies at the end of their lives wither into worthless torpor, and in profitless stupidity what they began in the spirit they perfect with the flesh. 2 Anselm of Laon, Commentary On The Gospel of Saint Matthew, Chapter 19 1 Mt 19.30 2 Galat 3.3

Taking The Cross

Tollat, inquit, crucem suam, et sequatur me. Quia non satis est tollere crucem, nisi sequaris Christum. Nam et philosophi hujus saeculi sua omnia reliquerunt, etiam interdum et vitia, sectantes mores bonos, et multa passi sunt, sed quia fidem non habuerunt, neque Christum sunt secuti: Putantes se esse sapientes, stulti remanserunt, quia non glorificaverunt Deum, sed evanuerunt in cogitationibus suis, et oberraverunt a vero. Propterea unusquisque qui vult sequi Christum, tollt crucem suam, quia nisi in cruce Christ gloriatus fuerit, et in ae crediderit, crucemque Christi suam esse fecerit, et portaverit post Christum cum Simone, in angaria, eum sequi non potest, quia nemo vacuus Christum sequitur. Idcirco quicunque moritur peccato, non alio modo moriatur, quam secundum carnem, ut dicere possit cum Apostolo, Absit mihi gloriari, nisi in cruce Domini, per quam mihi mundus crucifixus est, et ego mundo. Sanctus Paschasius Radbertus Corbeiensis, Expositio In Evangelium Matthaei, Liber VIII, Caput XVI Source: Migne PL 120.570c-d

Let him take up his own cross and follow me. 1 Because unless you follow Christ it is not enough to take up the cross. For even philosophers of this world have forsaken everything, even vices, and sought after good ways, and suffered much, but because they did not have faith, they did not follow Christ. 'Thinking themselves wise, they remained fools, because they did not glory in God, but they were empty in their own thoughts,' 2 and they wandered from the truth. Because of which everyone who wishes to follow Christ should take up his own cross, because unless He glories in the cross of Christ and believes in it, and he makes Christ's cross his own, and carries it after Christ with Simon in trials, he cannot follow Him, because no one empty follows Christ. Therefore, whoever is dead to sin, in no other way dies but according to the flesh, so that it it possible to say with the Apostle, 'May it not be for me to glory unless in the cross of the Lord through which I the world has been crucified to me, and I to the world.' 3 Saint Paschasius Radbertus, Commentary On The Gospel of Saint Matthew, Book 8, Chapter 16 1 Mt 16.24 2 Rom 1.21 3 Galat 6.14

Separated For The Gospel

Segregatus in evangelium Dei. Εὐαγγέλιον, bonum nuntium interpretatur, quo peccatores ad indulgentiam convocantur. Apostolus autem quo modo in Judaismo locum doctoris habebat, ut pote Pharisaeus, ita a Judaismi praedicatione separatum se dicit in evangelium Dei, ut a lege dissimulans Christum praedicaret. Aliter: Segregatus, hoc est, a grege apostolico separatus, ut gentibus praedicaret. Sicut in Actibus apostolorum Spiritus sanctus dicit: Segregate mihi Saulum et Barnabam, in opus ad quod elegi eos. Segregatus dicitur in evangelium Dei, sicut alibi ipse de se dicit: Cum autem placuit Deo, qui me segregavit de utero matris meae, ut revelaret Filium suum in me: ex quo intelligimus, quod justi separentur a ventre. Ergo et Paulus quidem segregatus in Evangelium dicitur, segregatus a ventre matris suae. Causas in eo et merita quibus in hoc segregari debuerit, vidit ille quem non latet mens: praevidit enim quod abundantius quam caeteri omnes laboraturus esset in evangelio, quod in siti, et in fame, et in frigore, et in nuditate, in periculis latronum, in periculis fluminum, in periculis maris praedicaturus esset evangelium Christi. In evangelium Dei. Unum atque idem est dicere, et evangelium Dei, evangelium Christi, quod ipse Dominus dicit: Ego et Pater unum sumus. Et iterum dicit ad Patrem: Omnia mea tua sunt, et tua mea. Ergo evangelium Patris, evangelium Filii est. Sedulius Scotus, Collectanea in omnes B. Pauli epistolas, In Epistolam ad Romanos, Caput Primam Source: Migne PL 103.12a-c

Separated for the Gospel of God... 1 Euaggelion is translated as good news, by which sinners are called to forgiveness. The Apostle held the position of teacher in Judaism, while a Pharisee, and thus he says that he was separated from the preaching of Judaism for the Gospel of God, so that detached from the law he might preach for Christ. Otherwise, he was separated from the flock of the Apostles so that he might preach to the Gentiles. As in the Acts of the Apostles when the Holy Spirit says, 'Set apart for me Saul and Barnabas, I have chosen them for a work.' 2 It is said, then, he was separated for the Gospel of God and also elsewhere he says of himself, 'When it was pleasing to God, he separated me from the womb of my mother, so that He might reveal His Son in me.' 3 From which we understand that the righteous are separated from the womb. Therefore Paul is said to be separated for the Gospel by being separated from the womb of his mother. The reasons and merits by which he deserved to be separated for this, He sees whom nothing escapes, for He foresees that he would labour more abundantly then any other in the the Gospel, so that in thirst and in hunger, and in cold and in nakedness, and in peril of bandits and in peril of rivers and of seas, he would preach the Gospel of Christ. 4 'For the Gospel of God.' One and the same thing is it to say the Gospel of God and the Gospel of Christ, since the Lord says, 'I am the Father are one.' And again He says to the Father, 'Everything mine is yours and yours is mine.' 5 Therefore the Gospel of the Father is the Gospel of the Son. Sedulius Scotus, Commentary On The Letters of Saint Paul, On the Letter to the Romans, Chapter 1 1 Rom 1.1 2 Acts 13.2 3 Galat 1.15-16 4 2 Cor 11.27 5 Jn 10.30, 17.10

Sending Out

Et misit illos praedicare regnum Dei, et sanare infirmos. Tangit suae legationis auctoritatem, et finem. Auctoritatem in hoc quod dicit: Et misit illos. Misit enim illos ut in eis sua auctoritas honoraretur, ut sua voluntas per eos omnibus exponeretur, ut fides per eos praedicaretur, et ut omnes non credentes per eos de infidelitate convincerentur. De primo quidem horum dicitur, Matth. x: Qui recipit vos, me recipit. Et, Luc. x: Qui vos spernit, me spernit. Et hoc etiam intelligendum est de apostolicis legatis. Sed non sunt apostolici legati, qui in auctoritate et vita et verbo non veniunt Apostolorum, qui in veritate non habent gratiam curandi, sed potius daemone pessimo impletur, et infirmatur omne cui manus imponunt. De secundo dicitur, II ad Corinth. v: Pro Christo legatione fungimur, tamquam Deo exhortante per nos. Obsecramus pro Christo, reconciliamini Deo. De tertio, Marc. xvi, 15 : Euntes in mundum universum, prgedicate Evangelium omni creaturse, Psal. xviii: Caeli enarrant gloriam Dei. Et sequitur: In omnem terram exivit sonus eorum. Ad Roman. x: Fides ex auditu, auditus autem per verbum Christi. Et supra: Quomodo praedicabunt nisi mittantur? De quarto, Psal. cxlix: Exaltationes Dei in gutture eorum, et gladii ancipites in manibus eorum. Exaltationes in faucibus, sunt gratiarum actiones de credentibus. Gladii autem in manibus, sunt testimoniorum condemnationes contra non credentes. Marc. xvi: Qui vero non crediderit, condemnabitur . Finem autem legationis subjungit, dicens: Praedicare regnum Dei. Tangit autem duos fines: primum quidem veritatis, alterum autem virtutis tam in spiritu quam in corpore. Finis veritatis est regni Dei praedicatio. Finis virtutis est infirmorum sanatio. In primo horum notantur duo: veritatis scilicet propositio, et veritatis ratio. Propositio importatur cum dicit: Praedicare. Praedicatur enim, ut dicit Chrysostomus, cujus ratio probans ipsum non habetur: sed cum sit super intellectum, et sit de indemonstrabilibus, oportet quod supermundanis probetur miraculis. Est enim praedicare quoddam prophetare, vel prophetias exponere. Prophetiae autem omnes innituntur revelationi. Revelatio autem non habet causam per quam possit doceri, sive demonstrari. II ad Timoth. iv: Praedica verbum, insta opportune, imporlune. Marc. xvi: Praedicate Evangelium omni creaturse. Isa. lxi: Misit me ut prsedicarem captivis indulgentiam, et clausis apertionem. Sanctus Albertus Magnus Commentarium In Evangelium Lucam, Caput IX Source: Here p609

And He sent them out to preach the kingdom of God and to heal the sick. 1 This touches on the authority of those sent and the end. Authority in this which is said, 'And He sent them out.' For He sends them out so that in them shall be the honour of His authority, that His will through them should be set forth before everyone, that the faith through them be preached and that all who do not believe shall be convicted of faithlessness. Concerning the first of these it is said in the tenth chapter of Mathew, 'He who receives you, receives me.' And in the tenth chapter of Luke, 'He who rejects you, rejects me.' 2 And this must be understood of the Apostles who were sent out. For they are not Apostles sent out who in authority and life and word do not come as Apostles, who in truth do not have the grace of curing but rather are possessed by the worst of demons and they make everyone they lay their hands on sick. Concerning the second, it is said in the fifth chapter of the second letter to the Corinthians, 'We are the ambassadors of Christ, with God exhorting you through us. We entreat you in Christ, be reconciled to God. ' 3 Concerning the third, in the sixteenth chapter of Mark, 'Going out into the whole world, preach the Gospel to every creature.' In the eighteenth Psalm 'The heavens announce the glory of God,' and it follows, 'In every land the cry goes forth.' In the tenth chapter of Romans, 'Faith is by hearing and hearing is through Christ's word.' And a little before, 'And how shall they preach unless they are sent out?' 4 Concerning the fourth, in the one hundred and forty ninth Psalm, 'In their throats the exaltations of God and two edged swords in their hands.' The exaltations in their throats are the thanksgiving of the faithful. The swords in their hands are the testaments of condemnations against those who do not believe. In the sixteenth chapter of Mark, 'But he who shall not believe, he shall be condemned.' 5 And the end of their sending out follows: 'To preach the kingdom of God.' And this touches on two ends, the first of truth, and the other of virtue that it is as much in the spirit as in the body. The end of truth is the preaching of the kingdom of God, the end of virtue is the healing of the sick. In the first of these two things should be noted the proposition of truth and the reason of truth. The proposition is set forth when He says, 'Preach.' For it is preached, says Chrysostom, when reason approves what it did not have. But when it is beyond understanding and indemonstrable is it necessary that what is beyond the world be proved with miracles. For to preach is a sort of prophecy, and prophecy is a kind of setting forth, and all prophecy depends on revelation, but revelation does not have a cause by which it can be taught or demonstrated. In the fourth chapter of the second letter of Timothy, 'Preach the word, in season and out of season.' In the sixteenth chapter of Mark, 'Preach the Gospel to every creature.' In the sixty first chapter of Isaiah, 'He sent me that I might preach forgiveness to captives and open the eyes of the blind.' 6 Saint Albert The Great, Commentary On The Gospel of St Luke, Chapter 9 1 Lk 9.2 2 Mt 10.40, Lk 10.16 3 2 Cor 5.20 4 Mk 16.15, Ps 18.1,5, Rom 10.17 5 Psalm 149.6, Mk 16.16 6 2 Tim 4.2, Mk 16.15, Isaiah 61.1

Apostles And Tradition

Traditionem itaque Apostolorum in toto mundo manifestatam, in omni Ecclesia adest perspicere omnibus qui vera velint videre, et habemus annumerare eos qui ab Apostolis instituti sunt Episcopi in ecclesiis, et successiones eorum usque ad nos, qui nihil tale docuerunt, neque cognoverunt, quale ab his deliratur. Etenim si recondita mysteria scissent Apostoli, quae seorsim et latenter ab reliquis perfectos docebant, his vel maxime traderent ea quibus etiam ipsas ecclesias committebant. Valde enim perfectos et irreprehensibiles in omnibus eos volebant esse, quos et successores relinquebant, suum ipsorum locum magisterii tradentes: quibus emendate agentibus fieret magna utilitas, lapsis autem summa calamitas. Sed quoniam valde longum est, in hoc tali volumine omnium ecclesiarum enumerare successiones, maximae, et antiquissimae, et omnibus cognitae, a gloriosissimis duobus apostolis Petro et Paulo Romae fundatae et constitutae ecclesiae, eam quam habet ab Apostolis traditionem, et annuntiatam hominibus fidem, per successiones Episcoporum pervenientem usque ad nos indicantes, confundimus omnes eos, qui quoquo modo, vel per sibiplacentiam malam, vel vanam gloriam, vel per caecitatem et malam sententiam, praeterquam oportet colligunt. Ad hanc enim ecclesiam propter potentiorem principalitatem necesse est omnem convenire Ecclesiam, hoc est, eos qui sunt undique fideles, in qua semper ab his, qui sunt undique, conservata est ea quae est ab Apostolis traditio. Sanctus Irenaeus Lugdunensis, Adversus Haereses, Liber III, Caput III Source: Migne PG 7.848a-849a

The tradition of the Apostles manifested throughout the whole world is within the power of everyone in every Church to contemplate clearly who may wish to see the truth, and we are in a position to reckon up those who were instituted bishops in the Churches by the Apostle and the succession of these men to our own times, who neither taught nor did they know anything of what these men rave about. If the Apostles had known hidden mysteries which they taught to the perfect apart from the rest, they would have certainly delivered these things to those whom they were committing the Churches. For they wished these men should be perfect and blameless in everything, these whom they were leaving behind as successors, and to whom they were handing over their own place of headship, which if such men acted well it would be a great boon, but if they fell the greatest calamity. But because it would be a very lengthy exercise in such a volume as this to enumerate the successions of all the Churches, we point at the very great and very ancient and universally known Church founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious Apostles, Peter and Paul, which has its tradition from the Apostles, and the faith preached to men which comes down to us by the successions of the Apostles, to confute all those, who in whatever way, by evil self pleasing, or vainglory, or blind and wicked opinion, gather together. For with this Church, because of its preeminent authority, it is necessary that every church should agree, that is, with those who are faithful in every way, by which in these who are faithful in every way has been preserved the tradition that is from the Apostles. Saint Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies, Book 3, Chapter 3

The Ruin Of The Impious

Ἐπετίμησας ἔθνεσι, καὶ ἀπώλετο ὁ ἀσεβής· τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐξήλειψας εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα, καὶ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα τοῦ αἰῶνος. Οὐ γὰρ ἠνέσχου, φησὶν, ἐπὶ πλεῖστον περιϊδεῖν τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὴν φύσιν ὑπὸ τοῦ πικροῦ τυράννου δουλουμένην κακῶς, ἀλλ' οἷόν τις δικαστὴς, ἐπὶ θρόνου τινὸς ὑψηλοῦ καὶ φοβεροῦ βήματος καθίσας, τοιαύτην αὐτῷ τιμωρίαν ἐπ ήνεγκας, ὥστε λήθῃ παντελεῖ τούτου παραδοθῆναι τὴν μνήμην. Τὸ δέ γε, Ἐπετίμησας ἔθνεσι, καὶ ἀπ ώλετο ὁ ἀσεβὴς, ταύτην ἔχει τὴν διάνοιαν· ∆ιὰ τῶν ἱερῶν ἀποστόλων, καὶ τῶν μετ' ἐκείνους τῆς ἀλη θείας κηρύκων, προσήνεγκες τοῖς ἔθνεσι τὰ θεῖα δόγματα· ἐκείνων δὲ δεξαμένων, καὶ τῆς πλάνης ἀπαλλαγέντων, ἀπώλετο ὁ ἀσεβὴς, τοὺς ἀπατωμέ νους καὶ προσκυνοῦντας οὐκ ἔχων. Οὕτω Βαρνά βας καὶ Παῦλος θῦσαι πειραθεῖσι Λυκάοσιν ἐπετί μησαν βοῶντες· Τί ποιεῖτε, ἄνδρες; καὶ ἡμεῖς ὁμοιοπαθεῖς ἐσμεν ὑμῖν ἄνθρωποι, ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν ματαίων πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν ὑμᾶς ἐπιστρέφοντες. Οὕτω Γαλάταις ὁ μακάριος ἐπετίμησε Παῦλος· Ὦ ἀνόητοι Γαλάται, τίς ὑμᾶς ἐβάσκανεν, οἷς κατ' ὀφθαλμοὺς Ἰησοῦς Χριστὸς προεγράφη ἐσταυρωμέ νος; Οὕτω Κορινθίοις· Ὅλως ἀκούεται ἐν ὑμῖν πορνεία, καὶ τοιαύτη πορνεία, οἵα οὐδ' ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ὀνομάζεται. Ἐπετίμησε τοίνυν ἔθνεσι, καὶ ἀπώλετο ὁ ἀσεβὴς, καὶ τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ ἐξήλειψεν εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα τοῦ αἰῶνος. Ἐσβέσθησαν γὰρ παν τελῶς τῆς ἀσεβείας αἱ τελεταὶ, καὶ λήθῃ παντελεῖ παρεδόθησαν, ὡς μηδένα τῶν νῦν ἀνθρώπων εἰδέ ναι τὰ τῆς ἀσεβείας μυστήρια. Θεοδώρητος Ἐπίσκοπος Κύρρος, Ἑρμηνεία εἰς Τους Ψαλμούς, Ψαλμός Θ’ Source: Migne PG 80.924a-b

The nations cried out, and the wicked perished, their name you have destroyed forever, for all the ages. 1 For you do no tolerate for long that human nature should be despised and reduced by that bitter tyrant to slavery, but as a judge upon his high throne in a fearful tribunal you imposed such a punishment on him so that his memory would be lost in forgetfulness forever. But these words, 'The nations cried out and the wicked perished,' has this meaning, that through the holy Apostles, and the proclaimers of truth who came after them, you brought the Divine teachings to the nations, who when they received them were freed from error, and so wickedness perished, no longer having any persuasive adulators. So Paul and Barnabas cried out loudly to the Lycaones who were about to offer sacrifice to them, 'O men, what are you doing? We are but mortal, just like you men. Be done with these vain offerings to God.' 2 So even Paul cries out to the Galatians, 'O foolish Galatians, who has enthralled you, before the eyes of whom Jesus Christ was openly crucified? And to the Corinthians, 'What fornication is heard among you, that is not even named among the Gentiles.' 3 Therefore the nations cried out, and the wicked perished, and their name was destroyed forever, for all the ages. For all their impious rites came to an end and were sunk in oblivion, so that none among men now know the mysteries of their impieties. Theodoret of Cyrrhus, Commentary on the Psalms, from Psalm 9 1 Ps 9.6 2 Acts 14.14 3 Galat 3.1, 1 Cor 5.1

Glory And Disgrace

..αἰσχύνθητε ἀπὸ καυχήσεως ὑμῶν ἀπὸ ὀνειδισμοῦ ἔναντι Kυρίου. Ἴδωμεν δὲ καὶ ἑξῆς ἐπίπληξιν ἀναγχαίαν ἣν καλὸν εἰς τὸν ἐθικὸν τόπον ἀναλαθεῖν λέγουσαν" Αἷσχύγθητε ἀπὸ καυχήσεως ὑμῶν, ἀπὸ ὀνειδισμοῦ ἐναντίον Κυρίου. Ἔστι τινὰ ἐν οἷς καυχώμεθα δια τὴν ἄνοιαν, οὐχ οὖσιν καυχήσεως ἀξίοις οἷον ἐάν καυχήσηταί τις, ὅτι πλούσιός ἐστι, καὶ πολλὰ χέχτηται, λέγοιτ᾽ ἂν πρὸς αὐτόν Αἰσχύγθητε ἀπὸ καυχήσεως ὑμῶν. Ἐὰν καυχήσηται τι; ἐπὶ εὐγενείξ ταύτῃ τῇ ἐκτὸς, λεχθήσεται πρὸς αὐτόν" Αἰσχύγθητε ἀπὸ καυχήσεως ὑμῶν. Ἐὰν καυχήσηταί τις ἐπὶ πολυτελείᾳ ἱματίων, ἐπὶ οἰκοδομῇ οἰχίας πλουσίως κατεσχευασμένης, ἀλλοτρία ἐστὶν ἡ καύχησις καυχῆς σεως ἁγίων" διὸ λεχθήσεται πρὸς τὸν τοιοῦτον᾽ Αἰσιχὺγθητε ἀπὸ καυχήσεως ὑμῶν. Άkουε τοῦ λόγου τοῦ προφήτου Ἱερεμίου χελεύοντος ἡμᾶς μὴ καυχᾶσθαι· Μηδὲ ὁ σοφὸς ἐπὶ τῇ σοφίᾳ αὐτοῦ, μηδὲ ὀϊσχυρὸς ἐν τῇ ἰσχύϊ αὑτοῦ, μηδὲ ὁ πιλούσιος ἐν' τῷ πιλούτῳ αὐτοῦ, μηδὲ ἐν τούτῳ καυχάσθω ὁ καυχώμενος, συγιεῖν καὶ γιγώσκειν, ὅτι ἐγώ εἶμι Κύριος. θέλεις καυχᾶσθαι, καὶ καυχώμενος μὴ ἀκοῦσαι, Αἰσχύνθητε ἀπὸ καυχήσεως ὑμῶν; Καύχησαι ὡς ᾿Απόστολος, καὶ εἰπέ ᾿Εμοὶ δὲ μὴ γέγοιτο καυχᾶσθαι εἰ μὴ ἐν τῷ σταυρῷ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν ᾿Ιησοῦ Χριστοῦ, δι' οὗ ἐμοὶ κόσμος ἐσταύρωται, κἀγὼ τῷ κόσμῳ. Θέλεις kαυχᾶσθαι ἵνα μὴ ἐλεγχθῇς· Αἰσιχύνθητε ἀπὸ kαυχήσεως ὑμῶν; Ἄκουε Παύλου καυχωμένου, καὶ μάνθανε, ὅταν λέγῃ· Ἥδιστα οὗν καυχήσομαι ἐν ταῖς ἀσθεγείαις μου, ἵν ἐπισκηγώσῃ ἐπ᾿ ἐμὲ ἡ δύναμις τοῦ Χριστοῦ. Ἄκουε οἷα καυχᾶται καυχήματα Eν κόποις περισσοτέρως. Τίς δύναται ἡμῶν τοῦτο εἰπεῖν; Ἐν φυλακαῖς ὑπερβαλλιόντως. ἐν θανάτοις πολλιάκις ὑπὸ Ἰουδαίων πεντάχις τεσσαράκοντα παρὰ μίαν ἔλαβον, τρὶς ἐῤῥαῦδίσθην, ἅπαξ ἐλιθάσθηγν, τρὶς ἐραυάγησα. Μανθάνομεν οὖν χαὶ χαυχήσεων εἶναι διαφοράς᾽ ὥς τινας μὲν χαυχήσεις εἶναι αἰσχύνης ἀξίας, ἐφ᾽ οἷς λέγοιτ᾽ ἂν ἐχεῖνο τὸ ἀποστολιχόν᾽ Καὶ ἡ δόξα ἐν τῇ αἰσχύνῃ αὐτῶν. Ἐφ᾽ οἷς ἔδει αὐτοὺς αἰσχύνεσθαι, ἐπὶ τούτοις οἴονται δοξάζεσθαι. Ὠριγένης Ἰερεμίας, Ὁμολία IA' Source: Migne PG 13.324c-325a

...you are disgraced in your glorying, in your shame before the Lord. 1 Let us see what else there is here for needful correction, which we should receive in a moral sense: 'You are disgraced in your glorying, in your shame before me.' There are many things in which we glory and show our lack of sense. For example, if some glory in their many possessions, He says to them, 'You are disgraced in your glorying.' If some glory in the nobility of their family, it is said to them, 'You are disgraced in your glorying.' If someone fall into boasting over expensive clothing, over a house adorned with much wealth, he is far from the glory of the saints, and it is said to him: 'You are disgraced in your glorying.' Hear what the Divine speech says to Jeremiah, exhorting us not to glory in our wisdom, 'Let not the wise man glory in his wisdom, nor the strong man in his strength, nor the rich man in his riches, he who would glory let him glory in understanding and knowing that I am the Lord.' 2 You wish to glory and not hear in your glorying: 'You are disgraced in your glorying.' ? Glory like the Apostle and say, 'Let it no be for me to glory but in the cross of Jesus Christ, through which the world has been crucified to me and I to the world.' 3 You wish to glory and not hear, 'You are disgraced in your glorying'? Hear Paul glorying and learn when he says, 'Gladly, then, I glory in my weaknesses so that the power of Christ might dwell in me.' 4 Hear what the glories are that he glories in, 'In much labour.' Who can say this? 'In a long time in prison, often among the dead, from the Jews who gave me forty five lashes less one, three blows of the stick, and once I was stoned, three times I suffered shipwreck.' 5 Let us learn the differences between glories and that some glory in what is shameful, and some in the things the Apostle speaks of. 'And their glory is in their disgrace.' 6 Over things which disgrace them, these they think make them glorious. Origen, from the Eleventh Homily on Jeremiah 1 Jerem 12.13 2 Jerem 9.23-24 3 Galat 6.14 4 2 Cor 12.9 5 2 Cor 11.23-25 6 Philip 3.19

The Spirit And Sons

Quotquot enim spiritu Dei aguntur, hi filii sunt Dei Plus est agi quem regi. Qui enim regitur aliquid agit: et ideo regitur, ut recte agat. Qui autem agitur agere ipse aliquid vix intelligitur. Et tamen tantum praestat voluntatibus nostris gratia Salvatoris, ut non dubite Apostolus dicere. Quotquot spiritu Dei aguntur, hi filii sunt Dei. Aguntur quippe filii Dei, ut quod agendum est agant; et cum egerint, illi a quo aguntur, gratias againt, quia sicut agendum est illud agant, id est cum delectatione et dilectione justitiae, et suavitatem quam dedit Dominus, ut terra ejus dare fructum suum, ab eo se accepise guadeant. Nomen enim adjutoris praescribit agenti, quia et ipse aliquid agit. Filii ergo Dei sunt, quicunque aguntur spiritu, non littera, non lege praecipente, minante, promittente, sed spiritu excitante, illuminante, adjuvante. Guillelmus S Theodorici Abbas, Expositio In Epistolam Ad Romanos, Liber VIII, Caput XIV Source: Migne PG 180.631a-b

As many as are led by the Spirit of God, are sons of God. 1 It is better to be led than ruled. For he who is ruled does something and is ruled so that he might do it correctly. But he who is led does something he scarcely can grasp. But this can only be with the grace of the Saviour in our wills, so that the Apostle does not hesitate to say, 'As many as are led by the Spirit of God, are sons of God.' Certainly the sons of God are led so that they do what they should, and when they have done they give thanks to the one who led them, because as it should be done so they have done, that is, with delight and a love of righteousness, 'and the Lord gave such sweetness that His earth gave forth its fruits,' 2 from whom receiving it they rejoice. And He is named as a helper in the deed, because He himself acts. Therefore the sons of God are any of those who are led by the Spirit, who are not commanded by the letter and the law, nor threatened or given promises, but roused by the Spirit, and illuminated by Him and helped by Him. William of St Thierry, Commentary on Saint Paul's Letter to the Romans, Book 7, Chapter 14 1 Rom 8.14 2 Ps 84.13

Paul And Mercy

Merito, fratres, apostolis sanctis attribuit mater Ecclesia, quod in Sapientiae libris legitur: Hi sunt viri misericordiae, quorum justitiae oblivionem non acceperunt: cum semine eorum permanent bona. Sunt enim hi plane viri misericordiae, sive quia misericordiam consecuti, sive quia misericordia pleni, seu quia misericorditer a Deo nobis donati sunt. Vide quam misericordiam consecuti sunt. Paulum interroga de se ipso, vel magis sponte confitentem ausculta. Qui fui blasphemus, et persecutor, et iniquus; sed misericordiam consecutus sum. Quis enim non audivit quanta mala fecerit sanctis in Jerusalem? nec solum in Jerusalem, sed et per totam Judaeam insaniae ferebatur habenis, ut Christi membra laniaret in terris. Denique hac furia vectus ibat, sed praeventus a gratia est. Ibat spirans minarum et caedis in discipulos Domini, et discipulus Domini factus est, cui ostenderetur quanta eum oporteret pro nomine ipsius pati. Ibat dirum toto corpore virus exhalans, et subito in electionis vas mutatus est, ut jam cor illius eructaret verbum bonum, verbum pium, et diceret: Domine, quid me vis facere? Haec utique, haec mutatio dexterae Excelsi. Merito proinde loquebatur: Fidelis sermo et omni acceptione dignus, quoniam Dominus Jesus venit peccatores salvos facere quorum primus ego sum. Hoc ergo apud beatum Paulum fiduciae et consolationis accipite, fratres, ut ad Dominum jam conversos non nimis cruciet praeteritorum, conscientia delictorum; sed tantum humiliet vos, sicut et ipsum. Ego sum, inquit, minimus apostolorum, qui non sum dignus vocari apostolus, quia persecutus sum Ecclesiam Dei. Ita et nos humiliemur sub potenti manu Dei, et fiduciam habeamus, 994 quia et nos misericordiam consecuti sumus, abluti sumus, sanctificati sumus. Et hoc quidem omnibus nobis quoniam omnes peccavimus, et egemus hac gloria Dei. Sanctus Bernardus Clarae Vallensis, Sermones De Sanctis, Sermones de Sanctis, In Festo SS Petriet Pauli Apostolorum, Sermo III, De lectione libri Sapientiae: Hi sunt viri misericordiae. Source: Migne PL 183.412c-413a

Rightly brothers, the holy mother Church has attributed to the holy Apostles what is said in the book of Wisdom, 'These men are merciful, their righteousness shall not be forgotten, with their seed good things will persist.' 1 They are indeed men of mercy, either because mercy followed them, or they were full of mercy, or they were given to us by the mercy of God. And observe how mercy followed them. Paul, questioning himself, or rather of his own accord making an open confession, says, 'I who was a blasphemer, and a persecutor, and wicked, but the mercy of God followed me.' 2 Who has not heard of the evil he did to the saints in Jerusalem? And not only in Jerusalem but throughout the whole of Judea, he who was carried about by a madness to wound the members of Christ on earth. Finally his fury was borne away, but grace came first. He was breathing threats and slaughter against the disciples of the Lord, and he was made a disciple of the Lord, to whom it was shown how much it is necessary to suffer for His name. He went about exhaling a dire poison from his body, and suddenly he was changed into a vessel of election, so that now 'my heart sent forth a good word,' a pious word, and he said, 'Lord, what do you want of me?' 3 This was the changing of the right hand of the Most High. Rightly therefore he said, 'The faithful word, worthy of all reception, because the Lord Jesus came to save sinners, of which I am the first.' 4 Therefore, brothers, receive this confidence and consolation along with Paul, that converted to the Lord, the things that have gone before should not torment, nor should consciousness of crimes, but let it humble you as it did him. 'I am,' he said, 'the least of the Apostles, who am not worthy to be called an Apostle, because I persecuted the Church of God.' 5 Therefore let us place ourselves humbly under the powerful hand of God, and let us be confident that mercy has followed even us, that we are washed, and that we are sanctified. And this applies to all of us, because we have all sinned, we have all fallen short of the glory of God. 6 Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, Sermons on the Saints, On The Feast Of Saints Peter and Paul, from Sermon 3, Concerning the passage from the Book of Wisdom, 'These are merciful men...' 1 Sirach 44.10-11 2 Tim 1.13 3 Ps 44.2, Acts 9.1-20 4 1 Tim 1.15 5 1 Cor 15.9 6 Rom 3.23

Bearing The Stigmata

Ego autem stigmata Domini Jesu in corpore meo porto. Qui post adventum Christi in carne circumciditur, non portat stigmata Domini Jesu; sed habet gloriam in confusione sua. Qui vero in plagis supra modum, in carceribus frequenter, ter virgis caesus est, semel lapidatus est, et caetera quae in catalogo scripta sunt gloriandi, hic stigmata Domini Jesu in corpore suo portat. Forte et is qui macerat corpus suum, et subjicit servituti, ne aliis praedicans ipse reprobus inveniatur, portat stigmata Domini Jesu in corpore suo. Laetabantur et apostoli quod digni fuerant pro nomine Jesu contumeliam pati. Sanctus Hieronymus, Commentariorum in Epistolam ad Galatas, Liber III, Cap VI Source: Migne PL 26.438a

But I bear the stigmata of the Lord Jesus on my body... 1 He who after the coming of Christ is circumcised in the flesh does not bear the stigmata of the Lord Jesus, but he glories in his confusion. However he who receives blows for the way, and frequent imprisonments, and has fallen three times, and was once stoned, and the other things which are recorded for glory, 2 he bears the stigmata of the Lord Jesus on his body. And perhaps even he who emaciates his body and subjects it to servitude, lest he merit reproof when preaching to others, bears the stigmata of the Lord Jesus on his body. 3 And the Apostles rejoiced that they were worthy to suffer abuse for the name of Jesus. 4 Saint Jerome, Commentary on the Letter to the Galatians, Book 3, Chapter 6 1 Galat 6.17 2 2 Cor 23-25 3 1 Cor 9.27 4 Act 5.41

Labour And Chains

Memor esto Christum Jesum resurrexisse a mortuis ex semine David secundum Evangelium meum, in quo laboro usque ad vincula, quasi latro, sed verbum Dei non alligatum. Quoniam multi futuri erant filii diaboli, qui Filium Dei incarnatum negarent; idcirco hoc memorat, quoniam fallaciter sub nomine apostolorum hoc asseverate nituntur. Subjecit, secundum Evangelium meum, ut excluderet malae mentis falsa colloquia; non enim plus haereticis credendum est de apostolis, quam his ipsis de praedicatione sua testantibus, quam praedictionem cum labore se agere queritur. Pressuris enim tribulabatur et carceribus, eo quod tam Judaeos quam gentiles offenderet, sicut illis videbatur, incredibilia praedicando; iratos enim habebat Judaeos propter Legem, quam cessare docebat: gentiles autem inimicos sibi faciebat, quia unum Deum praedicabat in Christo. Unde quasi latronem hunc tractabant, alligantes, claudentes si posset tacere, nescientes quia verbum Dei alligari non poterat. Denique saepe clausus non dispendium fecit, sed lucrum; neque enim defuit, cui praedicaret in carcere, ut quos libere invitare ad fidem non posset, in vinculis positus pasceret Dei verbo. Ambrosiaster, Commentaria in Epistolam ad Timotheum Secundam, Caput II Source: Migne PL 17.489b

Remember Jesus Christ, resurrected from the dead, from the seed of David, according to my Gospel at which I labour, even to the wearing of chains like a criminal, but the word of God has not been bound. 1 Because there shall be many sons of the devil who deny the incarnation of the Son of God, therefore he reminds him of this which they deceitfully struggle to assert under the name of Apostles. He adds 'according to my Gospel' to exclude the false speech of wicked minds, for heretic apostles should not be trusted more than the testimony of his own preaching, by which preaching with labour he seeks to prove himself. Indeed he suffered persecution and imprisonment because just as he offended Jews, so he offended Gentiles, by preaching, as it seemed to them, unbelievable things. He angered Jews because of the Law which he taught was ended, and he made enemies of Gentiles because he preached one God in Christ. Whence they treated him as a criminal, putting him in chains, as if by shutting him up they might silence him, not knowing that the word of God cannot be fettered. Finally by his frequent imprisonment, he did not suffer loss, but profited, for in prison there was no lack of men to preach to, so that those he was not able to call to faith when free, he fed with the word of God when placed in chains. Ambrosiaster, Commentary On The Second Letter of Saint Paul To Timothy, Chapter 2 1 2 Tim 2.8-9

Apostles and Prisoners

Paulus vinctus Jesu Christi... In nulla Epistola hoc cognomine usus est, licet in corpore epistolorum, ad Ephesios vidlicet et Philippenses, et Colossense, esse se in vinculis pro confessione testetur. Majoris autem mihi videtur supercilii, vinctum se Jesu Christi dicere, quam Apostolum. Gloriabantur quippe apostoli, quod digni fuerant pro nomine Jesu Christi contumeliam pati; sed necessaria auctoritas vinculorum. Sanctus Hieronymus, Commentariorum In Epistolam Beati Pauli Ad Philemonem Source: Migne PL 26.605a

Paul, a prisoner for Jesus Christ... 1 Paul does not name himself in this way in any other letter, though among the collection of his letters, that is, in Ephesians and in Philippians and Colossians he bears witness that he is in chains because of his confession. But it seems to me it is of more importance to say he is a prisoner of Jesus Christ than an Apostle. Since the Apostles gloried that they were worthy to suffer abuse for the name of Jesus Christ, 2 the prestige of chains is unavoidable. Saint Jerome, Commentary on the Epistle to Philemon 1 Philemon 1 2 Acts 5.41

Grace And Apostleship

Per quem accepimus gratiam et apostolatum... Per quem, sicut reconciliatorem pro peccais nostris, accepimus gratiam, id est ipsorum remissionem peccatorum, per quem, sicut per sapientiam in contemptum praesentium, sapit nobis gratia futurorum. Per quem, inquit, accepimus gratiam et apostolatum: gratiam ad laborum patientiam, apostolatem ad praedictionis auctoritatem, gratiam in persuadendo ea quae persuadenda sunt, apostolatu in coercendo eos qui coercendi sunt. Ad obediendum fidei in omnibus gentibus. Tantam etenim gratiam in hujusmodi apostoli adepti sunt, ut gentes quae erant alienae a testamento Dei and conversatione Israel, non solum in suscipiendo fidem praedictoribus crederent, sed etiam novum vitae modum et religiosae conversationis ordinem pro nominis Christi reverentia suscipere obedirent. Guillelmus S Theodorici Abbas, Expositio In Epistolam Ad Romanos, Liber I, Caput I Source: Migne PG 180.551c-d

Through whom we have received grace and apostleship... 1 'Through whom,' as reconciliation for our sins, 'we have received grace,' that is, for forgiveness of sins. And 'through whom,' as through the wisdom that is contempt of present things he knows the grace of future things for us. Thus 'through whom,' he says, 'we have received grace and apostleship,' grace for patience in toil, and apostleship for authority in preaching, and grace for persuading those things that must be persuaded, and apostleship for ordering those who need to be ordered. 'For the obedience of faith among all peoples.' So great is the grace that this Apostle has received that the peoples who were far estranged from the testament of God and the ways of Israel not only have believed in the taking up of the faith by preaching, but are obedient in the adoption of a new way of life and the rule of religious conduct out of reverence for the name of Christ. William of St Thierry, Commentary on Saint Paul's Letter to the Romans, Book 1, Chapter 1 1 Rom 1.5